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Harvey DJ, Vouros P. MASS SPECTROMETRIC FRAGMENTATION OF TRIMETHYLSILYL AND RELATED ALKYLSILYL DERIVATIVES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:105-211. [PMID: 31808199 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the mass spectral fragmentation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) and related alkylsilyl derivatives used for preparing samples for analysis, mainly by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The review is divided into three sections. The first section is concerned with the TMS derivatives themselves and describes fragmentation of derivatized alcohols, thiols, amines, ketones, carboxylic acids and bifunctional compounds such as hydroxy- and amino-acids, halo acids and hydroxy ethers. More complex compounds such as glycerides, sphingolipids, carbohydrates, organic phosphates, phosphonates, steroids, vitamin D, cannabinoids, and prostaglandins are discussed next. The second section describes intermolecular reactions of siliconium ions such as the TMS cation and the third section discusses other alkylsilyl derivatives. Among these latter compounds are di- and trialkyl-silyl derivatives, various substituted-alkyldimethylsilyl derivatives such as the tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers, cyclic silyl derivatives, alkoxysilyl derivatives, and 3-pyridylmethyldimethylsilyl esters used for double bond location in fatty acid spectra. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 0000:1-107, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Paul Vouros
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, Massachusetts, 02115
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Somuramasami J, Winger BE, Gillespie TA, Kenttämaa HI. Identification and counting of carbonyl and hydroxyl functionalities in protonated bifunctional analytes by using solution derivatization prior to mass spectrometric analysis via ion-molecule reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:773-784. [PMID: 20189411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A mass spectrometric method has been developed for the identification of carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups, as well as for counting the functional groups, in previously unknown protonated bifunctional oxygen-containing analytes. This method utilizes solution reduction before mass spectrometric analysis to convert the carbonyl groups to hydroxyl groups. Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of the protonated reduced analytes with neutral trimethylborate (TMB) in a FT-ICR mass spectrometer give diagnostic product ions. The reaction sequence likely involves three consecutive steps, proton abstraction from the protonated analyte by TMB, addition of the neutral analyte to the boron reagent, and elimination of a neutral methanol molecule. The number of methanol molecules eliminated upon reactions with TMB reveals the number of hydroxyl groups in the analyte. Comparison of the reactions of the original and reduced analytes reveals the presence and number of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in the analyte.
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Ketuly KA, Hadi AHA. Boronate derivatives of functionally diverse catechols: stability studies. Molecules 2010; 15:2347-56. [PMID: 20428047 PMCID: PMC6257398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15042347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzeneboronate of catecholic carboxyl methyl esters, N-acetyldopamine, coumarin and catechol estrogens were prepared as crystalline derivatives in high yield. Related catechol compounds with extra polar functional group(s) (OH, NH2) do not form or only partially form unstable cyclic boronate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Aziz Ketuly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Gaskell SJ, Edmonds CG, Brooks CJW. Cyclic Boronate Derivatives in Combined Gas Chromatography - Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032717608067812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Luffer DR, Novotny MV. Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography and microwave-induced plasma detection of cyclic boronate esters of hydroxy compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lauwers WF, Le Jeune L, Vanden Bossche H, Willemsens G. Identification of 17 alpha,20 alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone in testicular extracts after incubation with ketoconazole. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1985; 12:296-301. [PMID: 3160407 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200120608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal ketoconazole affects testosterone synthesis in dispersed rat testicular cells. In the presence of ketoconazole an accumulation of 17 alpha,20 alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone has been observed. This steroid was isolated from the testis of Wistar rats after a [4-14C]progesterone incorporation in the presence of ketoconazole. Its identification was achieved from the gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of the isolated radioactive fraction. A chemical derivatization of the fraction with butylboronic acid followed by mass spectrometric analysis confirmed the presence of 17 alpha,20 alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone.
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Brooks C, Barrett G, Cole W. Studies of the selective derivatization of methyl hyocholate and related steroidal ring b diols by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brooks C, Cole W, Lawrie T, MacLachlan J, Borthwick J, Barrett G. Selective reactions in the analytical characterisation of steroids by gas chromatography—Mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4731(83)80025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sjövall J, Axelson M. Newer approaches to the isolation, identification, and quantitation of steroids in biological materials. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1982; 39:31-144. [PMID: 6755888 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)61135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Brooks CJ, Cole WJ, McIntyre HB, Smith AG. Selective reactions in the analysis and characterization of steroids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Lipids 1980; 15:745-55. [PMID: 7421429 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a technique especially suitable for the analysis and characterization of steroids, and its power has been extensively demonstrated. The efficacy of GC-MS is limited, nevertheless, by the fact that steroid mixtures - whether of natural origin only, or augmented by synthetic analogs - often contain similar components that are poorly distinquished. The fortuitous overlap of gas chromatographic peaks from disparate compounds also impairs the definition of retention data. Controlled modification of the sample by means of selective reactions is therefore a valuable adjunct to the application of GC-MS. Two examples are discussed: (a) the enzyme cholesterol oxidase, isolated from various microorganisms, catalyzes the oxidation of many 3 beta-hydroxy-5-enes (with concomitant isomerization) to 4-en-3-ones; 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-steroids are also oxidized to the corresponding 3-ones, but other steroids (3 alpha-hydroxy- or 5 beta-isomers, etc.) are unaffected. The mild conditions required (pH 7, 30 C) are advantageous for the analysis of sensitive steroids, and the retention index increments, as well as the mass spectra of the ketones, are characteristic. The enzyme accepts as substrates a wide range of 3 beta-hydroxysteroids, tolerating oxygenation in ring B and even catalyzing the oxidation of 2-oxacholesterol to the expected lactone; and (b) Steroids possessing 1,2-diol or 1,3-diol groupings include estriols, 2-hydroxyestrone, 20,22-dihydroxycholesterols, ecdysones, brassinolide and many corticosteroids. The selective formation of cyclic derivatives can provide several analytically useful features, such as convenient retention times, moderate mass increments (24 amu for a methaneboronate), distinctive mass spectra and usually abundant molecular ions. These are exemplified for 5-pregnene-3 beta, 20,21-triols and for 20,22-dihydroxycholesterol as well as its enzymic oxidation product.
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Vouros P, Harvey DJ, Harvey DJ. The electron impact induced cleavage of the C-17--C-20 bond and D-ring in trimethylsilyl derivatives of C21 steroids. Reciprocal exchange of trimethylsilyl groups. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1980; 7:217-25. [PMID: 7417699 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200070508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The cleavage of the C-17--C-20 bond in the trimethylsilyl derivatives of C21 steroids has been investigated with the aid of isotopic labelling. A significant amount of reciprocal exchange was observed between trimethylsilyl groups or hydrogen atoms on the 20-O- and 17-O-positions. The loss of positional identity of these groups was found to influence the specificity of fragmentation reactions associated with the 17 beta-sidechain and the D-ring. It is supposed that the interchange of these silyl groups is facilitated by donation of the non-bonding electrons on oxygen to the empty d orbitals of silicon.
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Poole CF, Zlatkis A. Cyclic derivatives for the selective chromatographic analysis of bifunctional compounds. J Chromatogr A 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)85640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gaskell SJ, Brooks CJ. Studies of aldosterone 20,21-cyclic boronates by gas—liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)89977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Simon JG, Charles JWB. Electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry of cyclic boronate derivatives of sphingosines and related compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210121011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Harvey DJ. Cyclic alkylboronates as derivatives for the characterization of cannabinolic acids by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1977; 4:88-93. [PMID: 884211 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stable cyclic methyl- and n-butylboronates were prepared from the cannabinolic acids and used as derivatives for the characterization of these compounds by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Retention times of the methylboronates were comparable with those of the trimethylsilyl derivatives. The mass spectra of these derivatives were more characteristic of the cannabinoid skeleton than were the spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives where fragmentation was associated with the trimethylsilyl groups. Molecular weights were lower and abundant molecular ions were obtained. These derivatives also offered the possibility of distinguishing between isomeric cannabinolic acids where only isomers possessing adjacent phenolic and carboxylic functions form cyclic boronates.
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Gaskell SJ, Brooks CJ. New derivatives for the analysis of sphingosine long-chain bases by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1976; 122:415-23. [PMID: 932161 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)82263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic derivatives formed by reaction of sphingosines with methane-, n-butane- and benzeneboronic acid have been examined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and by combined GLC-mass spectrometry (MS). Analogous compounds have also been studied, in which the amino group has been protected, for example as an acetone Schiff base or N,N-dimethylaminomethylene derivative. Phytosphingosine (4D-hydroxysphinganine) yielded bis-alkaneboronates. Most of the derivatives were satisfactory for GLC. Molecular ions were apparent (1-100% relative abundance) in all electron impact mass spectra, and and (as [M+1](+)ions) were the base peaks in isobutane chemical ionisation mass spectra.
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Wiecko J, Sherman WR. Mass spectral study of cyclic alkaneboronates of sugar phosphates. Evidence of interaction between the phosphate group and boron under electron-impact conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Brooks CJW, Harvey DJ, Middleditch BS, Vouros P. Mass spectra of trimethylsilyl ethers of some Δ5-3β-hydroxy C19 steroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210070803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Vandenheuvel WJA. Mass Spectrometry of Isomeric Hydroxy-Salicylanilides and Their Derivatives. ANAL LETT 1973. [DOI: 10.1080/00032717308062168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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S. Robinson D, Eagles J, Self R. The mass spectra of benzeneboronate derivatives of some hexopyranosides. Carbohydr Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)85037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Derevitskaya V, Likhosherstov L, Schennikov V, Kochetkov N. 2-Acetamido-3,6-anhydro-2-deoxy-d-gulose and -d-idose: products of the alkaline degradation of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose. Carbohydr Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)85036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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