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Goryawala MZ, Sheriff S, Maudsley AA. Regional distributions of brain glutamate and glutamine in normal subjects. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1108-16. [PMID: 27351339 PMCID: PMC4962701 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) play an important role in neuronal regulation and are of value as MRS-observable diagnostic biomarkers. In this study the relative concentrations of these metabolites have been measured in multiple regions in the normal brain using a short-TE whole-brain MRSI measurement at 3 T combined with a modified data analysis approach that used spatial averaging to obtain high-SNR spectra from atlas-registered anatomic regions or interest. By spectral fitting of high-SNR spectra this approach yielded reliable measurements across a wide volume of the brain. Spectral averaging also demonstrated increased SNR and improved fitting accuracy for the sum of Glu and Gln (Glx) compared with individual voxel fitting. Results in 26 healthy controls showed relatively constant Glu/Cr and Gln/Cr throughout the cerebrum, although with increased values in the anterior cingulum and paracentral lobule, and increased Gln/Cr in the superior motor area. The deep gray-matter regions of thalamus, putamen, and pallidum show lower Glu/Cr compared with cortical white-matter regions. Lobar measurements demonstrated reduced Glu/Cr and Gln/Cr in the cerebellum as compared with the cerebrum, where white-matter regions show significantly lower Glu/Cr and Gln/Cr as compared with gray-matter regions across multiple brain lobes. Regression analysis showed no significant effect of gender on Glu/Cr or Gln/Cr measurement; however, Glx/Cr ratio was found to be significantly negatively correlated with age in some lobar brain regions. In summary, this methodology provides the spectral quality necessary for reliable separation of Glu and Gln at 3 T from a single MRSI acquisition enabling generation of regional distributions of metabolites over a large volume of the brain, including cortical regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Martel D, Tse Ve Koon K, Le Fur Y, Ratiney H. Localized 2D COSY sequences: Method and experimental evaluation for a whole metabolite quantification approach. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 260:98-108. [PMID: 26432399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional spectroscopy offers the possibility to unambiguously distinguish metabolites by spreading out the multiplet structure of J-coupled spin systems into a second dimension. Quantification methods that perform parametric fitting of the 2D MRS signal have recently been proposed for resolved PRESS (JPRESS) but not explicitly for Localized Correlation Spectroscopy (LCOSY). Here, through a whole metabolite quantification approach, correlation spectroscopy quantification performances are studied. The ability to quantify metabolite relaxation constant times is studied for three localized 2D MRS sequences (LCOSY, LCTCOSY and the JPRESS) in vitro on preclinical MR systems. The issues encountered during implementation and quantification strategies are discussed with the help of the Fisher matrix formalism. The described parameterized models enable the computation of the lower bound for error variance--generally known as the Cramér Rao bounds (CRBs), a standard of precision--on the parameters estimated from these 2D MRS signal fittings. LCOSY has a theoretical net signal loss of two per unit of acquisition time compared to JPRESS. A rapid analysis could point that the relative CRBs of LCOSY compared to JPRESS (expressed as a percentage of the concentration values) should be doubled but we show that this is not necessarily true. Finally, the LCOSY quantification procedure has been applied on data acquired in vivo on a mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Martel
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1044, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | - K Tse Ve Koon
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1044, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | - Yann Le Fur
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRMBM, CNRS UMR, 7339 Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Ratiney
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1044, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France.
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Gouilleux B, Rouger L, Charrier B, Kuprov I, Akoka S, Dumez JN, Giraudeau P. Understanding J-Modulation during Spatial Encoding for Sensitivity-Optimized Ultrafast NMR Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3093-100. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kim SY, Woo DC, Bang E, Kim SS, Lim HS, Choe BY. Combined application of 2D correlated spectroscopy and 2D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy to the brain metabolites. NEUROCHEM J+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712414010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Watanabe H, Takaya N, Mitsumori F. Absolute quantitation of glutamate, GABA and glutamine using localized 2D constant-time COSY spectroscopy in vivo. Magn Reson Med Sci 2014; 13:25-32. [PMID: 24492740 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.2013-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We propose an absolute quantitation method for metabolites with strongly coupled spin systems using localized 2-dimensional (2D) constant-time correlation spectroscopy (CT-COSY). We also develop two methods for improving the quality of in vivo CT-COSY spectra. METHODS We substituted an image selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS) pulse for a 180° slice pulse in the CT-COSY module to decrease the slice displacement error caused by the chemical shift difference. We measured the slice displacement error due to the differences in the carrier frequency of slice pulse in a phantom experiment to demonstrate this feature. We also developed an asymmetric sampling scheme along the t1 direction to resolve diagonal peaks even in the magnitude mode of 2D spectra. We collected CT-COSY signals of a human brain for a 14% asymmetric sampling scheme. After reconstruction, we obtained a 2D CT-COSY spectrum in magnitude mode and compared a peak of glutamate (Glu) C4H on that spectrum to a peak displayed in absorption mode. In our proposed absolute quantitation method, we developed T2 correction, curve-fitting for computing peak volume and calibration by an internal water reference. We used the method to measure the Glu concentration in 10-mM glutamate phantom experiments. We also attempted to measure concentrations of Glu, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamine (Gln) in a human brain. RESULTS Slice displacement error was decreased by a factor of 2.5 using the proposed sequence. Spectra with narrow linewidths could be obtained using the asymmetric sampling scheme in the magnitude mode. Measured Glu concentration in the solution phantom was 9.4 mM. Concentrations of Glu (9.5 mM), GABA (0.61 mM) and Gln (3.6 mM) in a human brain measured by our method agreed well with previously reported values. CONCLUSION Concentrations of metabolites with strongly coupled spin systems can be measured using our proposed absolute quantitation method on 2D CT-COSY spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Watanabe
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institutes for Environmental Studies
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Ramadan S, Lin A, Stanwell P. Glutamate and glutamine: a review of in vivo MRS in the human brain. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1630-46. [PMID: 24123328 PMCID: PMC3849600 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the roles that the amino acids glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) play in the mammalian central nervous system has increased rapidly in recent times. Many conditions are known to exhibit a disturbance in Glu-Gln equilibrium, and the exact relationships between these changed conditions and these amino acids are not fully understood. This has led to increased interest in Glu/Gln quantitation in the human brain in an array of conditions (e.g. mental illness, tumor, neuro-degeneration) as well as in normal brain function. Accordingly, this review has been undertaken to describe the increasing number of in vivo techniques available to study Glu and Gln separately, or pooled as 'Glx'. The present MRS methods used to assess Glu and Gln vary in approach, complexity, and outcome, thus the focus of this review is on a description of MRS acquisition approaches, and an indication of relative utility of each technique rather than brain pathologies associated with Glu and/or Gln perturbation. Consequently, this review focuses particularly on (1) one-dimensional (1)H MRS, (2) two-dimensional (1)H MRS, and (3) one-dimensional (13)C MRS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadallah Ramadan
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Hunter Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Alexander Lin
- Alexander Lin: Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Street, HIM-820, Boston MA 02115
| | - Peter Stanwell
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Hunter Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
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Watanabe H, Takaya N, Mitsumori F. Highly resolved two-dimensional ¹H spectroscopy of the human brain using ISIS CT-PRESS with resolution enhancement. Magn Reson Med Sci 2013; 11:235-41. [PMID: 23269010 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.11.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In constant time (CT) point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS), echo centers shift with the fast decay of short T₂* on two-dimensional (2D) time domain (TD) data under inhomogeneous B₀ field like in vivo conditions. Though ¹H decoupling along the F₁ direction is a feature of this method, the tilted and broadened peak pattern on the F₁-F₂ plane after reconstruction causes the peaks to overlap. To enhance resolution to achieve highly resolved 2D CT-PRESS spectra in the human brain, we propose a 2-part window function that comprises an enhancement part for shifting echoes with fast decay and a conventional part, such as Lorentzian, Gaussian, or sine-bell function. We obtained 2D spectra from human brains at 4.7T. The 3 diagonal peaks of C4H of glutamate (Glu C4H) at 2.35 ppm, C2H of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA C2H) at 2.28 ppm, and C4H of glutamine (Gln C4H) at 2.44 ppm-overlapped on the spectra processed with the conventional window but clearly resolved on the spectra using the proposed enhancement window. The signal-to-noise ratio per unit measurement time of Glu C4H on a CT-PRESS spectrum of the human brain was 1.7 times higher than that on a spectrum obtained by CT-correlation spectroscopic (COSY). In conclusion, 2D CT-PRESS spectra processed with the proposed window function to enhance resolution can resolve peaks of coupled ¹H spins with higher accuracy and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Watanabe
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institutes for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Ultrafast localized two-dimensional magnetic resonance correlated spectroscopy via spatially encoded technique. Magn Reson Med 2013; 71:903-10. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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WATANABE H, TAKAYA N, MITSUMORI F. A Post-processing Framework for Localized 2D MR Spectroscopy in Vivo. Magn Reson Med Sci 2013; 12:215-21. [DOI: 10.2463/mrms.2012-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Thelle T, Gammelgaard L, Hansen JK, Østergaard JR. Reversible magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy abnormalities in the course of vigabatrin treatment for West syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2011; 15:260-4. [PMID: 20926323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hyperintensity of globus pallidi, thalami, dentate nuclei and cerebral peduncles has recently been described in a significant number of young children during treatment with vigabatrin for infantile spasms. We describe two children with infantile spasms treated with vigabatrin, investigated with consecutive MRI as well as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Hyperintensity developed during high dose vigabatrin treatment and remitted totally after dose reduction in one case, and cessation in the other. Abnormalities on MRS, suggesting an increase in the glutamine-glutamate complex in the basal ganglia, were found in both cases while on vigabatrin treatment. These changes remitted in the first case after reduction of vigabatrin dose and when seizure free and with a normalized EEG, but persisted in the second case following cessation of vigabatrin without remission of seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thelle
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
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Snyder J, Wilman A. Field strength dependence of PRESS timings for simultaneous detection of glutamate and glutamine from 1.5 to 7T. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2010; 203:66-72. [PMID: 20031459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An optimization of the PRESS sequence for magnetic resonance spectroscopy is presented to simultaneously detect the important brain metabolites of glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) at field strengths of 1.5, 3, 4.7, and 7T. Standard, clinical examinations typically use short echo times which in general are not ideal for the separation of Glu and Gln. The optimization procedure is based on numerical product operator simulations to produce yield and overlap measurements for all possible practical choices of PRESS inter-echo timings. The simulations illustrate the substantial modulations in Glu and Gln with field strength. At all field strengths, the optimized timings demonstrate a significant reduction in overlap compared to short echo PRESS, while maintaining a high metabolite signal, with Glu and Gln yields >90% when excluding T2 relaxation losses. Minimal overlap was attained at 7T (0.3% Gln contamination in the Glu signal), and 4.7T (1.2%). The optimized timings were applied in vivo on healthy volunteers at field strengths of 1.5 and 4.7T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Snyder
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta, Canada.
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