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Toporkova YY, Smirnova EO, Gorina SS. Epoxyalcohol Synthase Branch of Lipoxygenase Cascade. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:821-841. [PMID: 38248355 PMCID: PMC10813956 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are one of the most important classes of bioregulators, biosynthesized through the oxidative metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids in various aerobic organisms. Oxylipins are bioregulators that maintain homeostasis at the cellular and organismal levels. The most important oxylipins are mammalian eicosanoids and plant octadecanoids. In plants, the main source of oxylipins is the lipoxygenase cascade, the key enzymes of which are nonclassical cytochromes P450 of the CYP74 family, namely allene oxide synthases (AOSs), hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs), and divinyl ether synthases (DESs). The most well-studied plant oxylipins are jasmonates (AOS products) and traumatin and green leaf volatiles (HPL products), whereas other oxylipins remain outside of the focus of researchers' attention. Among them, there is a large group of epoxy hydroxy fatty acids (epoxyalcohols), whose biosynthesis has remained unclear for a long time. In 2008, the first epoxyalcohol synthase of lancelet Branchiostoma floridae, BfEAS (CYP440A1), was discovered. The present review collects data on EASs discovered after BfEAS and enzymes exhibiting EAS activity along with other catalytic activities. This review also presents the results of a study on the evolutionary processes possibly occurring within the P450 superfamily as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Y. Toporkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 261, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (E.O.S.); (S.S.G.)
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Berg-Falloure KM, Kolomiets MV. Ketols Emerge as Potent Oxylipin Signals Regulating Diverse Physiological Processes in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112088. [PMID: 37299067 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce an array of oxylipins implicated in defense responses against various stresses, with about 600 oxylipins identified in plants to date. Most known oxylipins are the products of lipoxygenase (LOX)-mediated oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. One of the most well-characterized oxylipins produced by plants is the hormone jasmonic acid (JA); however, the function of the vast majority of oxylipins remains a mystery. One of the lesser-studied groups of oxylipins is comprised of ketols produced by the sequential action of LOX, allene oxide synthase (AOS), followed by non-enzymatic hydrolysis. For decades, ketols were mostly considered mere by-products of JA biosynthesis. Recent accumulating evidence suggests that ketols exhibit hormone-like signaling activities in the regulation of diverse physiological processes, including flowering, germination, plant-symbiont interactions, and defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. To complement multiple reviews on jasmonate and overall oxylipin biology, this review focuses specifically on advancing our understanding of ketol biosynthesis, occurrence, and proposed functions in diverse physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Berg-Falloure
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Villar P, Grechkin AN, González-Pérez AB, de Lera ÁR. On the rearrangements of biologically-relevant vinyl allene oxides to cis-cyclopentenones, ketols, and Favorskii-type carboxylic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9460-9469. [PMID: 34693419 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01847g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In addition to stereodefined cis-cyclopentenones, the rearrangement of naturally-occurring vinyl allene oxides can provide ketols, cyclopropylcarbinols, and Favorskii-type bis-(Z)-but-2-en-1-yl acetic acids. These processes have been studied by DFT computations using (Z)-but-1-en-1-yl allene oxides as model systems. Prior studies on the stepwise cascade process starting from (Z)-but-1-en-1-yl allene oxides established as key steps the ring opening of the oxirane to give oxidopentadienyl biradicals, and their isomerization through formation of alkenylcyclopropanone intermediates prior to the conrotatory electrocyclic ring closure to cis-configured cyclopentenones. Under neutral or under acidic conditions, the corresponding ketols and cyclopropylcarbinols have been computationally characterized as resulting from SN2, SN1 and SN1'-type processes, showing that the rearrangement of vinyl allene oxides is pH-dependent. Moreover, stereoconvergent base-induced Favorskii-type rearrangements to provide bis-(Z)-but-1-en-1-yl substituted acetic acids have also been justified. Since the model system captures the structural features of the vinyl allene oxides of biological relevance, our computations provide the most comprehensive overview of the complex reactivity of these natural species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Villar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 261, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Adán B González-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ángel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Chen Y, Yan Y, Wu TT, Zhang GL, Yin H, Chen W, Wang S, Chang F, Gou JY. Cloning of wheat keto-acyl thiolase 2B reveals a role of jasmonic acid in grain weight determination. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6266. [PMID: 33293512 PMCID: PMC7722888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain weight (GW) is one of the component traits of wheat yield. Existing reports have shown that multiple phytohormones are involved in the regulation of GW in different crops. However, the potential role of jasmonic acid (JA) remains unclear. Here, we report that triticale grain weight 1 (tgw1) mutant, with marked reductions in both GW and JA content, is caused by a premature stop mutation in keto-acyl thiolase 2B (KAT-2B) involved in β-oxidation during JA synthesis. KAT-2B overexpression increases GW in wild type and boosts yield. Additionally, KAT-2B compliments the grain defect in tgw1 and rescues the lethal phenotype of the Arabidopsis kat2 mutant in a sucrose-free medium. Despite the suppression of JA synthesis in tgw1 mutant, ABA synthesis is upregulated, which is accompanied by enhanced expression of SAG3 and reduction of chlorophyll content in leaves. Together, these results demonstrate a role of the JA synthetic gene KAT-2B in controlling GW and its potential application value for wheat improvement. It has been reported that several phytohormones are involved in the regulation of grain weight, but the role of jasmonic acids (JA) remains elusive. Here, via bulked segregant analysis (BSA)-based cloning, the authors show keto-acyl thiolase 2B involved in β-oxidation during JA synthesis is a positive regulator of wheat grain weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Guo-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Huanran Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Fang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jin-Ying Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Wasternack C, Strnad M. Jasmonates: News on Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Action of an Ancient Group of Signaling Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2539. [PMID: 30150593 PMCID: PMC6164985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Jasmonic acid (JA) and its related derivatives are ubiquitously occurring compounds of land plants acting in numerous stress responses and development. Recent studies on evolution of JA and other oxylipins indicated conserved biosynthesis. JA formation is initiated by oxygenation of α-linolenic acid (α-LeA, 18:3) or 16:3 fatty acid of chloroplast membranes leading to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) as intermediate compound, but in Marchantiapolymorpha and Physcomitrellapatens, OPDA and some of its derivatives are final products active in a conserved signaling pathway. JA formation and its metabolic conversion take place in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and cytosol, respectively. Metabolites of JA are formed in 12 different pathways leading to active, inactive and partially active compounds. The isoleucine conjugate of JA (JA-Ile) is the ligand of the receptor component COI1 in vascular plants, whereas in the bryophyte M. polymorpha COI1 perceives an OPDA derivative indicating its functionally conserved activity. JA-induced gene expressions in the numerous biotic and abiotic stress responses and development are initiated in a well-studied complex regulation by homeostasis of transcription factors functioning as repressors and activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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