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Getreuer P, Marretta L, Toyoglu E, Dömötör O, Hejl M, Prado-Roller A, Cseh K, Legin AA, Jakupec MA, Barone G, Terenzi A, Keppler BK, Kandioller W. Investigating the anticancer potential of 4-phenylthiazole derived Ru(II) and Os(II) metalacycles. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5567-5579. [PMID: 38426897 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In this contribution we report the synthesis, characterization and in vitro anticancer activity of novel cyclometalated 4-phenylthiazole-derived ruthenium(II) (2a-e) and osmium(II) (3a-e) complexes. Formation and sufficient purity of the complexes were unambigiously confirmed by 1H-, 13C- and 2D-NMR techniques, X-ray diffractometry, HRMS and elemental analysis. The binding preferences of these cyclometalates to selected amino acids and to DNA models including G-quadruplex structures were analyzed. Additionally, their stability and behaviour in aqueous solutions was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Their cellular accumulation, their ability of inducing apoptosis, as well as their interference in the cell cycle were studied in SW480 colon cancer cells. The anticancer potencies were investigated in three human cancer cell lines and revealed IC50 values in the low micromolar range, in contrast to the biologically inactive ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Getreuer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Marretta
- STEBICEF-Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Emine Toyoglu
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Orsolya Dömötör
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michaela Hejl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alexander Prado-Roller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Klaudia Cseh
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anton A Legin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael A Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- STEBICEF-Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- STEBICEF-Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Organometallic Iridium Complexes with Glucose Based Phosphite Ligands. INORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics11030124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
New organometallic iridium compounds with phosphorus modified glucose ligands containing isopropylidene protection group or bearing uracil, thymine, and 5-fluorouracil (3,5,6-bicyclophosphite-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranoside, 3,5,6-bicyclophosphite-1-β-D-glucofuranosyluracil, 3,5,6-bicyclophosphite-1-β-D-glucofuranosylthymine, 3,5,6-bicyclophosphite-1-β-D-glucofuranosyl-5-flurouracil) were prepared. The structure of the new complexes was confirmed by the spectroscopic technique (1H, 31P{1H} NMR) and mass spectrometry, and purity by elemental analysis. The molecular structure of the complex with the isopropylidene protection group was established by the X-ray analysis. The antiproliferative activity of the new iridium compounds was evaluated against several cancer cell lines of human origin, and all compounds showed low toxicity independent of the pyrimidine base nature, attached to the sugar unit.
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Cseh K, Geisler H, Stanojkovska K, Westermayr J, Brunmayr P, Wenisch D, Gajic N, Hejl M, Schaier M, Koellensperger G, Jakupec MA, Marquetand P, Kandioller W. Arene Variation of Highly Cytotoxic Tridentate Naphthoquinone-Based Ruthenium(II) Complexes and In-Depth In Vitro Studies. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2466. [PMID: 36432656 PMCID: PMC9699003 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to synthesize a new set of naphthoquinone-based ruthenium(II) arene complexes and to develop an understanding of their mode of action. This study systematically reviews the steps of synthesis, aiming to provide a simplified approach using microwave irradiation. The chemical structures and the physicochemical properties of this novel group of compounds were examined by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, HPLC-MS and supporting DFT calculations. Several aspects of the biological activity were investigated in vitro, including short- and long-term cytotoxicity tests, cellular accumulation studies, detection of reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis induction and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) activity as well as cell cycle analysis in A549, CH1/PA-1, and SW480 cancer cells. Furthermore, the DNA interaction ability was studied in a cell-free assay. A positive correlation was found between cytotoxicity, lipophilicity and cellular accumulation of the tested complexes, and the results offer some important insights into the effects of the arene. The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that the usually very chemosensitive CH1/PA-1 teratocarcinoma cells showed resistance to these phthiocol-based organometallics in comparison to the usually less chemosensitive SW480 colon carcinoma cells, which pilot experiments suggest as being related to NQO1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Cseh
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heiko Geisler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Stanojkovska
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Westermayr
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Brunmayr
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Wenisch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalie Gajic
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Hejl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Schaier
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A. Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Marquetand
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Research Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Frei A, Elliott AG, Kan A, Dinh H, Bräse S, Bruce AE, Bruce MR, Chen F, Humaidy D, Jung N, King AP, Lye PG, Maliszewska HK, Mansour AM, Matiadis D, Muñoz MP, Pai TY, Pokhrel S, Sadler PJ, Sagnou M, Taylor M, Wilson JJ, Woods D, Zuegg J, Meyer W, Cain AK, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MAT. Metal Complexes as Antifungals? From a Crowd-Sourced Compound Library to the First In Vivo Experiments. JACS AU 2022; 2:2277-2294. [PMID: 36311838 PMCID: PMC9597602 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There are currently fewer than 10 antifungal drugs in clinical development, but new fungal strains that are resistant to most current antifungals are spreading rapidly across the world. To prevent a second resistance crisis, new classes of antifungal drugs are urgently needed. Metal complexes have proven to be promising candidates for novel antibiotics, but so far, few compounds have been explored for their potential application as antifungal agents. In this work, we report the evaluation of 1039 metal-containing compounds that were screened by the Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery (CO-ADD). We show that 20.9% of all metal compounds tested have antimicrobial activity against two representative Candida and Cryptococcus strains compared with only 1.1% of the >300,000 purely organic molecules tested through CO-ADD. We identified 90 metal compounds (8.7%) that show antifungal activity while not displaying any cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines or hemolytic properties at similar concentrations. The structures of 21 metal complexes that display high antifungal activity (MIC ≤1.25 μM) are discussed and evaluated further against a broad panel of yeasts. Most of these have not been previously tested for antifungal activity. Eleven of these metal complexes were tested for toxicity in the Galleria mellonella moth larva model, revealing that only one compound showed signs of toxicity at the highest injected concentration. Lastly, we demonstrated that the organo-Pt(II) cyclooctadiene complex Pt1 significantly reduces fungal load in an in vivo G. mellonella infection model. These findings showcase that the structural and chemical diversity of metal-based compounds can be an invaluable tool in the development of new drugs against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Centre
for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland4072, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alysha G. Elliott
- Centre
for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - Alex Kan
- Molecular
Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology,
Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical
School, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital-Research
and Education Network, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2145, Australia
| | - Hue Dinh
- School
of Natural Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW2109, Australia
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alice E. Bruce
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Mitchell R. Bruce
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Dhirgam Humaidy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Nicole Jung
- Karlsruhe
Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A. Paden King
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Peter G. Lye
- School
of Science and Technology, University of
New England, Armidale, NSW2351, Australia
| | - Hanna K. Maliszewska
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Ahmed M. Mansour
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza12613, Egypt
| | - Dimitris Matiadis
- Institute
of Biosciences & Applications, National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310Athens, Greece
| | - María Paz Muñoz
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Tsung-Yu Pai
- Molecular
Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology,
Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical
School, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital-Research
and Education Network, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2145, Australia
| | - Shyam Pokhrel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Marina Sagnou
- Institute
of Biosciences & Applications, National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310Athens, Greece
| | - Michelle Taylor
- School
of Science and Technology, University of
New England, Armidale, NSW2351, Australia
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Dean Woods
- School
of Science and Technology, University of
New England, Armidale, NSW2351, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Centre
for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular
Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology,
Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical
School, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital-Research
and Education Network, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2145, Australia
| | - Amy K. Cain
- School
of Natural Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW2109, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Centre
for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- Centre
for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland4072, Australia
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Lyu J, Liu D, Wang C, Zhang Z, Zhang X. Halogen-bridged binuclear iridium(III) complexes with enhanced photodynamic therapeutic effects in mitochondria. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:6307-6314. [PMID: 35916051 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of high-performance photosensitizers is the top priority in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Iridium complexes are widely used because of their many advantages such as high photostability, long T1 lifetime, high yield of singlet oxygen generation, and so on. Halogen-bridged binuclear complexes are often used as intermediates in the synthesis of photosensitizers but ignored in PDT applications. Here we found that halogen-bridged binuclear iridium complexes showed excellent performance in 1O2 generation. It was also confirmed that these complexes kill tumor cells by inducing apoptosis. Through molecular design and modification, we studied the effect of the bridging halogen atoms and intracellular localization on the performance of PDT. The results show that replacing the bridging halogen with heavier atoms and targeting the complex in mitochondria can effectively enhance the efficiency of PDT. Among them, the bromine bridged binuclear iridium complex located in mitochondria reported in this paper can achieve an IC50 value of 75 nM for MCF-7 cells. This work also provides inspiration for the exploration of complex-based photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiao Lyu
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
| | - Dongcheng Liu
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China. .,School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chunfei Wang
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
| | - Xuanjun Zhang
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China. .,MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
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