1
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Bersenkowitsch NK, Madlener SJ, Heller J, van der Linde C, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Spectroscopy of cluster aerosol models: IR and UV spectra of hydrated glyoxylate with and without sea salt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2023; 3:1396-1406. [PMID: 38013930 PMCID: PMC10569154 DOI: 10.1039/d3ea00039g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxylic acid is formed in the troposphere by oxidation of organic molecules. In sea salt aerosols, it is expected to be present as glyoxylate, integrated into the salt environment and strongly interacting with water molecules. In water, glyoxylate is in equilibrium with its gem-diol form. To understand the influence of water and salt on the photophysics and photochemistry of glyoxylate, we generate small model clusters containing glyoxylate by electrospray ionization and study them by Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. We used infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and UV/vis photodissociation spectroscopy for structural characterization as well as quantum chemical calculations to model the spectra and dissociation patterns. Resonant absorption of infrared radiation leads to water evaporation, which indicates that water and glyoxylate are separate molecular entities in a significant fraction of the clusters, in line with the observed absorption of UV light in the actinic region. Hydration of glyoxylate leads to a change of the dihedral angle in the CHOCOO-·H2O complex, causing a slight redshift of the S1 ← S0 transition. However, the barriers for internal rotation are below 5 kJ mol-1, which explains the broad S1 ← S0 absorption extending from about 320 to 380 nm. Most importantly, hydration hinders dissociation in the S1 state, thus enhancing the quantum yield of fluorescence combined with water evaporation. No C-C bond photolysis is observed, but due to the limited signal-to-noise ratio, it cannot be ruled out. The quantum yield, however, will be relatively low. Fluorescence dominates the photophysics of glyoxylate embedded in the dry salt cluster, but the quantum yield shifts towards internal conversion upon addition of one or two water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Bersenkowitsch
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Sarah J Madlener
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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2
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Li Y, Ji GC, Chao C, Bi S, Jiang YY. Computation Study on Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Intramolecular Aminooxyge native C═C Bond Cleavage to Imides: Different Roles of Mononuclear and Dinuclear Copper Complexes. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People′s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Cui Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People′s Republic of China
| | - Chen Chao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People′s Republic of China
| | - Siwei Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People′s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ye Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People′s Republic of China
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3
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Pritzi M, Pascher TF, Grutza ML, Kurz P, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Decomposition of Halogenated Molybdenum Sulfide Dianions [Mo 3S 7X 6] 2- (X = Cl, Br, I). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1753-1760. [PMID: 35904429 PMCID: PMC9460775 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum sulfides are considered a promising and inexpensive alternative to platinum as a catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. In this study, we perform collision-induced dissociation experiments in the gas phase with the halogenated molybdenum sulfides [Mo3S7Cl6]2-, [Mo3S7Br6]2-, and [Mo3S7I6]2-. We show that the first fragmentation step for all three dianions is charge separation via loss of a halide ion. As a second step, further halogen loss competes with the dissociation of a disulfur molecule, whereas the former becomes energetically more favorable and the latter becomes less favorable from chlorine via bromine to iodine. We show that the leaving S2 group is composed of sulfur atoms from two bridging groups. These decomposition pathways differ drastically from the pure [Mo3S13]2- clusters. The obtained insight into preferred dissociation pathways of molybdenum sulfides illustrate possible reaction pathways during the activation of these substances in a catalytic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pritzi
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marie-Luise Grutza
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kurz
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Pritzi M, Pascher TF, Grutza ML, Kurz P, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Rearrangement and decomposition pathways of bare and hydrogenated molybdenum oxysulfides in the gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16576-16585. [PMID: 35775378 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum sulfides and molybdenum oxysulfides are considered a promising and cheap alternative to platinum as a catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). To better understand possible rearrangements during catalyst activation, we perform collision induced dissociation experiments in the gas phase with eight different molybdenum oxysulfides, namely [Mo2O2S6]2-, [Mo2O2S6]-, [Mo2O2S5]2-, [Mo2O2S5]-, [Mo2O2S4]-, [HMo2O2S6]-, [HMo2O2S5]- and [HMo2O2S4]-, on a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. We identify fragmentation channels of the molybdenum oxysulfides and their interconnections. Together with quantum chemical calculations, the results show that [Mo2O2S4]- is a particularly stable species against further dissociation, which is reached from all starting species with relatively low collision energies. Most interestingly, H atom loss is the only fragmentation channel observed for [HMo2O2S4]- at low collision energies, which relates to potential HER activity, since two such H atom binding sites on a surface may act together to release H2. The calculations reveal that multiple isomers are often very close in energy, especially for the hydrogenated species, i.e., atomic hydrogen can bind at various sites of the clusters. S2 groups play a decisive role in hydrogen adsorption. These are further features with potential relevance for HER catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pritzi
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Tobias F Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Marie-Luise Grutza
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kurz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Pascher TF, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Spectroscopy and photochemistry of copper nitrate clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9911-9920. [PMID: 33908510 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00629k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of copper nitrate cluster anions Cu(ii)n(NO3)2n+1-, n ≤ 4, in the gas phase using ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared (UV/vis/NIR) spectroscopy provides detailed insight into the electronic structure of the copper salt and its intriguing photochemistry. In the experimentally studied region up to 5.5 eV, the spectra of copper(ii) nitrate exhibit a 3d-3d band in the vis/NIR and well-separated bands in the UV. The latter bands originate from Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer (LMCT) as well as n-π* transitions in the nitrate ligands. The clusters predominantly decompose by loss of neutral copper nitrate in the electronic ground state after internal conversion or via the photochemical loss of a neutral NO3 ligand after a LMCT. These two decomposition channels are in direct competition on the ground state potential energy surface for the smallest copper nitrate cluster, Cu(ii)(NO3)3-. Here, copper nitrate evaporation is thermochemically less favorable. Population of π* orbitals in the nitrate ligands may lead to N-O bond photolysis. This is observed in the UV region with a small quantum efficiency, with photochemical loss of either nitrogen dioxide or an oxygen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Pascher TF, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of anionic copper formate clusters. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:184301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionen und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionen und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionen und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionen und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Lücken J, Auth T, Mozzi SI, Meyer F. Hexanuclear Copper(I) Hydride from the Reduction-Induced Decarboxylation of a Dicopper(II) Formate. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14347-14354. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Lücken
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Auth
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sara Ida Mozzi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Pascher TF, Barwa E, van der Linde C, Beyer MK, Ončák M. Photochemical activation of carbon dioxide in Mg +(CO 2)(H 2O) 0,1. Theor Chem Acc 2020; 139:127. [PMID: 32655309 PMCID: PMC7335376 DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02640-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We combine multi-reference ab initio calculations with UV-VIS action spectroscopy to study photochemical activation of CO2 on a singly charged magnesium ion, [MgCO2(H2O)0,1]+, as a model system for the metal/ligand interactions relevant in CO2 photochemistry. For the non-hydrated species, two separated Mg+ 3s-3p bands are observed within 5.0 eV. The low-energy band splits upon hydration with one water molecule. [Mg(CO2)]+ decomposes highly state-selectively, predominantly via multiphoton processes. Within the low-energy band, CO2 is exclusively lost within the excited state manifold. For the high-energy band, an additional pathway becomes accessible: the CO2 ligand is activated via a charge transfer, with photochemistry taking place on the CO2 - moiety eventually leading to a loss of CO after absorption of a second photon. Upon hydration, already excitation into the first and second excited state leads to CO2 activation in the excited state minimum; however, CO2 predominantly evaporates upon fluorescence or absorption of another photon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erik Barwa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Pascher TF, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. UV/Vis Spectroscopy of Copper Formate Clusters: Insight into Metal-Ligand Photochemistry. Chemistry 2020; 26:8286-8295. [PMID: 32155292 PMCID: PMC7384192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure and photochemistry of copper formate clusters, CuI2(HCO2)3− and CuIIn(HCO2)2n+1−, n≤8, are investigated in the gas phase by using UV/Vis spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations. A clear difference in the spectra of clusters with CuI and CuII copper ions is observed. For the CuI species, transitions between copper d and s/p orbitals are recorded. For stoichiometric CuII formate clusters, the spectra are dominated by copper d–d transitions and charge‐transfer excitations from formate to the vacant copper d orbital. Calculations reveal the existence of several energetically low‐lying isomers, and the energetic position of the electronic transitions depends strongly on the specific isomer. The oxidation state of the copper centers governs the photochemistry. In CuII(HCO2)3−, fast internal conversion into the electronic ground state is observed, leading to statistical dissociation; for charge‐transfer excitations, specific excited‐state reaction channels are observed in addition, such as formyloxyl radical loss. In CuI2(HCO2)3−, the system relaxes to a local minimum on an excited‐state potential‐energy surface and might undergo fluorescence or reach a conical intersection to the ground state; in both cases, this provides substantial energy for statistical decomposition. Alternatively, a CuII(HCO2)3Cu0− biradical structure is formed in the excited state, which gives rise to the photochemical loss of a neutral copper atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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Bersenkowitsch NK, Ončák M, Heller J, Pascher TF, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Evidence for lactone formation during infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of bromoalkanoate doped salt clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:12028-12038. [PMID: 32421138 PMCID: PMC7116335 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00272k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction mechanisms of organic molecules in a salt environment are of
fundamental interest and are potentially relevant for atmospheric chemistry, in
particular sea-salt aerosols. Here, we found evidence for lactone formation upon
infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) of non-covalent bromoalkanoate
complexes as well as bromoalkanoate embedded in sodium iodide clusters. The
mechanism of lactone formation from bromoalkanoates of different chain lengths
is studied in the gas phase with and without salt environment by a combination
of IRMPD and quantum chemical calculations. IRMPD spectra are recorded in the
833-3846 cmT1 range by
irradiating the clusters with tunable laser systems while they are stored in the
cell of a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer.
The measurements of the binary complex
Br(CH2)mCOOH·Br(CH2)mCOO- for
m = 4 indicate valerolactone formation without salt
environment while lactone formation is hindered for longer chain lengths. When
embedded in sodium iodide clusters, butyrolactone formation from 4-bromobutyrate
seems to take place already during formation of the doped clusters in the
electrospray process, evidenced by the infrared (IR) signature of the lactone.
In contrast, IRMPD spectra of sodium iodide clusters containing 5-bromovalerate
contain signatures for both valerate as well as valerolactone. In both cases,
however, a neutral fragment corresponding to the mass of valerolactone is
eliminated, indicating that ring formation can be activated by IR light in the
salt cluster. Quantum chemical calculations show that already complexation with
one sodium ion significantly increases the barrier for lactone formation for all
chain lengths. IRMPD of sodium iodide clusters doped with neutral bromoalkanoic
acid molecules proceeds by elimination of HI or desorption of the intact acid
molecule from the cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Bersenkowitsch
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Tobias F Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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