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Qi C, Gou R. Association of dietary saturated fatty acid intake with depression: mediating effects of the dietary inflammation index. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1396029. [PMID: 38946782 PMCID: PMC11211382 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1396029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diet and dietary inflammation play an important role in depression. The aim of this study was to assess the association of SFAs with depression risk and the mediating role of DII. Method Among 22, 478 U.S. adults (≥ 20, years old) according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), univariate logistic regression, and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the association between dietary intake of SFAs and the risk of depression. Dietary inflammation levels were evaluated using the DII. Mediation analysis was used to investigate the risk of DII and depression. The nonlinear relationship between SFAs and depression was assessed using restricted cubic spline (RCS). Results There was a significant difference in SFA 6.0 dietary intake between depression and non-depression individuals. After adjusting for potential confounders, multifactorial logistic regression results showed that SFA 8.0 (Q3 1.58 (1.09, 2.30), p-value = 0.017; Q4 1.55 (1.00, 2.42), p-value = 0.050) may increase the prevalence factor for depression, SFA 14.0 (Q3 0.67 (0.47, 0.94), p-value = 0.020) may decrease the risk of depression. There were sex and age differences in the effects of different subtypes of SFAs on depression. Dietary intake of SFA 12.0 content showed a nonlinear relationship with the risk of depression (p-value = 0.005). Furthermore, DII was recognized as a mediator of the association between SFAs and the risk of depression. Conclusion The findings suggest that dietary intake of SFAs is associated with the risk of depression in relation to the chain length of SFAs, and this may be due to the mediating effect of DII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijuan Qi
- Zhenyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingyang, Gansu, China
| | - Ruoyu Gou
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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Chen H, Wang J, Zheng B, Xia W, Tan G, Wu H, Wang Y, Deng Z, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang H. Association of serum fatty acid pattern with depression in U.S. adults: analysis of NHANES 2011-2012. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:177. [PMID: 38851716 PMCID: PMC11161977 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to different concentration levels of fatty acids (FAs) may have an impact on depression. However, previous studies using individual FAs may not reflect the performance of mixtures of various FAs, and the associations of FA patterns with depression remain unclear. METHODS We conducted the cross-sectional analysis in 792 adults aged 18 and older with available serum FAs and depression screening data in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012. The serum concentrations of thirty FAs were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their percentage compositions were subsequently calculated. Depression was defined as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥ 10. We employed principal component analysis to derive serum FA patterns. We examined the association between these patterns and depression in the overall population and various subgroups through survey-weighted logistic regression. RESULTS Four distinct patterns of serum FAs were identified: 'high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); low docosatetraenoic acid (DTA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) n-6', 'high long-chain saturated FA and long chain FA', 'low median-chain saturated FA and myristoleic acid' and 'low capric acid and lauric acid; high gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and stearidonic acid (SDA)' pattern. Individuals in the high tertile of 'high EPA and DHA; low DTA and DPA n-6' pattern score had 0.46 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.93) lower odds of developing depression compared to individuals in the lowest tertile after adjusting for confounders such as age, sex, physical activity and total energy intake, etc. The odds ratio (OR) of depression was increased in the population with the highest tertile of 'low capric acid and lauric acid; high GLA and SDA' pattern (OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.24, 4.83). In subgroup analyses, we observed that the association between 'high EPA and DHA; low DTA and DPA n-6' and depression persisted among specific demographic and lifestyle subgroups, including females, non-Mexican Americans, non-obese, those aged over 60 years, smokers and drinkers. Similarly, 'low capric acid and lauric acid; high GLA and SDA' showed stable associations in female, non-Mexican Americans and smokers. CONCLUSIONS Serum FA patterns are associated with depression, and their relationships vary across sex, race, BMI, age, smoking and drinking subgroups, highlighting the importance of considering specific FA patterns within these demographic and lifestyle categories. Utilization of combined FA administration may serve as a mitigation measure against depression in these specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengying Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Huadu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baohua Zheng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenqi Xia
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gongjun Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyuan Wu
- Department of Child Health, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Postnatal Care Center (Department of Postpartum Rehabilitation), Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiyuan Wang
- Department of Child Health, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianduan Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
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Yu H, Yang WM, Chen YH, Guo L, Li R, Xue F, Tan QR, Peng ZW. The gut microbiome from middle-aged women with depression modulates depressive-like behaviors and plasma fatty acid metabolism in female middle-aged mice. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 173:139-150. [PMID: 38531144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal dysbacteriosis has frequently been involved in the context of depression. Nonetheless, only scant information is available about the features and functional changes of gut microbiota in female middle-aged depression (MAD). OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore whether there are characteristic changes in the gut microbes of female MAD and whether these changes are associated with depressive-like behaviors. Meanwhile, this study observed alterations in the lipid metabolism function of gut microbes and further examined changes in plasma medium- and long-chain fatty acids (MLCFAs) in mice that underwent fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). METHODS Stool samples obtained from 31 MAD, along with 24 healthy individuals (HC) were analyzed by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Meanwhile, 14-month-old female C57BL/6J mice received antibiotic cocktails and then oral gavage of the microbiota suspension of MAD or HC for 3 weeks to reconstruct gut microbiota. The subsequent depressive-like behaviors, the composition of gut microbiota, as well as MLCFAs in the plasma were evaluated. RESULTS A noteworthy disruption in gut microbial composition in MAD individuals compared to HC was observed. Several distinct bacterial taxa, including Dorea, Butyricicoccus, and Blautia, demonstrated associations with the demographic variables. A particular microbial panel encompassing 49 genera effectively differentiated MAD patients from HC (AUC = 0.82). Fecal microbiome transplantation from MAD subjects led to depressive-like behaviors and dysfunction of plasma MLCFAs in mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that microbial dysbiosis is linked to the pathogenesis of MAD, and its role may be associated with the regulation of MLCFAs metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, 710000, China; Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Wen-Mao Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Yi-Huan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Fen Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qing-Rong Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, 710000, China; Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Zheng-Wu Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, 710000, China; Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Iyer SH, Yeh MY, Netzel L, Lindsey MG, Wallace M, Simeone KA, Simeone TA. Dietary and Metabolic Approaches for Treating Autism Spectrum Disorders, Affective Disorders and Cognitive Impairment Comorbid with Epilepsy: A Review of Clinical and Preclinical Evidence. Nutrients 2024; 16:553. [PMID: 38398876 PMCID: PMC10893388 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy often occurs with other neurological disorders, such as autism, affective disorders, and cognitive impairment. Research indicates that many neurological disorders share a common pathophysiology of dysfunctional energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis. The past decade has witnessed a growing interest in the use of metabolic therapies for these disorders with or without the context of epilepsy. Over one hundred years ago, the high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) was formulated as a treatment for epilepsy. For those who cannot tolerate the KD, other diets have been developed to provide similar seizure control, presumably through similar mechanisms. These include, but are not limited to, the medium-chain triglyceride diet, low glycemic index diet, and calorie restriction. In addition, dietary supplementation with ketone bodies, polyunsaturated fatty acids, or triheptanoin may also be beneficial. The proposed mechanisms through which these diets and supplements work to reduce neuronal hyperexcitability involve normalization of aberrant energy metabolism, dampening of inflammation, promotion of endogenous antioxidants, and reduction of gut dysbiosis. This raises the possibility that these dietary and metabolic therapies may not only exert anti-seizure effects, but also reduce comorbid disorders in people with epilepsy. Here, we explore this possibility and review the clinical and preclinical evidence where available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Timothy A. Simeone
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.H.I.); (K.A.S.)
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Sivapalan S, Dharmalingam S, Ashokkumar V, Venkatesan V, Angappan M. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and isolation and characterization of a new bioactive compound, 3,4,9-trimethyl-7-propyldecanoic acid from Vitex negundo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117314. [PMID: 37832812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbal medicines derived from plant extraction are affordable, more therapeutically effective, and have fewer side effects than contemporary medications. Vitex negundo L. (V. negundo). is a medicinal shrub, which contains numerous phytoconstituents. In ancient medicinal practices, V. negundo was primarily prescribed as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics of crude extracts from V. negundo leaves, including those derived from petroleum ether (P), methanol (M), and aqueous (A) solvents. Additionally, the research seeks to identify the specific bioactive compounds responsible for these observed properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS The nitric oxide scavenging study was performed to evaluate the V. negundo crude extract's ability to function as a nitric oxide scavenger. Protein denaturation and proteinase inhibition experiments were employed to study the ability of extracts to suppress proteolysis and inhibit the enzymes that cause tissue injury. The membrane-stabilizing potency of plant extracts were examined through the process of heat-induced hemolysis. The ability of the extracts to neutralize free radicals showed a dose-dependent response, and the aqueous extract exhibited substantially higher activity in both FRAP and DPPH. The GC-MS analysis of V. negundo extracts revealed a vast array of pharmacologically active metabolites. Based on this Bioassay-guided fractionation approach, the optimal extract was selected for the potent molecule isolation and characterization. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that the aqueous extract of V. negundo exhibited markedly superior radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory capabilities compared to the other two extracts. Furthermore, a new molecule, 3,4,9-trimethyl-7-propyldecanoic acid was isolated from this extract, and its chemical structure was successfully determined. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the aqueous extract of V. negundo demonstrated notably stronger in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in comparison to the methanol and petroleum ether extracts. The identified active compound, 3,4,9-trimethyl-7-propyldecanoic acid is likely responsible for the extract's free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, conducting both in vitro and in vivo studies is crucial to substantiate the potential of this active constituent for the development of an anti-inflammatory drug derived from V. negundo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreewardhini Sivapalan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sankari Dharmalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Biorefineries for Biofuels & Bioproducts Laboratory (BBBL), Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, SDC, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Venkatesan
- Cell and Molecular Biology, ICRM- National Institute of Nutrition, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Gov of India, India
| | - Mangalagowri Angappan
- Centralized Instrumentation Laboratory, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Science University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Belviranlı M, Okudan N. Coconut oil ameliorates behavioral and biochemical alterations induced by D-GAL/AlCl 3 in rats. Brain Res 2024; 1823:148704. [PMID: 38052316 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative condition marked by cognitive impairment. Although coconut oil has been shown to be potentially beneficial in reducing AD-related cognitive deficits, information on its mechanism of action is limited. Thus, we investigated the effects of coconut oil on spatial cognitive ability and non-cognitive functions in a rat model of AD induced by G-galactose (D-GAL) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3), and examined the changes in synaptic transmission, cholinergic activity, neurotrophic factors and oxidative stress in this process. The AD model was established by administering D-GAL and AlCl3 for 90 days, while also supplementing with coconut oil during this time. Cognitive and non-cognitive abilities of the rats were evaluated at the end of the 90-day supplementation period. In addition, biochemical markers related to the pathogenesis of the AD were measures in the hippocampus tissue. Exposure to D-GAL/AlCl3 resulted in a reduction in locomotor activity, an elevation in anxiety-like behavior, and an impairment of spatial learning and memory (P < 0.05). The aforementioned behavioral disturbances were observed to coincide with increased oxidative stress and cholinergic impairment, as well as reduced synaptic transmission and levels of neurotrophins in the hippocampus (P < 0.05). Interestingly, treatment with coconut oil attenuated all the neuropathological changes mentioned above (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that coconut oil shows protective effects against cognitive and non-cognitive impairment, AD pathology markers, oxidative stress, synaptic transmission, and cholinergic function in a D-GAL/AlCl3-induced AD rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muaz Belviranlı
- Selçuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Nilsel Okudan
- Selçuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey
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Araújo de Vasconcelos MH, Tavares RL, Dutra MLDV, Batista KS, D'Oliveira AB, Pinheiro RO, Pereira RDA, Lima MDS, Salvadori MGDSS, de Souza EL, Magnani M, Alves AF, Aquino JDS. Extra virgin coconut oil ( Cocos nucifera L.) intake shows neurobehavioural and intestinal health effects in obesity-induced rats. Food Funct 2023. [PMID: 37318515 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of E-VCO on the neurobehaviour and intestinal health parameters of obesity-induced rats, focusing on food consumption, body composition, bacterial and faecal organic acids and histological analyses in the hippocampus and colon. A total of 32 male Wistar rats were randomized into healthy (HG, n = 16) and obese groups (OG, n = 16), which consumed a control or cafeteria diet for eight weeks, respectively. After this period, they were subdivided into four groups: healthy (HG, n = 8); healthy treated with E-VCO (HGCO, n = 8); obese (OG, n = 8); obese treated with E-VCO (OGCO, n = 8), continuing for another eight weeks with their respective diets. The treated groups received 3000 mg kg-1 of E-VCO and control groups received water via gavage. Food preference, body weight gain, body composition, anxiety- and depression-like behaviour were evaluated. Bacteria and organic acids were evaluated in faeces, and histological analyses of the hippocampus and M1 and M2 macrophages in the colon were performed. E-VCO reduced energy intake (16.68%) and body weight gain (16%), although it did not reduce the fat mass of obese rats. E-VCO showed an antidepressant effect, increased lactic acid bacteria counts and modulated organic acids in obese rats. Furthermore, E-VCO protected the hippocampus from neuronal degeneration caused by the obesogenic diet, decreased the M1 macrophage and increased the M2 macrophage population in the gut. The results suggest neurobehavioural modulation and improved gut health by E-VCO, with promising effects against obesity-related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Araújo de Vasconcelos
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Renata Leite Tavares
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Maria Letícia da Veiga Dutra
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Kamila Sabino Batista
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Aline Barbosa D'Oliveira
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Oliveira Pinheiro
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Ramon de Alencar Pereira
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Pathology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Dos Santos Lima
- Laboratory of Food and Beverage Analysis, Department of Food Technology, Institute Federal of Sertão Pernambucano (IF-Sertão PE), Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Evandro Leite de Souza
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biochemistry, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes in Food, Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Adriano Francisco Alves
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Jailane de Souza Aquino
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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8
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Potential of Capric Acid in Neurological Disorders: An Overview. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:697-712. [PMID: 36342577 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To solve the restrictions of a classical ketogenic diet, a modified medium-chain triglyceride diet was introduced which required only around 60% of dietary energy. Capric acid (CA), a small molecule, is one of the main components because its metabolic profile offers itself as an alternate source of energy to the brain in the form of ketone bodies. This is possible with the combined capability of CA to cross the blood-brain barrier and achieve a concentration of 50% concentration in the brain more than any other fatty acid in plasma. Natural sources of CA include vegetable oils such as palm oil and coconut oil, mammalian milk and some seeds. Several studies have shown that CA has varied action on targets that include AMPA receptors, PPAR-γ, inflammatory/oxidative stress pathways and gut dysbiosis. Based on these lines of evidence, CA has proved to be effective in the amelioration of neurological diseases such as epilepsy, affective disorders and Alzheimer's disease. But these studies still warrant more pre-clinical and clinical studies that would further prove its efficacy. Hence, to understand the potential of CA in brain disease and associated comorbid conditions, an advance and rigorous molecular mechanistic study, apart from the reported in-vitro/in-vivo studies, is urgently required for the development of this compound through clinical setups.
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Omori NE, Malys MK, Woo G, Mansor L. Exploring the role of ketone bodies in the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1142682. [PMID: 37139329 PMCID: PMC10149735 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1142682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent times, advances in the field of metabolomics have shed greater light on the role of metabolic disturbances in neuropsychiatric conditions. The following review explores the role of ketone bodies and ketosis in both the diagnosis and treatment of three major psychiatric disorders: major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. Distinction is made between the potential therapeutic effects of the ketogenic diet and exogenous ketone preparations, as exogenous ketones in particular offer a standardized, reproducible manner for inducing ketosis. Compelling associations between symptoms of mental distress and dysregulation in central nervous system ketone metabolism have been demonstrated in preclinical studies with putative neuroprotective effects of ketone bodies being elucidated, including effects on inflammasomes and the promotion of neurogenesis in the central nervous system. Despite emerging pre-clinical data, clinical research on ketone body effectiveness as a treatment option for psychiatric disorders remains lacking. This gap in understanding warrants further investigating, especially considering that safe and acceptable ways of inducing ketosis are readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Elyse Omori
- Health Via Modern Nutrition Inc. (H.V.M.N.), San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Naomi Elyse Omori,
| | - Mantas Kazimieras Malys
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Woo
- Health Via Modern Nutrition Inc. (H.V.M.N.), San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Latt Mansor
- Health Via Modern Nutrition Inc. (H.V.M.N.), San Francisco, CA, United States
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Li Y, Zhu S, Xie K, Feng X, Chen L, Wu X, Sun Z, Shu G, Wang S, Zhu C, Gao P, Jiang Q, Wang L. TLR4 in Tph2 neurons modulates anxiety-related behaviors in a sex-dependent manner. Neuropharmacology 2022; 216:109175. [PMID: 35787402 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
TLR4 belongs to the TLR receptor family and can induce a proinflammatory response to invading pathogens. Recent studies have identified that TLR4 is associated with major anxiety disorder. Tph2 is a rate-limiting enzyme for 5-HT biosynthesis that is expressed at high levels in the DRN, which includes the main 5-HT projection to the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and regulates anxiety disorder. Here, we show that TLR4 expressed in Tph2 neurons in the DRN can modulate anxiety-like behaviors in a sex-dependent manner. Deletion of TLR4 in Tph2 neurons decreases anxiety-like behaviors in male but not in female mice. Meanwhile, a similar phenotype was found by selectively ablating TLR4 in the DRN of adult male but not female mice using AAV-Cre-GFP virus. Inhibition of TLR4 in DRN by infusion of LPS-RS via intra-Aq is sufficient to reverse anxiety-like behavior induced by chronic immobilization stress (CIS). The underlying mechanisms seem to involve alterations in the excitability of Tph2 neurons and key components of 5-HT transmission, including synthesis, reuptake, and transmission. Our results suggest that TLR4 in Tph2 neurons is a key modulator in anxiety-like behaviors and the 5-HT system in the brain between different sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Shuqing Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Kailai Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Xiajie Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Lvshuang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Zhonghua Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Canjun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
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