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Nist MD, Harrison TM, Tate J, Robinson A, Balas M, Pickler RH. Losing touch. Nurs Inq 2020; 27:e12368. [PMID: 32697024 DOI: 10.1111/nin.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The need for human touch is universal among critical care patients and is an important component of the nurse-patient relationship. However, multiple barriers to human touch exist in the critical care environment. With little research to guide practice, we argue for the importance of human touch in the provision of holistic nursing care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judith Tate
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Audrey Robinson
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michele Balas
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rita H Pickler
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, USA
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Cabral LA, Velloso M. Comparing the effects of minimal handling protocols on the physiological parameters of preterm infants receiving exogenous surfactant therapy. Braz J Phys Ther 2015; 18:152-64. [PMID: 24839044 PMCID: PMC4183247 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-35552012005000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The practice of minimal handling is recommended for preterm infants (PTIs). However, few studies have investigated the effects of this practice among these infants or the time needed to ensure greater physiological stability, especially after exogenous surfactant treatments. OBJECTIVE The current study compared the effects of two protocols of minimal handling on the physiological variables of PTIs after surfactant therapy. METHOD An exploratory prospective observational study was performed with 40 PTIs weighing less than 1,500 g. The infants were divided into two groups and monitored for 72 hours. One group received the standard minimal handling procedure during the first 12 hours after surfactant therapy; the other group (i.e., the modified group) received minimal handling within 72 hours after surfactant therapy. Infant heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation, body temperature, and the adverse events associated with changes to these variables were monitored every 10 minutes. RESULTS Significant between-group differences were not found with regard to the occurrence of the adverse events associated with physiological changes (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The practice of minimal handling among very low birth weight infants did not alter their physiological stability when performed either 12 or 72 hours after surfactant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Velloso
- Physical Therapy Department, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Haslbeck FB. The interactive potential of creative music therapy with premature infants and their parents: A qualitative analysis. NORDIC JOURNAL OF MUSIC THERAPY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/08098131.2013.790918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Feeley N, Waitzer E, Sherrard K, Boisvert L, Zelkowitz P. Fathers’ perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to their involvement with their newborn hospitalised in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Clin Nurs 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ferrari AJ, Whittingham K, Boyd R, Sanders M, Colditz P. Prem Baby Triple P a new parenting intervention for parents of infants born very preterm: acceptability and barriers. Infant Behav Dev 2011; 34:602-9. [PMID: 21798599 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Over 10% of preterm infants develop major disabilities, 50% develop behavioural problems and 40% need special education (Huddy et al., 2001; Webster, 2003). Prem Baby Triple P is a new variant of the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) adapted specifically for parents of very preterm infants. The aim of this study is to assess the acceptability of Prem Baby Triple P to parents of infants born preterm and to test whether parental attributions and parental perception of infant health/developmental status are barriers to intervention acceptability. One hundred and twenty-three parents of preterm infants participated, 83 parents of very preterm infants and 40 parents of preterm infants. In addition, 32 parents of term infants participated as a comparison group. The acceptability of Prem Baby Triple P was moderately high and did not differ significantly across the three groups. Parental attributions were not found to be barriers to intervention acceptability and parental perceptions that their infant is less healthy/developmentally delayed facilitated Prem Baby Triple P acceptance in parents of infants born very preterm. This suggests that the planned Prem Baby Triple P content is acceptable to parents of infants born very preterm and sensitised to medical and developmental issues. These findings, as social validation data, will contribute towards the further development of Prem Baby Triple P and a future randomised controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alize J Ferrari
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND All infants exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prenatally, even those who do not become infected, are at risk for developmental problems because of poverty, prenatal substance abuse, and maternal illness. OBJECTIVES The purpose was to describe the development of infants of mothers with HIV and to determine, using hierarchical linear models, the longitudinal effects of child characteristics, parental caregiver characteristics, family characteristics, and parenting quality on development. METHODS Eighty-one infants born to women with HIV and their primary parental caregivers were followed-up until 18 to 24 months of age; 53 infants were always cared for by their biologic mothers, 16 were always cared for by kin or foster parents, and 12 had primary caregiver changes. Predictor variables and developmental outcomes were obtained at enrollment and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. RESULTS Mental development and adaptive behavior scores decreased over age. Infants with changes in their primary caregiver had lower motor and adaptive behavior scores than infants remaining with consistent caregivers. Higher mental, motor, and adaptive behavior scores were associated with more positive attention and more negative control, whereas better language abilities were associated only with more positive attention. Child, maternal, and family characteristics had lesser effects. HIV-infected infants and infants of mothers with more education had lower mental, motor, and adaptive behavior scores. Male gender and more family conflict were associated with lower motor and adaptive behavior scores. Infants from smaller families had lower mental scores. CONCLUSIONS Because both parenting quality and consistency of the primary caregiver influenced developmental outcomes, interventions with the mothers of these infants need to focus both on improving the quality of parenting and reducing the frequency of primary caregiver changes.
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Silberstein D, Feldman R, Gardner JM, Karmel BZ, Kuint J, Geva R. The Mother-Infant Feeding Relationship Across the First Year and the Development of Feeding Difficulties in Low-Risk Premature Infants. INFANCY 2009; 14:501-525. [PMID: 32693533 DOI: 10.1080/15250000903144173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although feeding problems are common during infancy and are typically accompanied by relational difficulties, little research observed the mother-infant feeding relationship across the first year as an antecedent to the development of feeding difficulties. We followed 76 low-risk premature infants and their mothers from the transition to oral feeding in the neonatal period to the end of the first year. Prior to hospital discharge, microlevel patterns of maternal touch and gaze were coded during feeding and nonfeeding interactions, global patterns of maternal adaptation were assessed, and infants' neurobehavioral status was tested. Psychomotor development was evaluated at 4 months. At 1 year, feeding difficulties were determined on the basis of maternal interview and direct observations of feeding interactions. Mothers of infants who exhibited feeding difficulties at 1 year showed less affectionate touch and gaze during nonfeeding interactions and more gaze aversion and lower adaptability during feeding interactions already in the neonatal period. Infants with feeding difficulties demonstrated poorer psychomotor performance at 4 months. Feeding interactions of infants with feeding difficulties at 1 year were characterized by higher maternal intrusiveness, lower infant involvement, and greater infant withdrawal. Less maternal affectionate touch and lower maternal adaptation in the neonatal period, poor infant psychomotor skills, and higher maternal intrusiveness and lower infant involvement at 1 year predicted feeding difficulties. The findings underscore the role of the relational components across the first year in the development of feeding difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Silberstein
- Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University
| | - Ruth Feldman
- Department of Psychology and The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University
| | | | | | - Jacob Kuint
- Department of Neonatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler School of Medicine, and Tel Aviv University
| | - Ronny Geva
- Department of Psychology and The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University
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Feldman R. Parent-infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing; physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007; 48:329-54. [PMID: 17355401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synchrony, a construct used across multiple fields to denote the temporal relationship between events, is applied to the study of parent-infant interactions and suggested as a model for intersubjectivity. Three types of timed relationships between the parent and child's affective behavior are assessed: concurrent, sequential, and organized in an ongoing patterned format, and the development of each is charted across the first year. Viewed as a formative experience for the maturation of the social brain, synchrony impacts the development of self-regulation, symbol use, and empathy across childhood and adolescence. Different patterns of synchrony with mother, father, and the family and across cultures describe relationship-specific modes of coordination. The capacity to engage in temporally-matched interactions is based on physiological mechanisms, in particular oscillator systems, such as the biological clock and cardiac pacemaker, and attachment-related hormones, such as oxytocin. Specific patterns of synchrony are described in a range of child-, parent- and context-related risk conditions, pointing to its ecological relevance and usefulness for the study of developmental psychopathology. A perspective that underscores the organization of discrete relational behaviors into emergent patterns and considers time a central parameter of emotion and communication systems may be useful to the study of interpersonal intimacy and its potential for personal transformation across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Feldman
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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Feldman R, Eidelman AI. Maternal postpartum behavior and the emergence of infant–mother and infant–father synchrony in preterm and full-term infants: The role of neonatal vagal tone. Dev Psychobiol 2007; 49:290-302. [PMID: 17380505 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Relations between maternal postpartum behavior and the emergence of parent-infant relatedness as a function of infant autonomic maturity were examined in 56 premature infants (birthweight = 1000-1500 g) and 52 full-term infants. Maternal behavior, mother depressive symptoms, and infant cardiac vagal tone were assessed in the neonatal period. Infant-mother and infant-father synchrony, maternal and paternal affectionate touch, and the home environment were observed at 3 months. Premature birth was associated with higher maternal depression, less maternal behaviors, decreased infant alertness, and lower coordination of maternal behavior with infant alertness in the neonatal period. At 3 months, interactions between premature infants with their mothers and fathers were less synchronous. Interaction effects of premature birth and autonomic maturity indicated that preterm infants with low vagal tone received the lowest amounts of maternal behavior in the postpartum and the least maternal touch at 3 months. Infant-mother and infant-father synchrony were each predicted by cardiac vagal tone and maternal postpartum behavior in both the preterm and full-term groups. Among preterm infants, additional predictors of parent-infant synchrony were maternal depression (mother only) and the home environment (mother and father). Findings are consistent with evolutionary perspectives on the higher susceptibility of dysregulated infants to rearing contexts and underscore the compensatory mechanisms required for social-emotional growth under risk conditions for parent-infant bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Feldman
- Department of Psychology and the Gonda Brain Sciences Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel, 52900.
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Brandon DH, Holditch-Davis D. Validation of an Instrumented Sleep-Wake Assessment Against a Biobehavioral Assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1053/j.nainr.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Feldman R, Keren M, Gross-Rozval O, Tyano S. Mother-Child touch patterns in infant feeding disorders: relation to maternal, child, and environmental factors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43:1089-97. [PMID: 15322412 DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000132810.98922.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine mother and child's touch patterns in infant feeding disorders within a transactional framework. METHOD Infants (aged 9-34 months) referred to a community-based clinic were diagnosed with feeding disorders (n = 20) or other primary disorder (n = 27) and were case matched with nonreferred controls (n = 47). Mother-child play and feeding were observed and the home environment was assessed. Microcoding detected touch patterns, response to partner's touch, and proximity at play. Relational behaviors were coded during feeding. RESULTS Compared with infants with other primary disorder and case-matched controls, less maternal affectionate, proprioceptive, and unintentional touch was observed in those with feeding disorders. Children with feeding disorders displayed less affectionate touch, more negative touch, and more rejection of the mother's touch. More practical and rejecting maternal responses to the child's touch were observed, and children were positioned more often out of reach of the mothers' arms. Children with feeding disorders exhibited more withdrawal during feeding and the home environment was less optimal. Feeding efficacy was predicted by mother-child touch, reduced maternal depression and intrusiveness, easy infant temperament, and less child withdrawal, controlling for group membership. CONCLUSIONS Proximity and touch are especially disturbed in feeding disorders, suggesting fundamental relationship difficulties. Mothers provide less touch that supports growth, and children demonstrate signs of touch aversion. Touch patterns may serve as risk indicators of potential growth failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Feldman
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Israel.
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Feldman R, Eidelman AI. Direct and indirect effects of breast milk on the neurobehavioral and cognitive development of premature infants. Dev Psychobiol 2003; 43:109-19. [PMID: 12918090 DOI: 10.1002/dev.10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-six premature infants were tested to examine the effects of maternal breast milk on infant development. Infants were classified by breast-milk consumption during the hospitalization period (M = 57.4 days) into three groups: those receiving minimal (<25% of nutrition), intermediate (25-75%), and substantial (>75%) amounts of breast milk. Infants in the three groups were matched for birth weight, gestational age (GA), medical risk, and family demographics. At 37 weeks GA, mother-infant interaction was videotaped, maternal depression self-reported, and neurobehavioral maturation assessed by the Neonatal Behavior Assessment Seale (Brazelton, 1973). At 6 months corrected age, infants were tested with the Bayley II (Bayley, 1993). Infants receiving substantial amounts of breast milk showed better neurobehavioral profiles-in particular, motor maturity and range of state. These infants also were more alert during social interactions, and their mothers provided more affectionate touch. Higher maternal depression scores were associated with lower quantities of breast milk, longer latencies to the first breast-milk feeding, reduced maternal affectionate touch, and lower infant cognitive skills. Maternal affectionate touch moderated the relations between breast milk and cognitive development, with infants receiving a substantial amount of breast milk and frequent touch scoring the highest. In addition to its nutritional value, breast milk may be related to improved maternal mood and interactive behaviors, thereby indirectly contributing to development in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Feldman
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel, 52900
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Feldman R, Weller A, Sirota L, Eidelman AI. Testing a family intervention hypothesis: the contribution of mother-infant skin-to-skin contact (kangaroo care) to family interaction, proximity, and touch. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2003; 17:94-107. [PMID: 12666466 DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.17.1.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The provision of maternal-infant body contact during a period of maternal separation was examined for its effects on parent-infant and triadic interactions. Participants were 146 three-month-old preterm infants and their parents, half of whom received skin-to-skin contact, or kangaroo care (KC), in the neonatal nursery. Global relational style and micro-patterns of proximity and touch were coded. Following KC, mothers and fathers were more sensitive and less intrusive, infants showed less negative affect, and family style was more cohesive. Among KC families, maternal and paternal affectionate touch of infant and spouse was more frequent, spouses remained in closer proximity, and infant proximity position was conducive to mutual gaze and touch during triadic play. The role of touch as a constituent of the co-regulatory parent-infant and triadic systems and the effects of maternal contact on mothering, co-parenting, and family processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Feldman
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel 52900.
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Hughes MB, Shults J, McGrath J, Medoff-Cooper B. Temperament characteristics of premature infants in the first year of life. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2002; 23:430-5. [PMID: 12476073 DOI: 10.1097/00004703-200212000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parenting preterm infants in the first months after hospital discharge is challenging. Although preterm infants are considered to be difficult, preterm temperament at less than 3 months is unknown empirically. The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the 6-week temperament characteristics of preterm infants in comparison with standardized norms of full-term infants. The sample of 74 infants with gestational ages at birth between 24 and 32 weeks were enrolled in a study of preterm infant neurobehavioral outcomes. Mothers rated temperament at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months of age (adjusted for prematurity). At 6 weeks the premature infants were significantly less rhythmic (regular), more distractible (soothable), less approaching (more withdrawing), and less intense than standardized norms for full-term infants. From these data we conclude that premature infants may be initially more challenging to parent. Temperament moderated over time but remained significantly lower in persistence at 12 months. Considerable change in temperament in the first 12 months of life may be influenced by biological and environmental factors common to the premature birth experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Hughes
- International Center for Research of Vulnerable Women, Children and Families, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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Harrison LL. The use of comforting touch and massage to reduce stress for preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1053/nbin.2001.28103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Peters KL. Infant handling in the NICU: does developmental care make a difference? An evaluative review of the literature. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 1999; 13:83-109. [PMID: 10818863 DOI: 10.1097/00005237-199912000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infant handling and disruptions in the neonatal intensive care unit are environmental stressors over which nurses have the most control. Two of the major goals of developmental care are individualizing care by decreasing infant disruptions and handling by caregivers, and modulating or attenuating infant responses to the care they receive. However, it has yet to be established to what extent these goals have been achieved. This article will provide a comparative review of selected literature to ascertain what effect, if any, the introduction of developmental care has had on infant handling or disruption in the neonatal intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Peters
- Perinatal Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Abstract
The relationship between nursing care and the development of sleep-wake behaviors of 71 medically high-risk preterms was examined. The development of preterm infants' sleep-wake states, jitteriness, and negative facial expressions were influenced not only by the presence of the nurse, but also by the type of caregiving the nurse provided. The infant was awake more often when with caregivers than when alone. Waking states increased over time only when the infant was with caregivers, whereas quiet sleep increased only when the infant was alone. Infant behaviors and sleep-wake development were related to the intrusiveness of care. For example, negative facial expressions and sleep-wake transitions increased over time during the most intrusive caregiving. The development of sleeping and waking in preterm infants appears to depend not only on biological maturation but also nursing stimulation. As long-term developmental effects of nurse caregiving are unknown, additional research is needed.
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Behavioral state organization of very low birth weight infants: Effects of developmental handling during caregiving. Infant Behav Dev 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0163-6383(97)90039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Holditch-Davis D, Barham LN, O'Hale A, Tucker B. Effect of standard rest periods on convalescent preterm infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1995; 24:424-32. [PMID: 7658254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1995.tb02499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of standardized rest periods on the sleep-wake states of preterm infants who were convalescing. DESIGN A randomized experimental study conducted from time of infants' entry into intermediate care until their discharge from the hospital. Because subjects' time in this study varied, data were analyzed cross-sectionally using the observation made between 5-11 days of the study and longitudinally over 3 weeks using a subset of subjects. SETTING The intermediate care nursery of a tertiary care hospital. SUBJECTS Forty-six preterm infants (23 matched pairs). A subset of 12 pairs, in which infants in the experimental and the control groups were in the study for 3 weeks, was analyzed longitudinally. INTERVENTIONS Four standardized rest periods each day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Infants were observed once a week between noon and 8 p.m. Three sleep-wake states--quiet awake, active, and sleep--were measured as percentages of the naps and total observation. RESULTS Within 5 days, infants in the experimental group exhibited more sleep (F[1,44] = 2.37, p < 0.05) and less active states (F[1,44] = 3.06, p < 0.01) during nap time. Infants receiving the intervention for 3 weeks had more sleep (F[1,22] = 4.63, p < 0.05) and less quiet waking states (F[1,22] = 13.85, p < 0.01) during naps. State patterns over the entire observation did not differ between the groups at 5 days, but by 3 weeks, infants in the experimental group had less quiet waking (F[1,22] = 17.44, p < 0.001) and longer uninterrupted sleep bouts (F[1,22] = 5.19, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A simple modification of nursing care had an impact on the sleeping and waking states of preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Holditch-Davis
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7460, USA
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Harrison LL, Bodin MB. Effects of Tactile Stimulation on Preterm Infants: An Integrative Review of the Literature With Practice Implications. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.1994.00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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