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Xu Y, Zhou R, Mu J, Ding Y, Jiang J. Synergistic flame retardancy of linear low-density polyethylene with surface modified intumescent flame retardant and zinc borate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Yan J, Xu M. Design, synthesis and application of a highly efficient mono-component intumescent flame retardant for non-charring polyethylene composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Water-Tree Resistability of UV-XLPE from Hydrophilicity of Auxiliary Crosslinkers. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184147. [PMID: 32927806 PMCID: PMC7570514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The water-resistant characteristics of ultraviolet crosslinked polyethylene (UV-XLPE) are investigated specially for the dependence on the hydrophilicities of auxiliary crosslinkers, which is significant to develop high-voltage insulating cable materials. As auxiliary crosslinking agents of polyethylene, triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), and N,N′-m-phenylenedimaleimide (HAV2) are individually adopted to prepared XLPE materials with the UV-initiation crosslinking technique, for the study of water-tree resistance through the accelerating aging experiments with water blade electrode. The stress–strain characteristics and dynamic viscoelastic properties of UV-XLPE are tested by the electronic tension machine and dynamic thermomechanical analyzer. Monte Carlo molecular simulation is used to calculate the interaction parameters and mixing energy of crosslinker/water binary systems to analyze the compatibility between water and crosslinker molecules. Water-tree experiments verify that XLPE-TAIC represents the highest ability to inhibit the growth of water-trees, while XLPE-HAV2 shows the lowest resistance to water-trees. The stress–strain and viscoelastic properties show that the concentration of molecular chains connecting the adjacent lamellae in amorphous phase of XLPE-HAV2 is significantly higher than that of XLPE-TAIC and XLPE-TMPTMA. The molecular simulation results demonstrate that TAIC/water and TMPTMA/water binary systems possess a higher hydrophilicity than that of HAV2/water, as manifested by their lower interaction parameters and mixing free energies. The auxiliary crosslinkers can not only increase the molecular density of amorphous polyethylene between lamellae to inhibit water-tree growth, but also prevent water molecules at insulation defects from agglomerating into micro-water beads by increasing the hydrophilicity of auxiliary crosslinkers, which will evidently reduce the damage of micro-water beads on the amorphous phase in UV-XLPE. The better compatibility of TAIC and water molecules is the dominant reason accounting for the excellent water resistance of XLPE-TAIC.
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Fu YW, Sun WF, Wang X. UV-Initiated Crosslinking Reaction Mechanism and Electrical Breakdown Performance of Crosslinked Polyethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E420. [PMID: 32059347 PMCID: PMC7077730 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV) irradiation crosslinking reactions of polyethylene and the electronic properties of photo-initiators and reaction products are theoretically investigated by the first-principles calculations. The crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) materials are prepared in experiments that employ the UV-initiated crosslinking technique with different photon-initiation systems. Infrared spectrum and the alternating current dielectric breakdown strength of UV-initiated XLPE are tested to explore the effect of reaction products on the breakdown characteristics in combination with the electron structure calculations. The theoretical calculations indicate that the 4-hydroxybenzophenone laurate, which is compatible with polyethylene, can effectively initiate crosslinking reactions of polyethylene molecules under UV photon excitation and will produce reaction by-products from carbonyl radicals; as a macromolecular auxiliary crosslinker, the monomer or homopolymer of dioleyl-2,2',4,4'-tetraallyl isocyanurate can form chemical connections with multiple polyethylene molecules acting as a crosslinking node in a photon-initiated reaction process. The carbonyl, hydroxyl, or ester groups of reaction by-products are capable of capturing hot electrons to prevent polyethylene molecules from impact ionization, and thus will increase the breakdown electric field. The macromolecular auxiliary crosslinker and the macromolecular photon initiator as well as its reaction by-product can convert the energy of their captured high-energy electrons into heat, which can act as a voltage stabilizer. The molecule characterization of infrared spectra demonstrates that the characteristic absorption peaks of the carbonyl in the macromolecular photon initiator and the allyl in the macromolecular auxiliary crosslinking agent are gradually decreasing in intensity as the crosslinking reaction proceeds, which is consistent with the conclusion from theoretical calculations. Compared with the small molecular photon-initiation system generally used in the photon-initiated crosslinking process, the higher dielectric breakdown field of XLPE being prepared by utilizing a macromolecular photon-initiation system is in good agreement with the calculation results of electronic affinity and ionization potential. The consistent results of the experiments and first-principles calculations elucidate the fundamental mechanism of the UV-initiation crosslinking technique and suggest a prospective routine to improve the insulation strength for developing high-voltage XLPE insulating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China;
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China;
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Jégo L, Milési D, Robin J, Joly‐Duhamel C. Study of the Photocrosslinking of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Terpolymer Under UV Irradiation. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Jégo
- ICGM, UMR 5253Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier France
| | - Daniel Milési
- Chomarat Textiles Industries company Le Cheylard France
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Wang C, Wu Y, Li Y, Shao Q, Yan X, Han C, Wang Z, Liu Z, Guo Z. Flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam with a phosphorus-nitrogen single intumescent flame retardant. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; No. 3 Xueyuan Road Taiyuan Shanxi 030051 PR China
| | - Yicheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; No. 3 Xueyuan Road Taiyuan Shanxi 030051 PR China
| | - Yingchun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; No. 3 Xueyuan Road Taiyuan Shanxi 030051 PR China
| | - Qian Shao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Shandong University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266590 China
| | - Xingru Yan
- Integrated Composites Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Cui Han
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Shandong University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266590 China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Xavier University of Louisiana; New Orleans Louisiana 70125 USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Physics and Engineering; Frostburg State University; Frostburg Maryland 21532 USA
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
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7
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Li S, Wang J, Li Y, Wu G, Wang Y, Wang W, Guo J. Preparation and applications of the tertiary copolymer poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate/methyl methacrylate/diethyl allylphosphonate. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenzhe Li
- Key Laboratory for the Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Jikui Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Petrochemical New Materials; Anqing Anhui 246011 People's Republic of China
| | - Yinyin Li
- Key Laboratory for the Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Genhua Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Petrochemical New Materials; Anqing Anhui 246011 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahong Guo
- Key Laboratory for the Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
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9
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Mani B, Kathavarayan S. Studies on photocrosslinking and flame-retardant properties of chalcone-based polyacrylamides. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boopathy Mani
- Department of Chemistry; Anna University; Chennai 600 025 Tamilnadu India
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10
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Ding W, Li J, Tao K. Char strengthened by carbon microspheres formed in situ during combustion of IFR/EVA composites catalyzed by solid super acid. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04255g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Ye W, Du L, Tian X. Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant and its Application in LLDPE. INT POLYM PROC 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, a novel phosphorus-containing flame retardant (IFR) of spirocyclic pentaerythritol diphosphonate dinitroguanidine (SPDD) was successfully synthesized, which was characterized by 1H NMR, 31P NMR and FTIR spectra. At the same time, the SPDD was used in LLDPE to prepare flame-retardant materials whose flammability and thermal behavior were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The TGA data showed that SPDD could effectively enhance the thermal stability and char residue of LLDPE/IFR composite. And with the increase of SPDD, the LOI value of LLDPE/IFR increases obviously. When SPDD reached 30 wt%, the LOI value of LLDPE/IFR reaches 31 %. The SEM also shows the surface of intumescent chars of LLDPE/IFR (30 %) has many sphere-like swollen bubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & the Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province , Anhui University, Hefei , PRC
| | - L. Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & the Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province , Anhui University, Hefei , PRC
| | - X. Tian
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei , PRC
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12
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Tang Q, Wang B, Tang G, Shi Y, Qian X, Yu B, Song L, Hu Y. Preparation of microcapsulated ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol with glycidyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate and their synergistic flame- retardancy for ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinbo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Gang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study; University of Science and Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xiaodong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study; University of Science and Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study; University of Science and Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study; University of Science and Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
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Yang X, Ge N, Hu L, Gui H, Wang Z, Ding Y. Synthesis of a novel ionic liquid containing phosphorus and its application in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Yang
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei; Anhui; 230009; China
| | - Nilin Ge
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei; Anhui; 230009; China
| | - Liuyong Hu
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei; Anhui; 230009; China
| | - Haoguan Gui
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei; Anhui; 230009; China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei; Anhui; 230026; China
| | - Yunsheng Ding
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei; Anhui; 230009; China
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14
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Cao Z, Fang Z. Synthesis of Three Novel Intumescent Flame Retardants Having Azomethine Linkages and Their Applications in EVA Copolymer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301562b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials
and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University,
Ningbo 315100, China
| | | | - Zhenhu Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials
and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University,
Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials
and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University,
Ningbo 315100, China
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