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Dal Colle MCS, Fittolani G, Delbianco M. Synthetic Approaches to Break the Chemical Shift Degeneracy of Glycans. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200416. [PMID: 36005282 PMCID: PMC10087674 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is the leading technique for determining glycans' three-dimensional structure and dynamic in solution as well as a fundamental tool to study protein-glycan interactions. To overcome the severe chemical shift degeneracy of these compounds, synthetic probes carrying NMR-active nuclei (e. g., 13 C or 19 F) or lanthanide tags have been proposed. These elegant strategies permitted to simplify the complex NMR analysis of unlabeled analogues, shining light on glycans' conformational aspects and interaction with proteins. Here, we highlight some key achievements in the synthesis of specifically labeled glycan probes and their contribution towards the fundamental understanding of glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene C S Dal Colle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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2
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Theillet FX, Luchinat E. In-cell NMR: Why and how? PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:1-112. [PMID: 36496255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been applied to cells and tissues analysis since its beginnings, as early as 1950. We have attempted to gather here in a didactic fashion the broad diversity of data and ideas that emerged from NMR investigations on living cells. Covering a large proportion of the periodic table, NMR spectroscopy permits scrutiny of a great variety of atomic nuclei in all living organisms non-invasively. It has thus provided quantitative information on cellular atoms and their chemical environment, dynamics, or interactions. We will show that NMR studies have generated valuable knowledge on a vast array of cellular molecules and events, from water, salts, metabolites, cell walls, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and drug targets, to pH, redox equilibria and chemical reactions. The characterization of such a multitude of objects at the atomic scale has thus shaped our mental representation of cellular life at multiple levels, together with major techniques like mass-spectrometry or microscopies. NMR studies on cells has accompanied the developments of MRI and metabolomics, and various subfields have flourished, coined with appealing names: fluxomics, foodomics, MRI and MRS (i.e. imaging and localized spectroscopy of living tissues, respectively), whole-cell NMR, on-cell ligand-based NMR, systems NMR, cellular structural biology, in-cell NMR… All these have not grown separately, but rather by reinforcing each other like a braided trunk. Hence, we try here to provide an analytical account of a large ensemble of intricately linked approaches, whose integration has been and will be key to their success. We present extensive overviews, firstly on the various types of information provided by NMR in a cellular environment (the "why", oriented towards a broad readership), and secondly on the employed NMR techniques and setups (the "how", where we discuss the past, current and future methods). Each subsection is constructed as a historical anthology, showing how the intrinsic properties of NMR spectroscopy and its developments structured the accessible knowledge on cellular phenomena. Using this systematic approach, we sought i) to make this review accessible to the broadest audience and ii) to highlight some early techniques that may find renewed interest. Finally, we present a brief discussion on what may be potential and desirable developments in the context of integrative studies in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy; CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, and Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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3
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Gao S, Zhao L, Fan Z, Kodibagkar VD, Liu L, Wang H, Xu H, Tu M, Hu B, Cao C, Zhang Z, Yu JX. In Situ Generated Novel 1H MRI Reporter for β-Galactosidase Activity Detection and Visualization in Living Tumor Cells. Front Chem 2021; 9:709581. [PMID: 34336792 PMCID: PMC8321238 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.709581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For wide applications of the lacZ gene in cellular/molecular biology, small animal investigations, and clinical assessments, the improvement of noninvasive imaging approaches to precisely assay gene expression has garnered much attention. In this study, we investigate a novel molecular platform in which alizarin 2-O-β-d-galactopyranoside AZ-1 acts as a lacZ gene/β-gal responsive 1H-MRI probe to induce significant 1H-MRI contrast changes in relaxation times T 1 and T 2 in situ as a concerted effect for the discovery of β-gal activity with the exposure of Fe3+. We also demonstrate the capability of this strategy for detecting β-gal activity with lacZ-transfected human MCF7 breast and PC3 prostate cancer cells by reaction-enhanced 1H-MRI T 1 and T 2 relaxation mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Gao
- Center of Translational Medicine, Fifth School of Medicine/Suizhou Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Center of Translational Medicine, Fifth School of Medicine/Suizhou Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- Center of Translational Medicine, Fifth School of Medicine/Suizhou Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Vikram D. Kodibagkar
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hanqin Wang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Fifth School of Medicine/Suizhou Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Center of Translational Medicine, Fifth School of Medicine/Suizhou Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Mingli Tu
- Center of Translational Medicine, Fifth School of Medicine/Suizhou Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Bifu Hu
- Center of Translational Medicine, Fifth School of Medicine/Suizhou Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Chuanbin Cao
- Center of Translational Medicine, Fifth School of Medicine/Suizhou Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Zhenjian Zhang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Fifth School of Medicine/Suizhou Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Jian-Xin Yu
- Center of Translational Medicine, Fifth School of Medicine/Suizhou Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Si Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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5
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In Vitro Neural Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Carrying the FTH1 Reporter Gene and Detection with MRI. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1978602. [PMID: 30046590 PMCID: PMC6038692 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1978602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on the ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) reporter gene has been used to trace stem cells. However, whether FTH1 expression is affected by stem cell differentiation or whether cell differentiation is affected by reporter gene expression remains unclear. Here, we explore the relationship between FTH1 expression and neural differentiation in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) carrying FTH1 into neuron-like cells and investigate the feasibility of using FTH1 as an MRI reporter gene to detect neurally differentiated cells. By inducing cell differentiation with all-trans retinoic acid and a modified neuronal medium, MSCs and MSCs-FTH1 were successfully differentiated into neuron-like cells (Neurons and Neurons-FTH1), and the neural differentiation rates were (91.56±7.89)% and (92.23±7.64)%, respectively. Neuron-specific markers, including nestin, neuron-specific enolase, and microtubule-associated protein-2, were significantly expressed in Neurons-FTH1 and Neurons without noticeable differences. On the other hand, FTH1 was significantly expressed in MSCs-FTH1 and Neurons-FTH1 cells, and the expression levels were not significantly different. The R2 value was significantly increased in MSCs-FTH1 and Neurons-FTH1 cells, which was consistent with the findings of Prussian blue staining, transmission electron microscopy, and intracellular iron measurements. These results suggest that FTH1 gene expression did not affect MSC differentiation into neurons and was not affected by neural differentiation. Thus, MRI reporter gene imaging based on FTH1 can be used for the detection of neurally differentiated cells from MSCs.
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Akazawa K, Sugihara F, Nakamura T, Mizukami S, Kikuchi K. Highly Sensitive Detection of Caspase-3/7 Activity in Living Mice Using Enzyme-Responsive 19F MRI Nanoprobes. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1720-1728. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shin Mizukami
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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Hu J, Wu Q, Cheng K, Xie Y, Li C, Li Z. A 19F NMR probe for the detection of β-galactosidase: simple structure with low molecular weight of 274.2, "turn-on" signal without the background, and good performance applicable in cancer cell line. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:4673-4678. [PMID: 32264309 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00616k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the efficient cleavage reaction of the C-O ether bond triggered by β-gal selectively, FB-βGal, with good water-solubility, low toxicity, high specificity, excellent water-solubility and high biocompatibility, was prepared, which could report the presence of trace β-gal quickly and conveniently by a significant change in the 19F NMR spectra without any background noise. The successful application of FB-βGal for the detection of β-gal in living Escherichia coli, HeLa cells and OVCAR-3 cells quantitatively makes it a promising candidate for practical application in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive imaging technique with widespread use in diagnosis. Frequently, contrast in MRI is enhanced with the aid of a contrast agent, among which smart, responsive, OFF/ON or activatable probes are of particular interest. These kinds of probes elicit a response to selective stimuli, evidencing the presence of enzymes or acidic pH, for instance. In this review, we will focus on smart probes that are detectable by both 1H and 19F MRI, frequently based on nanomaterials. We will discuss the triggering factors and the strategies employed thus far to activate each probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Carril
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
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9
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Hingorani DV, Bernstein AS, Pagel MD. A review of responsive MRI contrast agents: 2005-2014. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:245-65. [PMID: 25355685 PMCID: PMC4414668 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on MRI contrast agents that are responsive to a change in a physiological biomarker. The response mechanisms are dependent on six physicochemical characteristics, including the accessibility of water to the agent, tumbling time, proton exchange rate, electron spin state, MR frequency or superparamagnetism of the agent. These characteristics can be affected by changes in concentrations or activities of enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, or metal ions, or changes in redox state, pH, temperature, or light. A total of 117 examples are presented, including ones that employ nuclei other than (1) H, which attests to the creativity of multidisciplinary research efforts to develop responsive MRI contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina V Hingorani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, USA
| | - Adam S Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, USA
| | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, USA
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, USA
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10
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Hingorani DV, Yoo B, Bernstein AS, Pagel MD. Detecting enzyme activities with exogenous MRI contrast agents. Chemistry 2014; 20:9840-50. [PMID: 24990812 PMCID: PMC4117811 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on exogenous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents that are responsive to enzyme activity. Enzymes can catalyze a change in water access, rotational tumbling time, the proximity of a (19)F-labeled ligand, the aggregation state, the proton chemical-exchange rate between the agent and water, or the chemical shift of (19)F, (31)P, (13)C or a labile (1)H of an agent, all of which can be used to detect enzyme activity. The variety of agents attests to the creativity in developing enzyme-responsive MRI contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina V. Hingorani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemisty University of Arizona 1515 N. Campbell Ave. Tucson, AZ, USA Fax: (520)-626-0194
| | - Byunghee Yoo
- MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam S. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Arizona 1515 N. Campbell Ave. Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark D. Pagel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemisty University of Arizona 1515 N. Campbell Ave. Tucson, AZ, USA Fax: (520)-626-0194
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11
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Zhao Y, Markopoulos G, Swager TM. ¹⁹F NMR fingerprints: identification of neutral organic compounds in a molecular container. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10683-90. [PMID: 25051051 PMCID: PMC4120996 DOI: 10.1021/ja504110f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Improved methods for quickly identifying neutral organic compounds and differentiation of analytes with similar chemical structures are widely needed. We report a new approach to effectively "fingerprint" neutral organic molecules by using (19)F NMR and molecular containers. The encapsulation of analytes induces characteristic up- or downfield shifts of (19)F resonances that can be used as multidimensional parameters to fingerprint each analyte. The strategy can be achieved either with an array of fluorinated receptors or by incorporating multiple nonequivalent fluorine atoms in a single receptor. Spatial proximity of the analyte to the (19)F is important to induce the most pronounced NMR shifts and is crucial in the differentiation of analytes with similar structures. This new scheme allows for the precise and simultaneous identification of multiple analytes in a complex mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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Bartusik D, Aebisher D. 19F applications in drug development and imaging – a review. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:813-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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13
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Novel S-Gal(®) analogs as (1)H MRI reporters for in vivo detection of β-galactosidase. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:1006-11. [PMID: 23602729 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative assessment of gene expression and related enzyme activity in vivo could be important for the characterization of gene altering diseases and therapy. The development of imaging techniques, based on specific reporter molecules may enable routine non-invasive assessment of enzyme activity and gene expression in vivo. We recently reported the use of commercially available S-Gal(®) as a β-galactosidase reporter for (1)H MRI, and the synthesis of several S-Gal(®) analogs with enhanced response to β-galactosidase activity. We have now compared these analogs in vitro and have identified the optimal analog, C3-GD, based on strong T1 and T2 response to enzyme presence (ΔR1 and ΔR2~1.8 times S-Gal(®)). Moreover, application is demonstrated in vivo in human breast tumor xenografts. MRI studies in MCF7-lacZ tumors implanted subcutaneously in athymic nude mice (n=6), showed significant reduction in T1 and T2 values (each~13%) 2h after intra-tumoral injection of C3-GD, whereas the MCF7 (wild type) tumors showed slight increase. Thus, C3-GD successfully detects β-galactosidase activity in vivo and shows promise as a lacZ gene (1)H MR reporter molecule.
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14
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Cárdenas-Rodríguez J, Howison CM, Matsunaga TO, Pagel MD. A reference agent model for DCE MRI can be used to quantify the relative vascular permeability of two MRI contrast agents. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:900-10. [PMID: 23583323 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic Contrast Enhancement (DCE) MRI has been used to measure the kinetic transport constant, K(trans), which is used to assess tumor angiogenesis and the effects of anti-angiogenic therapies. Standard DCE MRI methods must measure the pharmacokinetics of a contrast agent in the blood stream, known as the Arterial Input Function (AIF), which is then used as a reference for the pharmacokinetics of the agent in tumor tissue. However, the AIF is difficult to measure in pre-clinical tumor models and in patients. Moreover the AIF is dependent on the Fahraeus effect that causes a highly variable hematocrit (Hct) in tumor microvasculature, leading to erroneous estimates of K(trans). To overcome these problems, we have developed the Reference Agent Model (RAM) for DCE MRI analyses, which determines the relative K(trans) of two contrast agents that are simultaneously co-injected and detected in the same tissue during a single DCE-MRI session. The RAM obviates the need to monitor the AIF because one contrast agent effectively serves as an internal reference in the tumor tissue for the other agent, and it also eliminates the systematic errors in the estimated K(trans) caused by assuming an erroneous Hct. Simulations demonstrated that the RAM can accurately and precisely estimate the relative K(trans) (R(Ktrans)) of two agents. To experimentally evaluate the utility of RAM for analyzing DCE MRI results, we optimized a previously reported multiecho (19)F MRI method to detect two perfluorinated contrast agents that were co-injected during a single in vivo study and selectively detected in the same tumor location. The results demonstrated that RAM determined R(Ktrans) with excellent accuracy and precision.
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Yu JX, Hallac RR, Chiguru S, Mason RP. New frontiers and developing applications in 19F NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 70:25-49. [PMID: 23540575 PMCID: PMC3613763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Yu
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rami R. Hallac
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Srinivas Chiguru
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ralph P. Mason
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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16
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Srinivas M, Boehm-Sturm P, Figdor CG, de Vries IJ, Hoehn M. Labeling cells for in vivo tracking using 19F MRI. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8830-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Yu JX, Gulaka PK, Liu L, Kodibagkar VD, Mason RP. Novel Fe 3+-Based 1H MRI β-Galactosidase Reporter Molecules**. Chempluschem 2012; 77:370-378. [PMID: 23807909 PMCID: PMC3691858 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the development of reporter agents to reveal enzyme activity in vivo using small animal imaging. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of detecting lacZ gene activity using the commercially available 3,4-cyclohexenoesculetin-β-D-galactopyranoside (S-Gal™) as a 1H MRI reporter. Specifically, β-galactosidase (β-gal) releases the aglycone, which forms an MR contrast-inducing paramagnetic precipitate in the presence of Fe3+. Contrast was primarily T2-weighted signal loss, but T1 effects were also observed. Since T1-contrast generally provides signal enhancement as opposed to loss, it appeared attractive to explore whether analogues could be generated with enhanced characteristics. We now report the design and successful synthesis of novel analogues together with characterization of 1H MRI contrast based on both T1 and T2 response to β-gal activity in vitro for the lead agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Yu
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, USA
| | - Praveen K. Gulaka
- Joint Program in Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, USA
| | - Vikram D. Kodibagkar
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, USA
| | - Ralph P. Mason
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, USA
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18
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Lee SW, Lee SH, Biswal S. Magnetic resonance reporter gene imaging. Theranostics 2012; 2:403-12. [PMID: 22539936 PMCID: PMC3337732 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging has undergone an explosive advancement in recent years, due to the tremendous research efforts made to understand and visualize biological processes. Molecular imaging by definition assesses cellular and molecular processes in living subjects, with the targets of following metabolic, genomic, and proteomic events. Furthermore, reporter gene imaging plays a central role in this field. Many different approaches have been used to visualize genetic events in living subjects, such as, optical, radionuclide, and magnetic resonance imaging. Compared with the other techniques, magnetic resonance (MR)-based reporter gene imaging has not occupied center stage, despite its superior three-dimensional depictions of anatomical details. In this article, the authors review the principles and applications of various types of MR reporter gene imaging technologies and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
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Yu JX, Kodibagkar VD, Hallac RR, Liu L, Mason RP. Dual 19F/1H MR gene reporter molecules for in vivo detection of β-galactosidase. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:596-603. [PMID: 22352428 DOI: 10.1021/bc200647q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased emphasis on personalized medicine and novel therapies requires the development of noninvasive strategies for assessing biochemistry in vivo. The detection of enzyme activity and gene expression in vivo is potentially important for the characterization of diseases and gene therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a particularly promising tool, since it is noninvasive and has no associated radioactivity, yet penetrates deep tissue. We now demonstrate a novel class of dual (1)H/(19)F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) lacZ gene reporter molecule to specifically reveal enzyme activity in human tumor xenografts growing in mice. We report the design, synthesis, and characterization of six novel molecules and evaluation of the most effective reporter in mice in vivo. Substrates show a single (19)F NMR signal and exposure to β-galactosidase induces a large (19)F NMR chemical shift response. In the presence of ferric ions, the liberated aglycone generates intense proton MRI T(2) contrast. The dual modality approach allows both the detection of substrate and the imaging of product enhancing the confidence in enzyme detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Yu
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Doura T, An Q, Sugihara F, Matsuda T, Sando S. p-Aminophenyl Alkyl Ether-based19F MRI Probe for Specific Detection and Imaging of Hypochlorite Ion. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Yamaguchi K, Ueki R, Nonaka H, Sugihara F, Matsuda T, Sando S. Design of chemical shift-switching 19F magnetic resonance imaging probe for specific detection of human monoamine oxidase A. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14208-11. [PMID: 21851116 DOI: 10.1021/ja2057506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) A is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of biologically important monoamines and is thought to be associated with psychiatric disorders. Here, we report a strategy for rationally designing a (19)F magnetic resonance imaging probe for the specific detection of human MAO-A (hMAO-A) activity. Our designed (19)F probe was oxidized expeditiously by hMAO-A to produce 2-fluoro-4-nitrophenol via a spontaneous β-elimination mechanism. Concomitant with the structural change of the probe to the product, the (19)F chemical shift changed by 4.2 ppm, which was enough to visualize the probe and enzymatic product separately. Importantly, our probe achieved excellent discrimination of hMAO-A from its isoform hMAO-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Yamaguchi
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Razgulin A, Ma N, Rao J. Strategies for in vivo imaging of enzyme activity: an overview and recent advances. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4186-216. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Liu L, Mason RP. Imaging beta-galactosidase activity in human tumor xenografts and transgenic mice using a chemiluminescent substrate. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12024. [PMID: 20700459 PMCID: PMC2917367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of enzyme activity or transgene expression offers potential insight into developmental biology, disease progression, and potentially personalized medicine. Historically, the lacZ gene encoding the enzyme β-galactosidase has been the most common reporter gene and many chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates are well established, but limited to histology or in vitro assays. We now present a novel approach for in vivo detection of β-galactosidase using optical imaging to detect light emission following administration of the chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetane substrate Galacto-Light PlusTM. Methodology and Principal Findings B-gal activity was visualized in stably transfected human MCF7-lacZ tumors growing in mice. LacZ tumors were identified versus contralateral wild type tumors as controls, based on two- to tenfold greater light emission following direct intra tumoral or intravenous administration of reporter substrate. The 1,2-dioxetane substrate is commercially available as a kit for microplate-based assays for β-gal detection, and we have adapted it for in vivo application. Typically, 100 µl substrate mixture was administered intravenously and light emission was detected from the lacZ tumor immediately with gradual decrease over the next 20 mins. Imaging was also undertaken in transgenic ROSA26 mice following subcutaneous or intravenous injection of substrate mixture. Conclusion and Significance Light emission was detectable using standard instrumentation designed for more traditional bioluminescent imaging. Use of 1,2-dioxetane substrates to detect enzyme activity offers a new paradigm for non-invasive biochemistry in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ralph P. Mason
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cui W, Liu L, Kodibagkar VD, Mason RP. S-Gal, a novel 1H MRI reporter for beta-galactosidase. Magn Reson Med 2010; 64:65-71. [PMID: 20572145 PMCID: PMC2924164 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Reporter genes and associated enzyme activity are becoming increasingly significant for research in vivo. The lacZ gene and beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) expression have long been exploited as reporters of biologic manipulation at the molecular level, and a noninvasive detection strategy based on proton MRI is particularly attractive. 3,4-Cyclohexenoesculetin beta-D-galactopyranoside (S-Gal) is a commercial histologic stain, which forms a black precipitate in the presence of beta-gal and ferric ions, suggesting potential detectability by MRI. Generation of the precipitate is now shown to cause strong T(2)* relaxation, revealing beta-gal activity. A series of tests with the enzyme in vitro and with tumor cells shows that this approach can be used as an assay for beta-gal activity. Proof of principle is shown in human breast tumor xenografts in mice. Upon direct injection of a mixture of 3,4-cyclohexenoesculetin beta-D-galactopyranoside and ferric ammonium citrate, intense contrast was observed immediately in MCF7-lacZ tumors, but not in wild-type tumors. 3,4-Cyclohexenoesculetin beta-D-galactopyranoside activation in combination with ferric ions introduces a novel approach for assaying enzyme activity by MRI in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Cui
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, USA
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Fusaro L, Locci E, Lai A, Luhmer M. Highlighting cavities in proteins by NMR using sulfur hexafluoride as a spy molecule. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:3398-403. [PMID: 20163136 DOI: 10.1021/jp100098u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cavities in proteins can be studied experimentally by using some detectable atoms, such as xenon, or molecules which act as reporter, such as a spy. The interest of sulfur hexafluoride (SF(6)) for probing hydrophobic cavities by solution-state NMR is investigated. The wheat nonspecific lipid transfer protein (LTP) was selected as a model system for this purpose. The binding of SF(6) is straightforwardly detected by the (19)F chemical shift, line width, or longitudinal relaxation time measurements, which can be carried out at low SF(6) concentration without interference from resonances of the protein. Most interestingly, the binding of SF(6) gives rise to selective intermolecular (1)H{(19)F} heteronuclear Overhauser effects (HOEs). Molecular dynamics simulation and NMR spectrum modeling show that the experimental HOESY spectra are consistent with (1)H{(19)F} HOEs arising from SF(6) in the cavity of LTP. SF(6) is found to be an advantageous alternative to hyperpolarized (129)Xe and small organic compounds for probing cavities in proteins by solution-state NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fusaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
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Tremblay AE, Lao KY, Hodgson DJ, Dawson B, Buist PH. Synthesis of chiral fluorine-tagged reference standards for the 19F NMR-based stereochemical analysis of sulfoxides at trace analytical levels. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5146-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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