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Tammekivi E, Geantet C, Lorentz C, Faure K. Two-dimensional chromatography for the analysis of valorisable biowaste: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1283:341855. [PMID: 37977769 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Various everyday areas such as agriculture, wood industry, and wastewater treatment yield residual biowastes in large amounts that can be utilised for the purpose of sustainability and circular economy. Depending on the type of biowaste, they can be used to extract valuable chemicals or converted into alternative fuels. However, for efficient valorisation, these processes need to be monitored, for which thorough chemical characterisation can be highly beneficial. For this aim, two-dimensional (2D) chromatography can be favourable, as it has a higher peak capacity and sensitivity than one-dimensional (1D) chromatography. Therefore, here we review the studies published since 2010 involving gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) as one of the dimensions. For the first time, we present the 2D chromatographic characterisation of various biowastes valorised for different purposes (chemical, fuels), together with future prospects and challenges. The aspects related to the 2D chromatographic analysis of polar, poorly volatile, and thermally unstable compounds are highlighted. In addition, it is demonstrated how different 2D setups can be applied for monitoring the biowaste conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliise Tammekivi
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 Rue de La Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Christophe Geantet
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256, CNRS, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256, CNRS, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Karine Faure
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 Rue de La Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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De Saegher T, Vercammen J, Atanasova B, Van Geem KM, De Clercq J, Verberckmoes A, Lauwaert J. Efficient mapping of lignin depolymerization product pools and quantification of specific monomers through rapid GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341738. [PMID: 37709433 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing research on lignin depolymerization to functionalized bio-aromatics has necessitated dedicated analysis techniques. However, immense variability in molecular weight and functional groups of the depolymerization products impedes fast analysis of a large number of samples while remaining in-depth enough for catalyst screening or reaction condition optimization. While GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS has been a promising technique, up until now, the information it provides is largely qualitative. By enabling quantification of key monomeric products and through further reduction of overall analysis time, this study aims to increase the potential of GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS for fast and in-depth characterization of lignin depolymerization product pools. RESULTS Analysis of selected samples, isolated from GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS analyses of lignin depolymerization product pools, with gas chromatography (GC) equipped with an Orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometer (Orbitrap-HR/AM-MS) is successful in identifying the main low monomeric products. Moreover, these identifications are further substantiated through GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS analysis of standards. Furthermore, straight forward quantification of these products directly within GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS is successfully developed with limits of detection ≤0.05 mmol/L, which is at least on par with more complex analysis techniques. Additionally, several different reversed phase columns are assessed to reduce 2nd dimension (2D) time and, hence, overall analysis time while maintaining the possibility for quantification. A reduction in overall analysis time of about 30% as compared to the state-of-the-art is achieved by using a YMC Triart BIO C4 column as 2D. SIGNIFICANCE Through the enhancements introduced in this study, GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS emerges as a unique technique for the analysis of lignin depolymerization product pools, which is capable of fast yet sufficiently in-depth analysis of a large volume of samples. This capability is indispensable for catalyst screening and fine-tuning reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Saegher
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joeri Vercammen
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Interscience Expert Center (IS-X), Avenue J.E. Lenoir 2, 1384, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Boyana Atanasova
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeriffa De Clercq
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Verberckmoes
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lauwaert
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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