1
|
Emanuel S, Kaiser M, Pflueger HJ, Libersat F. On the Role of the Head Ganglia in Posture and Walking in Insects. Front Physiol 2020; 11:135. [PMID: 32153430 PMCID: PMC7047666 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, locomotion is the result of rhythm generating thoracic circuits and their modulation by sensory reflexes and by inputs from the two head ganglia, the cerebral and the gnathal ganglia (GNG), which act as higher order neuronal centers playing different functions in the initiation, goal-direction, and maintenance of movement. Current knowledge on the various roles of major neuropiles of the cerebral ganglia (CRG), such as mushroom bodies (MB) and the central complex (CX), in particular, are discussed as well as the role of the GNG. Thoracic and head ganglia circuitries are connected by ascending and descending neurons. While less is known about the ascending neurons, recent studies in large insects and Drosophila have begun to unravel the identity of descending neurons and their appropriate roles in posture and locomotion. Descending inputs from the head ganglia are most important in initiating and modulating thoracic central pattern generating circuitries to achieve goal directed locomotion. In addition, the review will also deal with some known monoaminergic descending neurons which affect the motor circuits involved in posture and locomotion. In conclusion, we will present a few issues that have, until today, been little explored. For example, how and which descending neurons are selected to engage a specific motor behavior and how feedback from thoracic circuitry modulate the head ganglia circuitries. The review will discuss results from large insects, mainly locusts, crickets, and stick insects but will mostly focus on cockroaches and the fruit fly, Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stav Emanuel
- Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Maayan Kaiser
- Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Hans-Joachim Pflueger
- Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie, Institut für Biologie, Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederic Libersat
- Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kononenko NL, Hartfil S, Willer J, Ferch J, Wolfenberg H, Pflüger HJ. A population of descending tyraminergic/octopaminergic projection neurons of the insect deutocerebrum. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:1027-1038. [PMID: 30444529 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a cluster of tyraminergic/octopaminergic neurons in the lateral dorsal deutocerebrum of desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) with descending axons to the abdominal ganglia. In the locust, these neurons synthesize octopamine from tyramine stress-dependently. Electrophysiological recordings in locusts reveal that they respond to mechanosensory touch stimuli delivered to various parts of the body including the antennae. A similar cluster of tyraminergic/octopaminergic neurons was also identified in the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and the pink winged stick insect (Sipyloidea sipylus). It is suggested that these neurons release octopamine in the ventral nerve cord ganglia and, most likely, convey information on arousal and/or stressful stimuli to neuronal circuits thus contributing to the many actions of octopamine in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergej Hartfil
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Willer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Ferch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Wolfenberg
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Herbison R, Lagrue C, Poulin R. The missing link in parasite manipulation of host behaviour. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:222. [PMID: 29615121 PMCID: PMC5881176 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that certain species of parasite my adaptively manipulate its host behaviour is a fascinating phenomenon. As a result, the recently established field of ‘host manipulation’ has seen rapid expansion over the past few decades with public and scientific interest steadily increasing. However, progress appears to falter when researchers ask how parasites manipulate behaviour, rather than why. A vast majority of the published literature investigating the mechanistic basis underlying behavioural manipulation fails to connect the establishment of the parasite with the reported physiological changes in its host. This has left researchers unable to empirically distinguish/identify adaptive physiological changes enforced by the parasites from pathological side effects of infection, resulting in scientists relying on narratives to explain results, rather than empirical evidence. By contrasting correlative mechanistic evidence for host manipulation against rare cases of causative evidence and drawing from the advanced understanding of physiological systems from other disciplines it is clear we are often skipping over a crucial step in host-manipulation: the production, potential storage, and release of molecules (manipulation factors) that must create the observed physiological changes in hosts if they are adaptive. Identifying these manipulation factors, via associating gene expression shifts in the parasite with behavioural changes in the host and following their effects will provide researchers with a bottom-up approach to unraveling the mechanisms of behavioural manipulation and by extension behaviour itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Herbison
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Clement Lagrue
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Insect behavior can be manipulated by parasites, and in many cases, such manipulation involves the central and peripheral nervous system. Neuroparasitology is an emerging branch of biology that deals with parasites that can control the nervous system of their host. The diversity of parasites that can manipulate insect behavior ranges from viruses to macroscopic worms and also includes other insects that have evolved to become parasites (notably, parasitic wasps). It is remarkable that the precise manipulation observed does not require direct entry into the insect brain and can even occur when the parasite is outside the body. We suggest that a spatial view of manipulation provides a holistic approach to examining such interactions. Integration across approaches from natural history to advanced imaging techniques, omics, and experiments will provide new vistas in neuroparasitology. We also suggest that for researchers interested in the proximate mechanisms of insect behaviors, studies of parasites that have evolved to control such behavior is of significant value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P Hughes
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Frederic Libersat
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel;
- Zlotowski Center for Neurosciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Herbison REH. Lessons in Mind Control: Trends in Research on the Molecular Mechanisms behind Parasite-Host Behavioral Manipulation. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
6
|
Stürmer GD, de Freitas TC, Heberle MDA, de Assis DR, Vinadé L, Pereira AB, Franco JL, Dal Belo CA. Modulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission induced by sublethal doses of the organophosphate trichlorfon in cockroaches. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 109:56-62. [PMID: 25164203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) insecticides have been used indiscriminately, based on their high dissipation rates and low residual levels in the environment. Despite the toxicity of OPs to beneficial insects is principally devoted to the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, the physiological mechanisms underlying this activity remain poorly understood. Here we showed the pharmacological pathways that might be involved in severe alterations in the insect locomotion and grooming behaviors following sublethal administration of the OP Trichlorfon (Tn) (0.25, 0.5 and 1 µM) in Phoetalia pallida. Tn inhibited the acetylcholinesterase activity (46±6, 38±3 and 24±6 nmol NADPH/min/mg protein, n=3, p<0.05), respectively. Tn (1 µM) also increased the walking maintenance of animals (46±5 s; n=27; p<0.05). Tn caused a high increase in the time spent for this behavior (344±18 s/30 min, 388±18 s/30 min and 228±12 s/30 min, n=29-30, p<0.05, respectively). The previous treatment of the animals with different cholinergic modulators showed that pirenzepine>atropine>oxotremorine>d-tubocurarine>tropicamide>methoctramine induced a decrease on Tn (0.5 µM)-induced grooming increase, respectively in order of potency. Metoclopramide (0.4 µM), a DA-D2 selective inhibitor decreased the Tn-induced grooming activity (158±12 s/30 min; n=29; p<0.05). Nevertheless, the effect of the selective DA-D1 receptor blocker SCH 23390 (1.85 µM) on the Tn (0.5 µM)-induced grooming increase was significative and more intense than that of metoclopramide (54±6 s/30 min; n=30; p<0.05). Taken together the results suggest that a cross-talking between cholinergic M1/M3 and dopaminergic D1 receptors at the insect nervous system may play a role in the OP-mediated behavioral alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziele Daiane Stürmer
- CIPBiotec, Universidade Federal do Pampa, (UNIPAMPA), Campus São Gabriel, Av. Antônio Trilha, 1847, Centro, CEP 97300-000, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Thiago Carrazoni de Freitas
- CIPBiotec, Universidade Federal do Pampa, (UNIPAMPA), Campus São Gabriel, Av. Antônio Trilha, 1847, Centro, CEP 97300-000, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Marines de Avila Heberle
- CIPBiotec, Universidade Federal do Pampa, (UNIPAMPA), Campus São Gabriel, Av. Antônio Trilha, 1847, Centro, CEP 97300-000, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Dênis Reis de Assis
- Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade, Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Lúcia Vinadé
- CIPBiotec, Universidade Federal do Pampa, (UNIPAMPA), Campus São Gabriel, Av. Antônio Trilha, 1847, Centro, CEP 97300-000, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Antônio Batista Pereira
- CIPBiotec, Universidade Federal do Pampa, (UNIPAMPA), Campus São Gabriel, Av. Antônio Trilha, 1847, Centro, CEP 97300-000, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- CIPBiotec, Universidade Federal do Pampa, (UNIPAMPA), Campus São Gabriel, Av. Antônio Trilha, 1847, Centro, CEP 97300-000, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Cháriston André Dal Belo
- CIPBiotec, Universidade Federal do Pampa, (UNIPAMPA), Campus São Gabriel, Av. Antônio Trilha, 1847, Centro, CEP 97300-000, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Libersat F, Gal R. Wasp Voodoo Rituals, Venom-Cocktails, and the Zombification of Cockroach Hosts. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:129-42. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
8
|
Libersat F, Gal R. What can parasitoid wasps teach us about decision-making in insects? J Exp Biol 2013; 216:47-55. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.073999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Millions of years of co-evolution have driven parasites to display very complex and exquisite strategies to manipulate the behaviour of their hosts. However, although parasite-induced behavioural manipulation is a widespread phenomenon, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are only now beginning to be deciphered. Here, we review recent advancements in the study of the mechanisms by which parasitoid wasps use chemical warfare to manipulate the behaviour of their insect hosts. We focus on a particular case study in which a parasitoid wasp (the jewel wasp Ampulex compressa) performs a delicate brain surgery on its prey (the American cockroach Periplaneta americana) to take away its motivation to initiate locomotion. Following a brief background account of parasitoid wasps that manipulate host behaviour, we survey specific aspects of the unique effects of the A. compressa venom on the regulation of spontaneous and evoked behaviour in the cockroach host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Libersat
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Be’er Sheva, 84105Israel
| | - Ram Gal
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Be’er Sheva, 84105Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Biogenic amines in the nervous system of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana following envenomation by the jewel wasp, Ampulex compressa. Toxicon 2012; 59:320-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Shaw JC, Korzan WJ, Carpenter RE, Kuris AM, Lafferty KD, Summers CH, Øverli Ø. Parasite manipulation of brain monoamines in California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) by the trematode Euhaplorchis californiensis. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:1137-46. [PMID: 19129105 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) infected with the brain-encysting trematode Euhaplorchis californiensis display conspicuous swimming behaviours rendering them more susceptible to predation by avian final hosts. Heavily infected killifish grow and reproduce normally, despite having thousands of cysts inside their braincases. This suggests that E. californiensis affects only specific locomotory behaviours. We hypothesised that changes in the serotonin and dopamine metabolism, essential for controlling locomotion and arousal may underlie this behaviour modification. We employed micropunch dissection and HPLC to analyse monoamine and monoamine metabolite concentrations in the brain regions of uninfected and experimentally infected fish. The parasites exerted density-dependent changes in monoaminergic activity distinct from those exhibited by fish subjected to stress. Specifically, E. californiensis inhibited a normally occurring, stress-induced elevation of serotonergic metabolism in the raphae nuclei. This effect was particularly evident in the experimentally infected fish, whose low-density infections were concentrated on the brainstem. Furthermore, high E. californiensis density was associated with increased dopaminergic activity in the hypothalamus and decreased serotonergic activity in the hippocampus. In conclusion, the altered monoaminergic metabolism may explain behavioural differences leading to increased predation of the infected killifish by their final host predators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-7130, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Libersat F, Delago A, Gal R. Manipulation of host behavior by parasitic insects and insect parasites. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 54:189-207. [PMID: 19067631 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Parasites often alter the behavior of their hosts in ways that are ultimately beneficial to the parasite or its offspring. Although the alteration of host behavior by parasites is a widespread phenomenon, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are only beginning to be understood. Here, we focus on recent advances in the study of behavioral manipulation via modulation of the host central nervous system. We elaborate on a few case studies, in which recently published data provide explanations for the neuronal basis of parasite-induced alteration of host behavior. Among these, we describe how a worm may influence the nervous system of its cricket host and manipulate the cricket into committing suicide by jumping into water. We then focus on Ampulex compressa, which uses an Alien-like strategy for the sake of its offspring. Unlike most venomous hunters, this wasp injects venom directly into specific cerebral regions of its cockroach prey. As a result of the sting, the cockroach remains alive but immobile, but not paralyzed, and serves to nourish the developing wasp larva.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Libersat
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Parc scientifique de Luminy, BP13, 13273 Marseille cedex 09, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gal R, Libersat F. A Parasitoid Wasp Manipulates the Drive for Walking of Its Cockroach Prey. Curr Biol 2008; 18:877-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Rosenberg LA, Glusman JG, Libersat F. Octopamine partially restores walking in hypokinetic cockroaches stung by the parasitoid waspAmpulex compressa. J Exp Biol 2007; 210:4411-7. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.010488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYWhen stung by the parasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa, cockroaches Periplaneta americana enter a hypokinetic state that is characterized by little, if any, spontaneous locomotor activity. In the present study we investigate the effect of an octopamine receptor agonist and an antagonist on the locomotor behavior of stung and control cockroaches. We show that in cockroaches stung by a wasp the octopamine receptor agonist chlordimeform induces a significant increase in spontaneous walking. In good agreement, in control individuals an octopamine receptor antagonist significantly reduces walking activity. Adipokinetic hormone I (AKH-I) promotes spontaneous walking in controls but does not do so in stung individuals, which suggests that the venom effect is most probably not mediated by AKH-I. Dopamine receptor agonists or antagonists had no significant effect on the spontaneous walking of stung or control cockroaches, respectively. The effect of the octopamine receptor agonist was maximal when injected into the brain, suggesting that the wasp venom interferes with octopaminergic modulation of walking initiation in central structures of the cockroach brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lior Ann Rosenberg
- Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience,Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Jose Gustavo Glusman
- Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience,Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Frederic Libersat
- Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience,Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|