1
|
Wu Y, Zong M, Wu H, He D, Li L, Zhang X, Zhao D, Li B. Dietary Advanced Glycation End-Products Affects the Progression of Early Diabetes by Intervening in Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200046. [PMID: 35355400 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Epidemiologic studies indicate significant contributions of thermally processed diets to the risk for diabetes and its related renal complications, but the mechanisms relating diet to disease remain unclear. This study evaluates the effects of the diet differ only in the content of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) on early diabetes in Leprdb/db mice. METHODS AND RESULTS High AGEs diet (60 mg CML per kg protein) is fed to mice for 8 weeks. Dietary AGEs associated with diabetic features, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and increased mRNA expression of renal chemokines, CCL3 and CXC3L1 are found. Untargeted metabolomics reveal that the high AGEs diet inhibits carbohydrate catabolism and promotes lipid anabolism. Additionally, the high AGEs diet alters the composition of the gut microbiota and indirectly affects the carbohydrate metabolism by altering the plasma levels of glyceraldehyde and pyruvate. However, switching to the lower AGEs diet can relieve most of the symptoms except microbiota composition. CONCLUSION The results indicate that dietary AGEs exposure intervenes in the development of diabetes through modulating the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and critically, switching to the lower AGEs diet arrested or reversed diabetes progression. A light-processing dietary intervention that helps to arrest early diabetes is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Plant Protein Deep Processing, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Minhua Zong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Plant Protein Deep Processing, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Plant Protein Deep Processing, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Dong He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Plant Protein Deep Processing, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, College Road 1, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Plant Protein Deep Processing, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Plant Protein Deep Processing, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Belfleur L, Sonavane M, Hernandez A, Gassman NR, Migaud ME. Solution Chemistry of Dihydroxyacetone and Synthesis of Monomeric Dihydroxyacetone. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:616-625. [PMID: 35324152 PMCID: PMC9020455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a major byproduct of e-cigarette combustion and is the active ingredient in sunless tanning products. Mounting evidence points to its damaging effects on cellular functions. While developing a simple synthetic route to monomeric [13C3]DHA for flux metabolic studies that compared DHA and glyceraldehyde (GA) metabolism, we uncovered that solid DHA ages upon storage and differences in the relative abundance of each of its isomer occur when reconstituted in an aqueous solution. While all three of the dimeric forms of DHA ultimately resolve to the ketone and hydrated forms of monomeric DHA once in water at room temperature, these species require hours rather than minutes to reach an equilibrium favoring the monomeric species. Consequently, when used in bolus or flux experiments, the relative abundance of each isomer and its effects at the time of application is dependent on the initial DHA isomeric composition and concentration, and time of equilibration in solution before use. Here, we make recommendations for the more consistent handling of DHA as we report conditions that ensure that DHA is present in its monomeric form while in solutions, conditions used in an isotopic tracing study that specifically compared monomeric DHA and GA metabolism in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luxene Belfleur
- Department
of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604, United States
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Department
of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, the University
of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United
States
| | - Arlet Hernandez
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, the University
of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United
States
| | - Natalie R. Gassman
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, the University
of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United
States
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- Department
of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suh EH, Geraldes CFGC, Chirayil S, Faubert B, Ayala R, DeBerardinis RJ, Sherry AD. Detection of glucose-derived D- and L-lactate in cancer cells by the use of a chiral NMR shift reagent. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:38. [PMID: 34742347 PMCID: PMC8571830 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive lactate production, a hallmark of cancer, is largely formed by the reduction of pyruvate via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to l-lactate. Although d-lactate can also be produced from glucose via the methylglyoxal pathway in small amounts, less is known about the amount of d-lactate produced in cancer cells. Since the stereoisomers of lactate cannot be distinguished by conventional 1H NMR spectroscopy, a chiral NMR shift reagent was used to fully resolve the 1H NMR resonances of d- and l-lactate. Methods The production of l-lactate from glucose and d-lactate from methylglyoxal was first demonstrated in freshly isolated red blood cells using the chiral NMR shift reagent, YbDO3A-trisamide. Then, two different cell lines with high GLO1 expression (H1648 and H 1395) were selected from a panel of over 80 well-characterized human NSCLC cell lines, grown to confluence in standard tissue culture media, washed with phosphate-buffered saline, and exposed to glucose in a buffer for 4 h. After 4 h, a small volume of extracellular fluid was collected and mixed with YbDO3A-trisamide for analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Results A suspension of freshly isolated red blood cells exposed to 5mM glucose produced l-lactate as expected but very little d-lactate. To evaluate the utility of the chiral NMR shift reagent, methylglyoxal was then added to red cells along with glucose to stimulate the production of d-lactate via the glyoxalate pathway. In this case, both d-lactate and l-lactate were produced and their NMR chemical shifts assigned. NSCLC cell lines with different expression levels of GLO1 produced both l- and d-lactate after incubation with glucose and glutamine alone. A GLO1-deleted parental cell line (3553T3) showed no production of d-lactate from glucose while re-expression of GLO1 resulted in higher production of d-lactate. Conclusions The shift-reagent-aided NMR technique demonstrates that d-lactate is produced from glucose in NSCLC cells via the methylglyoxal pathway. The biological role of d-lactate is uncertain but a convenient method for monitoring d-lactate production could provide new insights into the biological roles of d- versus l-lactate in cancer metabolism. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40170-021-00267-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eul Hyun Suh
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carlos F G C Geraldes
- Department of Life Sciences and Coimbra Chemistry Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-393, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Chirayil
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brandon Faubert
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Raul Ayala
- School of Health Professions at Yvonne A. Ewell Townview Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - A Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA. .,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fiedorowicz M, Wieteska M, Rylewicz K, Kossowski B, Piątkowska-Janko E, Czarnecka AM, Toczylowska B, Bogorodzki P. Hyperpolarized 13C tracers: Technical advancements and perspectives for clinical applications. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
5
|
Feuerecker B, Biechl P, Veltkamp C, Saur D, Eisenreich W. Metabolic Response of Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells under Treatment with Dichloroacetate. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060350. [PMID: 34070873 PMCID: PMC8228235 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern oncology, the analysis and evaluation of treatment response are still challenging. Hence, we used a 13C-guided approach to study the impacts of the small molecule dichloroacetate (DCA) upon the metabolic response of pancreatic cancer cells. Two different oncogenic PI3K-driven pancreatic cancer cell lines, 9580 and 10,158, respectively, were treated with 75 mM DCA for 18 h. In the presence of [U-13C6]glucose, the effects of DCA treatment in the core carbon metabolism were analyzed in these cells using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). 13C-enrichments and isotopologue profiles of key amino acids revealed considerable effects of the DCA treatment upon glucose metabolism. The DCA treatment of the two pancreatic cell lines resulted in a significantly decreased incorporation of [U-13C6]glucose into the amino acids alanine, aspartate, glutamate, glycine, proline and serine in treated, but not in untreated, cancer cells. For both cell lines, the data indicated some activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase with increased carbon flux via the TCA cycle, but also massive inhibition of glycolytic flux and amino acid biosynthesis presumably by inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC axis. Together, it appears worthwhile to study the early treatment response in DCA-guided or accompanied cancer therapy in more detail, since it could open new avenues for improved diagnosis and therapeutic protocols of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Feuerecker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site München, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.F.); (W.E.)
| | - Philipp Biechl
- Bavarian NMR Center—Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany;
| | - Christian Veltkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (C.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (C.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Bavarian NMR Center—Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany;
- Correspondence: (B.F.); (W.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feuerecker B, Biechl P, Seidl C, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Schwaiger M, Eisenreich W. Diverse metabolic response of cancer cells treated with a 213Bi-anti-EGFR-immunoconjugate. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6227. [PMID: 33737524 PMCID: PMC7973706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of treatment response is among the major challenges in modern oncology. We herein used a monoclonal antibody targeting the EGF receptor (EGFR) labelled with the alpha emitter 213Bi (213Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb). EJ28Luc (bladder) and LN18 (glioma) cancer cells, both overexpressing EGFR, were incubated for 3 h with the radioimmunoconjugate. To assess the responses in the core carbon metabolism upon this treatment, these cancer cell lines were subsequently cultivated for 18 h in the presence of [U-13C6]glucose. 13C-enrichment and isotopologue profiles of key amino acids were monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), in order to monitor the impacts of the radionuclide-treatment upon glucose metabolism. In comparison to untreated controls, treatment of EJ28Luc cells with 213Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb resulted in a significantly decreased incorporation of 13C from [U-13C6]glucose into alanine, aspartate, glutamate, glycine, proline and serine. In sharp contrast, the same amino acids did not display less 13C-enrichments during treatment of the LN18 cells. The data indicate early treatment response of the bladder cancer cells, but not of the glioma cells though cell lines were killed following 213Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb treatment. The pilot study shows that the 13C-labelling approach is a valid tool to assess the responsiveness of cancer cells upon radionuclide-treatment in considerable metabolic detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Feuerecker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,Deutsches Konsortium für translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Heidelberg, partnersite München and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Philipp Biechl
- Department of Chemistry, Bavarian NMR Center-Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Christof Seidl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Bavarian NMR Center-Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hyperpolarized 15N-labeled, deuterated tris (2-pyridylmethyl)amine as an MRI sensor of freely available Zn 2. Commun Chem 2020; 3. [PMID: 34212118 PMCID: PMC8244538 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) coupled with 15N magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an opportunity to image quantitative levels of biologically important metal ions such as Zn2+, Mg2+ or Ca2+ using appropriately designed 15N enriched probes. For example, a Zn-specific probe could prove particularly valuable for imaging the tissue distribution of freely available Zn2+ ions, an important known metal ion biomarker in the pancreas, in prostate cancer, and in several neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we prepare the cell-permeable, 15N-enriched, d6-deuterated version of the well-known Zn2+ chelator, tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) and demonstrate that the polarized ligand had favorable T1 and linewidth characteristics for 15N MRI. Examples of how polarized TPA can be used to quantify freely available Zn2+ in homogenized human prostate tissue and intact cells are presented.
Collapse
|
8
|
The Metabolic Heterogeneity and Flexibility of Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102780. [PMID: 32998263 PMCID: PMC7601708 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to be the main cause of therapy resistance and cancer recurrence. An analysis of their biological properties has revealed that CSCs have a particular metabolism that differs from non-CSCs to maintain their stemness properties. In this review, we analyze the flexible metabolic mechanisms of CSCs and highlight the new therapeutics that target CSC metabolism. Abstract Numerous findings have indicated that CSCs, which are present at a low frequency inside primary tumors, are the main cause of therapy resistance and cancer recurrence. Although various therapeutic methods targeting CSCs have been attempted for eliminating cancer cells completely, the complicated characteristics of CSCs have hampered such attempts. In analyzing the biological properties of CSCs, it was revealed that CSCs have a peculiar metabolism that is distinct from non-CSCs to maintain their stemness properties. The CSC metabolism involves not only the catabolic and anabolic pathways, but also intracellular signaling, gene expression, and redox balance. In addition, CSCs can reprogram their metabolism to flexibly respond to environmental changes. In this review, we focus on the flexible metabolic mechanisms of CSCs, and highlight the new therapeutics that target CSC metabolism.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lanz B, Abaei A, Braissant O, Choi IY, Cudalbu C, Henry PG, Gruetter R, Kara F, Kantarci K, Lee P, Lutz NW, Marjańska M, Mlynárik V, Rasche V, Xin L, Valette J. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the rodent brain: Experts' consensus recommendations. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 34:e4325. [PMID: 33565219 PMCID: PMC9429976 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In vivo MRS is a non-invasive measurement technique used not only in humans, but also in animal models using high-field magnets. MRS enables the measurement of metabolite concentrations as well as metabolic rates and their modifications in healthy animals and disease models. Such data open the way to a deeper understanding of the underlying biochemistry, related disturbances and mechanisms taking place during or prior to symptoms and tissue changes. In this work, we focus on the main preclinical 1H, 31P and 13C MRS approaches to study brain metabolism in rodent models, with the aim of providing general experts' consensus recommendations (animal models, anesthesia, data acquisition protocols). An overview of the main practical differences in preclinical compared with clinical MRS studies is presented, as well as the additional biochemical information that can be obtained in animal models in terms of metabolite concentrations and metabolic flux measurements. The properties of high-field preclinical MRS and the technical limitations are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lanz
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alireza Abaei
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Olivier Braissant
- Service of Clinical Chemistry, University of Lausanne and University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - In-Young Choi
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, US
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Gilles Henry
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, US
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Firat Kara
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, US
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, US
| | - Phil Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, US
| | - Norbert W Lutz
- CNRS, CRMBM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, US
| | - Vladimír Mlynárik
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Volker Rasche
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lijing Xin
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Valette
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| |
Collapse
|