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Li J, Yan Z, Liu M, Han X, Lu T, Liu R, Zhao S, Lv Q, Li B, Zhao S, Wang H. Triple Silicon, Phosphorous, and Nitrogen-Grafted Lignin-Based Flame Retardant and Its Vulcanization Promotion for Styrene Butadiene Rubber. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21549-21558. [PMID: 37360429 PMCID: PMC10286291 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present an innovative environmental silicon-, phosphorus-, and nitrogen-triple lignin-based flame retardant (Lig-K-DOPO). Lig-K-DOPO was successfully prepared by condensation of lignin with flame retardant intermediate DOPO-KH550 synthesized via Atherton-Todd reaction between 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (KH550A). The presence of silicon, phosphate, and nitrogen groups was characterized by FTIR, XPS, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Lig-K-DOPO exhibited advanced thermal stability compared with pristine lignin supported by TGA analysis. The curing characteristic measurement showed that addition of Lig-K-DOPO promoted the curing rate and crosslink density to styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). Moreover, the cone calorimetry results indicated Lig-K-DOPO conferred impressive flame retardancy and smoke suppression. The addition of 20 phr Lig-K-DOPO reduced SBR blends 19.1% peak heat release rate (PHRR), 13.2% total heat release (THR), 53.2% smoke production rate (SPR), and 45.7% peak smoke production rate (PSPR). This strategy provides insights into multifunctional additives and greatly extends the comprehensive utilization of industrial lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Li
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zepei Yan
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiaokun Han
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Tianyun Lu
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ruiyin Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shugao Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Jiangyin
Haida Rubber and Plastic Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214424, China
| | - Bo Li
- Jiangyin
Haida Rubber and Plastic Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214424, China
| | - Shengqin Zhao
- Chair
of Composite Engineering (CCe), Technische
Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - He Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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Cheng Z, Xu W, Ding D, Xu C, Xie Y, Qiao M. Preparation of boron nitride hybrid containing phosphorus and silicon and its effect on flame retardant, smoke suppression, and thermal conductivity properties of styrene‐butadiene rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Ding
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Chengwen Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Xie
- Giti Tire (China) R & D Center Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
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Huang C, Chen X, Yuan B, Zhang H, Shang S, Zhao Q, Dai H, He S, Zhang Y, Niu Y. Insight into suppression performance and mechanisms of ultrafine powders on wood dust deflagration under equivalent concentration. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 394:122584. [PMID: 32299041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flame propagation characteristics of wood dust deflagration and suppression mechanism of ultrafine powders are investigated systematically. The deflagration reaction intensity of wood dust increases firstly and then decreases with the increase in dust cloud concentration. This is due to factors such as oxygen supply, positive feedback among flame characteristic parameters. Thus, there is an equivalent dust concentration for greatest deflagration intensity. Nano-sized ultrafine zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) powder are introduced to suppress wood dust deflagration at the equivalent concentration. It is found that Zr(OH)4 has a suppression effect of endothermic decomposition to generate zirconia (ZrO2), dilution of oxygen and absorption of free radicals; while SiO2 exerts suppression effect due to its high melting point and heat absorption. The suppression performance of Zr(OH)4 is better than that of SiO2. This is because that Zr(OH)4 and ZrO2 have a catalytic carbonization effect. It can not only improve thermal stability of wood particles by catalyzing production of high-temperature resistant residuals, but also promote the formation of catalytic sites to reduce crystallite size of carbon layer on wood particles surface, weakening heat and mass transfer between particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyuan Huang
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Bihe Yuan
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Hongming Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Sheng Shang
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huaming Dai
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Song He
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yi Niu
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Enhanced Thermal Properties of Zirconia Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Based Intumescent Flame Retardant Coatings. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9173464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Zirconia (ZrO2)-based flame retardant coatings were synthesized through the process of grinding, mixing, and curing. The flame retardant coatings reinforced with zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) were prepared at four different formulation levels marked by F0 (without adding ZrO2 NPs), F1 (1% w/w ZrO2 NPs), F2 (2% w/w ZrO2 NPs), and F3 (3% w/w ZrO2 NPs) in combination with epoxy resin, ammonium polyphosphate, boric acid, chitosan, and melamine. The prepared formulated coatings were characterized by flammability tests, combustion tests, and thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, char residues were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the controlled sample filled with functionalized ZrO2 NPs was observed to decrease dramatically with increasing functionalized ZrO2 NPs loadings. There was an increase in the limit of oxygen index (LOI) value with the increase in the weight percentage of ZrO2 NPs. The UL-94V data clearly revealed a V-1 rating for the F0 sample; however, with the addition of ZrO2 NPs, the samples showed enhanced properties with a V-0 rating. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that addition of ZrO2 NPs Improved composite coating thermal stability at 800 °C by forming high residual char. The results obtained here reveal that the addition of ZrO2 NPs in the formulated coatings has shown the excellent impact as flame retardant coatings.
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Hou Y, Hu W, Gui Z, Hu Y. Effect of cuprous oxide with different sizes on thermal and combustion behaviors of unsaturated polyester resin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 334:39-48. [PMID: 28384556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) as an effective catalyst has been applied to enhance the fire safety of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR), but the particle size influence on combustion behaviors has not been previously reported. Herein, the UPR/Cu2O composites (metal oxide particles with average particle-size of 10, 100, and 200nm) were successfully synthesized by thermosetting process. The effects of Cu2O with different sizes on thermostability and combustion behaviors of UPR were characterized by TGA, MCC, TG-IR, FTIR, and SSTF. The results revel that the addition of Cu2O contributes to sufficient decomposition of oxygen-containing compounds, which is beneficial to the release of nontoxic compounds. The smallest-sized Cu2O performs the excellent catalytic decomposition effect and promotes the complete combustion of UPR, which benefits the enhancement of fire safety. While the other additives retard pyrolysis process and yield more char residue, and thus the flame retardancy of UPR composites was improved. Therefore, catalysis plays a major role for smaller-sized particles during thermal decomposition of matrix, while flame retarded effect became gradual distinctly for the larger-sized additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Zhou Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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Jiao C, Wang H, Zhang Z, Chen X. Preparation and properties of an efficient smoke suppressant and flame-retardant agent for thermoplastic polyurethane. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Zuobin Zhang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
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Vahabi H, Lin Q, Vagner C, Cochez M, Ferriol M, Laheurte P. Investigation of thermal stability and flammability of poly(methyl methacrylate) composites by combination of APP with ZrO 2 , sepiolite or MMT. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ma ZL, Fan CR, Lu GY, Liu XY, Zhang H. Synergy of magnesium and calcium oxides in intumescent flame-retarded polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Feng JX, Su SP, Zhu J. An intumescent flame retardant system using β
-cyclodextrin as a carbon source in polylactic acid (PLA). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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