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Shin HS, Shin HH, Shudo Y. Current Status and Limitations of Myocardial Infarction Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Translational Research. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:673683. [PMID: 33996785 PMCID: PMC8116580 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.673683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing an appropriate disease model that mimics the complexities of human cardiovascular disease is critical for evaluating the clinical efficacy and translation success. The multifaceted and complex nature of human ischemic heart disease is difficult to recapitulate in animal models. This difficulty is often compounded by the methodological biases introduced in animal studies. Considerable variations across animal species, modifications made in surgical procedures, and inadequate randomization, sample size calculation, blinding, and heterogeneity of animal models used often produce preclinical cardiovascular research that looks promising but is irreproducible and not translatable. Moreover, many published papers are not transparent enough for other investigators to verify the feasibility of the studies and the therapeutics' efficacy. Unfortunately, successful translation of these innovative therapies in such a closed and biased research is difficult. This review discusses some challenges in current preclinical myocardial infarction research, focusing on the following three major inhibitors for its successful translation: Inappropriate disease model, frequent modifications to surgical procedures, and insufficient reporting transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sook Shin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Heather Hyeyoon Shin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Shudo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Filgueira CS, Igo SR, Wang DK, Hirsch M, Schulz DG, Bruckner BA, Grattoni A. Technologies for intrapericardial delivery of therapeutics and cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:222-232. [PMID: 30797957 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pericardium, which surrounds the heart, provides a unique enclosed volume and a site for the delivery of agents to the heart and coronary arteries. While strategies for targeting the delivery of therapeutics to the heart are lacking, various technologies and nanodelivery approaches are emerging as promising methods for site specific delivery to increase therapeutic myocardial retention, efficacy, and bioactivity, while decreasing undesired systemic effects. Here, we provide a literature review of various approaches for intrapericardial delivery of agents. Emphasis is given to sustained delivery approaches (pumps and catheters) and localized release (patches, drug eluting stents, and support devices and meshes). Further, minimally invasive access techniques, pericardial access devices, pericardial washout and fluid analysis, as well as therapeutic and cell delivery vehicles are presented. Finally, several promising new therapeutic targets to treat heart diseases are highlighted.
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Thiagarajan H, Thiyagamoorthy U, Shanmugham I, Dharmalingam Nandagopal G, Kaliyaperumal A. Angiogenic growth factors in myocardial infarction: a critical appraisal. Heart Fail Rev 2018. [PMID: 28639006 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-017-9630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the recent past, substantial advances have been made in the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). Despite the impact of these positive developments, MI remains to be a leading cause of morbidity as well as mortality. An interesting hypothesis is that the development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) or the remodeling of preexisting collaterals may form natural bypasses that could compensate for the occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery. A number of angiogenic factors are proven to be elicited during MI. Exogenous supplementation of these growth factors either in the form of recombinant protein or gene would enhance the collateral vessel formation and thereby improve the outcome after MI. The aim of this review is to describe the nature and potentials of different angiogenic factors, their expression, their efficacy in animal studies, and clinical trials pertaining to MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemalatha Thiagarajan
- Department of Biological Materials, CSIR - Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India.
| | - UmaMaheswari Thiyagamoorthy
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Home Science College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, 625 014, India
| | - Iswariya Shanmugham
- Department of Biological Materials, CSIR - Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
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Maslov M, Foianini S, Lovich M. Delivery of drugs, growth factors, genes and stem cells via intrapericardial, epicardial and intramyocardial routes for sustained local targeted therapy of myocardial disease. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2017; 14:1227-1239. [PMID: 28276968 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1292249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Local myocardial delivery (LMD) of therapeutic agents is a promising strategy that aims to treat various myocardial pathologies. It is designed to deliver agents directly to the myocardium and minimize their extracardiac concentrations and side effects. LMD aims to enhance outcomes of existing therapies by broadening their therapeutic window and to utilize new agents that could not be otherwise be implemented systemically. Areas covered: This article provides a historical overview of six decades LMD evolution in terms of the approaches, including intrapericardial, epicardial, and intramyocardial delivery, and the wide array of classes of agents used to treat myocardial pathologies. We examines delivery of pharmaceutical compounds, targeted gene transfection and cell implantation techniques to produce therapeutic effects locally. We outline therapeutic indications, successes and failures as well as technical approaches for LMD. Expert opinion: While LMD is more complicated than conventional oral or intravenous administration, given recent advances in interventional cardiology, it is safe and may provide better therapeutic outcomes. LMD is complex as many factors impact pharmacokinetics and biologic result. The choice between routes of LMD is largely driven not only by the myocardial pathology but also by the nature and physicochemical properties of the therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Maslov
- a Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care , Steward St. Elizabeth's Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Stephan Foianini
- a Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care , Steward St. Elizabeth's Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mark Lovich
- a Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care , Steward St. Elizabeth's Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
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Duffey OJ, Smart N. Approaches to augment vascularisation and regeneration of the adult heart via the reactivated epicardium. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2016; 2016:e201628. [PMID: 28979901 PMCID: PMC5624183 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival rates following myocardial infarction have increased in recent years but current treatments for post-infarction recovery are inadequate and cannot induce regeneration of damaged hearts. Regenerative medicine could provide disease-reversing treatments by harnessing modern concepts in cell and developmental biology. A recently-established paradigm in regenerative medicine is that regeneration of a tissue can be achieved by reactivation of the coordinated developmental processes that originally formed the tissue. In the heart, the epicardium has emerged as an important regulator of cardiac development and reactivation of epicardial developmental processes may provide a means to enable cardiac regeneration. Indeed, in adult mouse hearts, treatment with thymosin β4 and other drug-like molecules reactivates the epicardium and improves outcomes after myocardial infarction by inducing regenerative paracrine signalling, neovascularisation and de novo cardiomyocyte production. However, there are considerable limitations to current methods of epicardial reactivation that prevent direct translation into clinical practice. Here, we describe the rationale for targeting the epicardium and the successes and limitations of this approach. We consider how several recent advances in epicardial biology could be used to overcome these limitations. These advances include insight into epicardial signalling and heterogeneity, epicardial modulation of inflammation and epicardial remodelling of extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J. Duffey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Smart
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Rodness J, Mihic A, Miyagi Y, Wu J, Weisel RD, Li RK. VEGF-loaded microsphere patch for local protein delivery to the ischemic heart. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:169-181. [PMID: 27619839 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Revascularization of the heart after myocardial infarction (MI) using growth factors delivered by hydrogel-based microspheres represents a promising therapeutic approach for cardiac regeneration. Microspheres have tuneable degradation properties and support the prolonged release of soluble factors. Cardiac patches provide mechanical restraint, preventing dilatation associated with ventricular remodelling. METHODS We combined these approaches and produced a compacted calcium-alginate microsphere patch, restrained by a chitosan sheet, to deliver vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to the heart after myocardial injury in rats. RESULTS Microspheres had an average diameter of 3.2μm, were nonporous, and characterized by a smooth dimpled surface. Microsphere patches demonstrated prolonged in vitro release characteristics compared to non-compacted microspheres and VEGF supernatants obtained from patches maintained their bioactivity for the 5day duration of the study in vitro. In vivo, patches were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging following MI, and demonstrated 50% degradation 25.6days after implantation. Both VEGF(-) and VEGF(+) microsphere patch-treated hearts had better cardiac function than unpatched (chitosan sheet only) controls. However, VEGF(+) microsphere-patched hearts had thicker scars characterized by higher capillary density in the border zone than did those treated with VEGF(-) patches. VEGF was detected in the patches 4weeks post-implantation. CONCLUSION The condensed microsphere patch represents a new therapeutic platform for cytokine delivery and could be used as an adjuvant to current biomaterial and cell-based therapies to promote localized angiogenesis in the infarcted heart. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Following a heart attack, a lack of blood flow to the heart results in loss of heart cells. Growth factors may facilitate growth of blood vessels and heart tissue repair and prevent the onset of heart failure. Determining a way to deliver these growth factors directly to the heart is vital. Here, we combined two biomaterial-based approaches to deliver vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to rat hearts after heart attack: a microsphere for prolonged release of VEGF, and a cardiac patch for mechanical restraint to prevent heart dysfunction. The feasibility of this microsphere patch was demonstrated by surgically implanting it over the infarct region of the heart post-injury. VEGF-patched hearts had better blood vessel growth, tissue repair, and heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rodness
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Anton Mihic
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yasuo Miyagi
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Richard D Weisel
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Camacho P, Fan H, Liu Z, He JQ. Large Mammalian Animal Models of Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3040030. [PMID: 29367573 PMCID: PMC5715721 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the biological complexity of the cardiovascular system, the animal model is an urgent pre-clinical need to advance our knowledge of cardiovascular disease and to explore new drugs to repair the damaged heart. Ideally, a model system should be inexpensive, easily manipulated, reproducible, a biological representative of human disease, and ethically sound. Although a larger animal model is more expensive and difficult to manipulate, its genetic, structural, functional, and even disease similarities to humans make it an ideal model to first consider. This review presents the commonly-used large animals-dog, sheep, pig, and non-human primates-while the less-used other large animals-cows, horses-are excluded. The review attempts to introduce unique points for each species regarding its biological property, degrees of susceptibility to develop certain types of heart diseases, and methodology of induced conditions. For example, dogs barely develop myocardial infarction, while dilated cardiomyopathy is developed quite often. Based on the similarities of each species to the human, the model selection may first consider non-human primates-pig, sheep, then dog-but it also depends on other factors, for example, purposes, funding, ethics, and policy. We hope this review can serve as a basic outline of large animal models for cardiovascular researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Camacho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Huimin Fan
- Research Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Research Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Jia-Qiang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Tang Y, Gan X, Cheheltani R, Curran E, Lamberti G, Krynska B, Kiani MF, Wang B. Targeted delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor improves stem cell therapy in a rat myocardial infarction model. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1711-8. [PMID: 24941463 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rebuilding of infarcted myocardium by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has not been successful because of poor cell survival due in part to insufficient blood supply after myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesize that targeted delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to MI can help regenerate vasculature in support of MSC therapy in a rat model of MI. VEGF-encapsulated immunoliposomes targeting overexpressed P-selectin in MI tissue were infused by tail vein immediately after MI. One week later, MSCs were injected intramyocardially. The cardiac function loss was moderated slightly by targeted delivery of VEGF or MSC treatment. Targeted VEGF+MSC combination treatment showed highest attenuation in cardiac function loss. The combination treatment also increased blood vessel density (80%) and decreased collagen content in post-MI tissue (33%). Engraftment of MSCs in the combination treatment group was significantly increased and the engrafted cells contributed to the restoration of blood vessels. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR VEGF immunoliposomes targeting myocardial infarction tissue resulted in significantly higher attenuation of cardiac function loss when used in combination with mesenchymal stem cells. MSCs were previously found to have poor ability to restore cardiac tissue, likely as a result of poor blood supply in the affected areas. This new method counterbalances that weakness by the known effects of VEGF, as demonstrated in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Widener University, Chester, PA USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Xiaoliang Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Rabe'e Cheheltani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Elizabeth Curran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Giuseppina Lamberti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Barbara Krynska
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Mohammad F Kiani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Widener University, Chester, PA USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA.
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Lakshmanan R, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S. Polymeric scaffold aided stem cell therapeutics for cardiac muscle repair and regeneration. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1119-34. [PMID: 23982911 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The constantly expanding repository of novel polymers and stem cells has opened up new vistas in the field of cardiac tissue engineering. Successful regeneration of the complex cardiac tissue mainly centres on the appropriate scaffold material with topographical features that mimic the native environment. The integration of stem cells on these scaffolds is expected to enhance the regeneration potential. This review elaborates on the interplay of these vital factors in achieving the functional cardiac tissue. The recent advances in polymers, nanocomposites, and stem cells from different sources are highlighted. Special emphasis is laid on the clinical trials involving stem cells and the state-of-the-art materials to obtain a balanced perspective on the translational potential of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Lakshmanan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
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