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Ke Z, Ma Q, Ye X, Wang Y, Jin Y, Zhao X, Su Z. Peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists: From injection to oral delivery strategies. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 229:116471. [PMID: 39127152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Peptide glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are effective drugs for treating type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and have been proven to benefit the heart and kidney. Apart from oral semaglutide, which does not require injection, other peptide GLP-1RAs need to be subcutaneously administered. However, oral semaglutide also faces significant challenges, such as low bioavailability and frequent gastrointestinal discomfort. Thus, it is imperative that advanced oral strategies for peptide GLP-1RAs need to be explored. This review mainly compares the current advantages and disadvantages of various oral delivery strategies for peptide GLP-1RAs in the developmental stage and discusses the latest research progress of peptide GLP-1RAs, providing a useful guide for the development of new oral peptide GLP-1RA drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ke
- Protein Engineering and Biopharmaceuticals Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, National Demonstration Center for Experimental General Medicine Education, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- Protein Engineering and Biopharmaceuticals Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Xiaonan Ye
- Protein Engineering and Biopharmaceuticals Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Protein Engineering and Biopharmaceuticals Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Protein Engineering and Biopharmaceuticals Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, National Demonstration Center for Experimental General Medicine Education, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China.
| | - Zhengding Su
- Protein Engineering and Biopharmaceuticals Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China.
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2
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Hasnain MA, Kang D, Moon GS. Research trends of next generation probiotics. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:2111-2121. [PMID: 39130671 PMCID: PMC11315851 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut represents one of the largest interfaces for the interaction of host factors and the environmental ones. Gut microbiota, largely dominated by bacterial community, plays a significant role in the health status of the host. The healthy gut microbiota fulfills several vital functions such as energy metabolism, disease protection, and immune modulation. Dysbiosis, characterized by microbial imbalance, can contribute to the development of various disorders, including intestinal, systemic, metabolic, and neurodegenerative conditions. Probiotics offer the potential to address dysbiosis and improve overall health. Advancements in high-throughput sequencing, bioinformatics, and omics have enabled mechanistic studies for the development of bespoke probiotics, referred to as next generation probiotics. These tailor-made probiotics have the potential to ameliorate specific disease conditions and thus fulfill the specific consumer needs. This review discusses recent updates on the most promising next generation probiotics, along with the challenges that must be addressed to translate this concept into reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel Hasnain
- Major in IT·Biohealth Convergence, Department of IT·Energy Convergence, Graduate School, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae‑Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116 Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Seong Moon
- Major in IT·Biohealth Convergence, Department of IT·Energy Convergence, Graduate School, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469 Republic of Korea
- Major in Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong, 27909 Republic of Korea
- 4D Convergence Technology Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong, 27909 Republic of Korea
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3
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Ha S, Wong VWS, Zhang X, Yu J. Interplay between gut microbiome, host genetic and epigenetic modifications in MASLD and MASLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2024:gutjnl-2024-332398. [PMID: 38950910 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2024-332398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of liver injuries, ranging from hepatic steatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis to MASLD-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (MASLD-HCC). Recent studies have highlighted the bidirectional impacts between host genetics/epigenetics and the gut microbial community. Host genetics influence the composition of gut microbiome, while the gut microbiota and their derived metabolites can induce host epigenetic modifications to affect the development of MASLD. The exploration of the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and the genetic/epigenetic makeup of the host is anticipated to yield promising avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting MASLD and its associated conditions. In this review, we summarise the effects of gut microbiome, host genetics and epigenetic alterations in MASLD and MASLD-HCC. We further discuss research findings demonstrating the bidirectional impacts between gut microbiome and host genetics/epigenetics, emphasising the significance of this interconnection in MASLD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suki Ha
- 1Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vincent Wai-Sun Wong
- 1Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- 1Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun Yu
- 1Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Vazquez-Uribe R, Hedin KA, Licht TR, Nieuwdorp M, Sommer MOA. Advanced microbiome therapeutics as a novel modality for oral delivery of peptides to manage metabolic diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00115-2. [PMID: 38782649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of metabolic diseases calls for innovative treatments. Peptide-based drugs have transformed the management of conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Yet, challenges persist in oral delivery of these peptides. This review explores the potential of 'advanced microbiome therapeutics' (AMTs), which involve engineered microbes for delivery of peptides in situ, thereby enhancing their bioavailability. Preclinical work on AMTs has shown promise in treating animal models of metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Outstanding challenges toward realizing the potential of AMTs involve improving peptide expression, ensuring predictable colonization control, enhancing stability, and managing safety and biocontainment concerns. Still, AMTs have potential for revolutionizing the treatment of metabolic diseases, potentially offering dynamic and personalized novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Vazquez-Uribe
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karl Alex Hedin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Departments of Internal and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Morten O A Sommer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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5
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Mahdizade Ari M, Dadgar L, Elahi Z, Ghanavati R, Taheri B. Genetically Engineered Microorganisms and Their Impact on Human Health. Int J Clin Pract 2024; 2024:6638269. [PMID: 38495751 PMCID: PMC10944348 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6638269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, the decreased effectiveness of conventional therapies, and the side effects have led researchers to seek a safer, more cost-effective, patient-friendly, and effective method that does not develop antibiotic resistance. With progress in synthetic biology and genetic engineering, genetically engineered microorganisms effective in treatment, prophylaxis, drug delivery, and diagnosis have been developed. The present study reviews the types of genetically engineered bacteria and phages, their impacts on diseases, cancer, and metabolic and inflammatory disorders, the biosynthesis of these modified strains, the route of administration, and their effects on the environment. We conclude that genetically engineered microorganisms can be considered promising candidates for adjunctive treatment of diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzie Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dadgar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Elahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Behrouz Taheri
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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6
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Parvin T, Sadras SR. Advanced probiotics: bioengineering and their therapeutic application. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:361. [PMID: 38403783 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The role of gut bacteria in human health has long been acknowledged and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been correlated with a variety of disorders. Synthetic biology has rapidly grown over the past few years offering a variety of biological applications such as harnessing the relationship between bacteria and human health. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are thought to be appropriate chassis organisms for genetic modification with potential biomedical applications. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind their beneficial qualities is essential to assist the multifunctional medicinal sectors. Effective genome editing will aid in the creation of next-generation designer probiotics with enhanced resilience and specialized capabilities, furthering our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind the physiological impacts of probiotics and their interactions with the host and microbiota. The goal of this review is to provide a brief overview of the methods used to create modified probiotics with the scientific rationale behind gene editing technology, the mechanism of action of engineered probiotics along with their application to treat conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, bacterial infections, and various metabolic diseases. In addition, application concerns and future directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Parvin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India.
| | - Sudha Rani Sadras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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7
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Guo J, Zhou B, Niu Y, Liu L, Yang L. Engineered probiotics introduced to improve intestinal microecology for the treatment of chronic diseases: present state and perspectives. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:1029-1038. [PMID: 37975092 PMCID: PMC10638336 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Correcting intestinal microecological imbalance has become one of the core strategies to treat chronic diseases. Some traditional microecology-based therapies targeting intestine, such as prebiotic therapy, probiotic therapy and fecal microbiota transplantation therapy, have been used in the prevention and treatment of clinical chronic diseases, which still facing low safety and poor controllability problems. The development of synthetic biology technology has promoted the development of intestinal microecology-based therapeutics for chronic diseases, which exhibiting higher robustness and controllability, and become an important part of the next generation of microecological therapy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the application of synthetic biology in intestinal microecology-based therapeutics for chronic diseases. Methods The available literatures were searched to find out experimental studies and relevant review articles on the application of synthetic biology in intestinal microecology-based therapeutics for chronic diseases from year 1990 to 2023. Results Evidence proposed that synthetic biology has been applied in the intestinal microecology-based therapeutics for chronic diseases, covering metabolic diseases (e.g. diabetes, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and phenylketonuria), digestive diseases (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer), and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease). Conclusion This review summarizes the application of synthetic biology in intestinal microecology-based therapeutics for major chronic diseases and discusses the opportunities and challenges in the above process, providing clinical possibilities of synthetic biology technology applied in microecological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, PR China
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi PR China
| | - Bangyuan Zhou
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi PR China
| | - Yali Niu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi PR China
| | - Liangpo Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi PR China
| | - Liyang Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 030619 Jinzhong, PR China
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8
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Iannone V, Babu AF, Lok J, Gómez-Gallego C, D'Auria G, Vazquez-Uribe R, Vaaben TH, Bongers M, Mikkonen S, Vaittinen M, Tikkanen I, Kettunen M, Klåvus A, Sehgal R, Kaminska D, Pihlajamaki J, Hanhineva K, El-Nezami H, Sommer MOA, Kolehmainen M. Changes in liver metabolic pathways demonstrate efficacy of the combined dietary and microbial therapeutic intervention in MASLD mouse model. Mol Metab 2023; 78:101823. [PMID: 37839774 PMCID: PMC10618820 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the most prevalent liver disease globally, yet no therapies are approved. The effects of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 expressing aldafermin, an engineered analog of the intestinal hormone FGF19, in combination with dietary change were investigated as a potential treatment for MASLD. METHODS MASLD was induced in C57BL/6J male mice by American lifestyle-induced obesity syndrome diet and then switched to a standard chow diet for seven weeks. In addition to the dietary change, the intervention group received genetically engineered E. coli Nissle expressing aldafermin, while control groups received either E. coli Nissle vehicle or no treatment. MASLD-related plasma biomarkers were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer. The liver steatosis was assessed by histology and bioimaging analysis using Fiji (ImageJ) software. The effects of the intervention in the liver were also evaluated by RNA sequencing and liquid-chromatography-based non-targeted metabolomics analysis. Pathway enrichment studies were conducted by integrating the differentially expressed genes from the transcriptomics findings with the metabolites from the metabolomics results using Ingenuity pathway analysis. RESULTS After the intervention, E. coli Nissle expressing aldafermin along with dietary changes reduced body weight, liver steatosis, plasma aspartate aminotransferase, and plasma cholesterol levels compared to the two control groups. The integration of transcriptomics with non-targeted metabolomics analysis revealed the downregulation of amino acid metabolism and related receptor signaling pathways potentially implicated in the reduction of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Moreover, the downregulation of pathways linked to lipid metabolism and changes in amino acid-related pathways suggested an overall reduction of oxidative stress in the liver. CONCLUSIONS These data support the potential for using engineered microbial therapeutics in combination with dietary changes for managing MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iannone
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ambrin Farizah Babu
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; Afekta Technologies Ltd., Microkatu 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johnson Lok
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carlos Gómez-Gallego
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Giuseppe D'Auria
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics Service, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region, FISABIO, 46020 Valencia, Spain; CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Vazquez-Uribe
- Technical University of Denmark, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Troels Holger Vaaben
- Technical University of Denmark, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mareike Bongers
- Technical University of Denmark, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- University Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija Vaittinen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ida Tikkanen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Kettunen
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anton Klåvus
- Afekta Technologies Ltd., Microkatu 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ratika Sehgal
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dorota Kaminska
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jussi Pihlajamaki
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; Afekta Technologies Ltd., Microkatu 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Life Technologies, Food Sciences Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Area, School of Biological Sciences, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Morten Otto Alexander Sommer
- Technical University of Denmark, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Hedin KA, Zhang H, Kruse V, Rees VE, Bäckhed F, Greiner TU, Vazquez-Uribe R, Sommer MOA. Cold Exposure and Oral Delivery of GLP-1R Agonists by an Engineered Probiotic Yeast Strain Have Antiobesity Effects in Mice. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:3433-3442. [PMID: 37827516 PMCID: PMC10661039 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Advanced microbiome therapeutics (AMTs) holds promise in utilizing engineered microbes such as bacteria or yeasts for innovative therapeutic applications, including the in situ delivery of therapeutic peptides. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, such as Exendin-4, have emerged as potential treatments for type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, current administration methods face challenges with patient adherence and low oral bioavailability. To address these limitations, researchers are exploring improved oral delivery methods for Exendin-4, including utilizing AMTs. This study engineered the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii to produce Exendin-4 (Sb-Exe4) in the gastrointestinal tract of male C57BL/6 mice to combat diet-induced obesity. The biological efficiency of Exendin-4 secreted by S. boulardii was analyzed ex vivo on isolated pancreatic islets, demonstrating induced insulin secretion. The in vivo characterization of Sb-Exe4 revealed that when combined with cold exposure (8 °C), the Sb-Exe4 yeast strain successfully suppressed appetite by 25% and promoted a 4-fold higher weight loss. This proof of concept highlights the potential of AMTs to genetically modify S. boulardii for delivering active therapeutic peptides in a precise and targeted manner. Although challenges in efficacy and regulatory approval persist, AMTs may provide a transformative platform for personalized medicine. Further research in AMTs, particularly focusing on probiotic yeasts such as S. boulardii, holds great potential for novel therapeutic possibilities and enhancing treatment outcomes in diverse metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Alex Hedin
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Kruse
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Emily Rees
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- The
Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine,
Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Clinical Physiology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of
Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas U. Greiner
- The
Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine,
Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ruben Vazquez-Uribe
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten Otto Alexander Sommer
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Yu M, Hu S, Tang B, Yang H, Sun D. Engineering Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 as a microbial chassis for therapeutic and industrial applications. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108202. [PMID: 37343690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered microbes, especially Escherichia coli, have been widely used in the biosynthesis of proteins and metabolites for medical and industrial applications. As a traditional probiotic with a well-established safety record, E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) has recently emerged as a microbial chassis for generating living therapeutics, drug delivery vehicles, and microbial platforms for industrial production. Despite the availability of genetic tools for engineering laboratory E. coli K-12 and B strains, new genetic engineering systems are still greatly needed to expand the application range of EcN. In this review, we have summarized the latest progress in the development of genetic engineering systems in EcN, as well as their applications in the biosynthesis and delivery of valuable small molecules and biomacromolecules of medical and/or industrial interest, followed by a glimpse of how this rapidly growing field will evolve in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Shilong Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Biao Tang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongchang Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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11
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Liang M, Zhang J, Yang Y, Xia Y, Liu L, Liu L, Wang Q, Gao X. Nattokinase enhances the preventive effects of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:8. [PMID: 36350434 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase with excellent anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-hypertension properties has been used in the development of several healthcare products in many countries. The probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) with anti-inflammatory effect is commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease. To determine whether nattokinase could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of EcN in colitis, a recombinant E. coli Nissle 1917 strain (EcNnatto) with nattokinase-expressing ability was successfully constructed, and the protective effect of the engineered strain on mice with experimental chronic colitis was investigated. Although both EcN and EcNnatto strains substantially alleviated the clinical symptoms and pathological abnormalities in colitis mice by regulating gut flora and maintaining intestinal barrier function, the EcNnatto strain was found to perform better than the control strain, based on a further increase in colon length and a downregulation in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α). Nattokinase expressed in EcN attenuated DSS-induced epithelial damage and restored the mucosal integrity by upregulating the levels of tight junction proteins, including ZO-1 and occludin. The expression level of Lgr5, a marker of intestinal stem cells, was also increased. Moreover, constitutively expressed nattokinase in EcN reversed the gut microbial richness and diversity in colitis mice. Based on our findings, nattokinase could strengthen the capacity of EcN to treat intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lintao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaowei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Zhao Z, Xu S, Zhang W, Wu D, Yang G. Probiotic Escherichia coli NISSLE 1917 for inflammatory bowel disease applications. Food Funct 2022; 13:5914-5924. [PMID: 35583304 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli NISSLE 1917 (EcN) is a Gram-negative strain with many prominent probiotic properties in the treatment of intestinal diseases such as diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in particular ulcerative colitis. EcN not only exhibits antagonistic effects on a variety of intestinal pathogenic bacteria, but also regulates the secretion of immune factors in vivo and enhances the ability of host immunity. In this review, the mechanisms of EcN in the remission of inflammatory bowel disease are proposed and recent advances on the functionalized EcN are compiled to provide novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejing Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Shumin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Wangyang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Danjun Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Gensheng Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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13
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Ma J, Lyu Y, Liu X, Jia X, Cui F, Wu X, Deng S, Yue C. Engineered probiotics. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:72. [PMID: 35477497 PMCID: PMC9044805 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered probiotics are a kind of new microorganisms produced by modifying original probiotics through gene editing. With the continuous development of tools and technology progresses, engineering renovation of probiotics are becoming more diverse and more feasible. In the past few years there have been some advances in the development of engineered probiotics that will benefit humankind. This review briefly introduces the theoretical basis of gene editing technology and focuses on some recent engineered probiotics researches, including inflammatory bowel disease, bacterial infection, tumor and metabolic diseases. It is hoped that it can provide help for the further development of genetically modified microorganisms, stimulate the potential of engineered probiotics to treat intractable diseases, and provide new ideas for the diagnosis of some diseases or some industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China.,Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhong Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Jia
- Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Fangyun Cui
- Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China.,Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China.
| | - Changwu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China.
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14
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Basarkar V, Govardhane S, Shende P. Multifaceted applications of genetically modified microorganisms: A biotechnological revolution. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1833-1842. [PMID: 35088657 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220128102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically modified microorganisms specifically bacteria, viruses, algae and fungi are the novel approaches used in field of healthcare due to more efficacious and targeted delivery in comparison to conventional approaches. OBJECTIVE This review article focuses on applications of genetically modified microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, fungi, virus, etc. in treatment of cancer, obesity, and HIV. Gut microbiome is used to cause metabolic disorders but use of genetically-modified bacteria alters the gut microbiota and delivers the therapeutically effective drug in the treatment of obesity. METHODS To enhance the activity of different microorganisms for treatment, they are genetically modified by incorporating a fragment into the fungi filaments, integrating a strain into the bacteria, engineer a live-virus with a peptide using methods such as amelioration of NAPE synthesis, silica immobilization, polyadenylation, electrochemical, etc. Results: The development of newer microbial strains using genetic modifications offers higher precision, enhance the molecular multiplicity, prevent the degradation of microbes in atmospheric temperature and reduce the concerned side-effect for therapeutic application. Other side genetically modified microorganisms are used in non-healthcare based sector like generation of electricity, purification of water, bioremediation process etc. Conclusions: The bio-engineered micro-organisms with genetic modification prove the advantage over the treatment of various diseases like cancer, diabetes, malaria, organ regeneration, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. The article provides the insights of various applications of genetically modified microbes in various arena with its implementation for the regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasavi Basarkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Sharayu Govardhane
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Pravin Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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15
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Native and Engineered Probiotics: Promising Agents against Related Systemic and Intestinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020594. [PMID: 35054790 PMCID: PMC8775704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis is a dynamic balance involving the interaction between the host intestinal mucosa, immune barrier, intestinal microecology, nutrients, and metabolites. Once homeostasis is out of balance, it will increase the risk of intestinal diseases and is also closely associated with some systemic diseases. Probiotics (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, Akkermansia muciniphila, Clostridium butyricum, lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp.), maintaining the gut homeostasis through direct interaction with the intestine, can also exist as a specific agent to prevent, alleviate, or cure intestinal-related diseases. With genetic engineering technology advancing, probiotics can also show targeted therapeutic properties. The aims of this review are to summarize the roles of potential native and engineered probiotics in oncology, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity, discussing the therapeutic applications of these probiotics.
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16
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Probiotics for the Management of Sepsis: Advances in Animal Models and Intensive Care Unit Environments. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis frequently leads to multiple organ failure and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Although intensive care protocols and antibiotic therapy have improved sepsis treatment, specific management is lacking with respect to efficient protection from tissue damage and long-term outcomes. Probiotics are live microbes that modulate the immune system and inflammation and colonize the gut. In this narrative review, we have traced the evolution of the administration of probiotics in an animal model of sepsis and treatment alternatives in the intensive care unit setting. First, probiotics are categorized by species before describing their modulation of the microbiota, repair of tissue-specific damage, immune response, and molecular pathways to prevent complications. The impact on therapy for infant and adult patients is also addressed. Finally, we have emphasized the challenges and gaps in current studies as well as future perspectives for further investigation. The present review can open up avenues for new strategies that employ promising probiotic strains for the treatment of sepsis and discusses their ability to prevent disease-associated long-term complications.
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17
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López-Moreno A, Acuña I, Torres-Sánchez A, Ruiz-Moreno Á, Cerk K, Rivas A, Suárez A, Monteoliva-Sánchez M, Aguilera M. Next Generation Probiotics for Neutralizing Obesogenic Effects: Taxa Culturing Searching Strategies. Nutrients 2021; 13:1617. [PMID: 34065873 PMCID: PMC8151043 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of diet, lifestyle, and the exposure to food obesogens categorized into "microbiota disrupting chemicals" (MDC) could determine obesogenic-related dysbiosis and modify the microbiota diversity that impacts on individual health-disease balances, inducing altered pathogenesis phenotypes. Specific, complementary, and combined treatments are needed to face these altered microbial patterns and the specific misbalances triggered. In this sense, searching for next-generation beneficial microbes or next-generation probiotics (NGP) by microbiota culturing, and focusing on their demonstrated, extensive scope and well-defined functions could contribute to counteracting and repairing the effects of obesogens. Therefore, this review presents a perspective through compiling information and key strategies for directed searching and culturing of NGP that could be administered for obesity and endocrine-related dysbiosis by (i) observing the differential abundance of specific microbiota taxa in obesity-related patients and analyzing their functional roles, (ii) developing microbiota-directed strategies for culturing these taxa groups, and (iii) applying the successful compiled criteria from recent NGP clinical studies. New isolated or cultivable microorganisms from healthy gut microbiota specifically related to obesogens' neutralization effects might be used as an NGP single strain or in consortia, both presenting functions and the ability to palliate metabolic-related disorders. Identification of holistic approaches for searching and using potential NGP, key aspects, the bias, gaps, and proposals of solutions are also considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (Á.R.-M.); (K.C.); (M.M.-S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Inmaculada Acuña
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alfonso Torres-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (Á.R.-M.); (K.C.); (M.M.-S.)
| | - Ángel Ruiz-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (Á.R.-M.); (K.C.); (M.M.-S.)
| | - Klara Cerk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (Á.R.-M.); (K.C.); (M.M.-S.)
| | - Ana Rivas
- IBS, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, 18012 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Suárez
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Monteoliva-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (Á.R.-M.); (K.C.); (M.M.-S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Margarita Aguilera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (Á.R.-M.); (K.C.); (M.M.-S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.A.); (A.S.)
- IBS, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, 18012 Granada, Spain;
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18
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Cui M, Pang G, Zhang T, Sun T, Zhang L, Kang R, Xue X, Pan H, Yang C, Zhang X, Chang J, Liu J, Zhang S, Wang H. Optotheranostic Nanosystem with Phone Visual Diagnosis and Optogenetic Microbial Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis At-Home Care. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7040-7052. [PMID: 33819424 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. However, the home care of UC based on remote monitoring, due to the operational complexity and time-consuming procedure, restrain its widespread applications. Here we constructed an optotheranostic nanosystem for self-diagnosis and long-acting mitigations of UC at home. The system included two major modules: (i) A disease prescreening module mediated by smartphone optical sensing. (ii) Disease real-time intervention module mediated by an optogenetic engineered bacteria system. Recombinant Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) secreted interleukin-10 (IL-10) could downregulate inflammatory cascades and matrix metalloproteinases; it is a candidate for use in the therapeutic intervention of UC. The results showed that the Detector was able to analyze, report, and share the detection results in less than 1 min, and the limit of detection was 15 ng·mL-1. Besides, the IL-10-secreting EcN treatment suppressed the intestinal inflammatory response in UC mice and protected the intestinal mucosa against injury. The optotheranostic nanosystems enabled solutions to diagnose and treat disease at home, which promotes a mobile health service development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Gaoju Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ruru Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Huizhuo Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hanjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
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