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Al-Shaeli M, Benkhaya S, Al-Juboori RA, Koyuncu I, Vatanpour V. pH-responsive membranes: Mechanisms, fabrications, and applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:173865. [PMID: 38880142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of pH-responsiveness allows researchers to design and fabricate membranes with specific functionalities for various applications. The pH-responsive membranes (PRMs) are particular categories of membranes that have an amazing aptitude to change their properties such as permeability, selectivity and surface charge in response to changes in pH levels. This review provides a brief introduction to mechanisms of pH-responsiveness in polymers and categorizes the applied polymers and functional groups. After that, different techniques for fabricating pH-responsive membranes such as grafting, the blending of pH-responsive polymers/microgels/nanomaterials, novel polymers and graphene-layered PRMs are discussed. The application of PRMs in different processes such as filtration membranes, reverse osmosis, drug delivery, gas separation, pervaporation and self-cleaning/antifouling properties with perspective to the challenges and future progress are reviewed. Lastly, the development and limitations of PRM fabrications and applications are compared to provide inclusive information for the advancement of next-generation PRMs with improved separation and filtration performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muayad Al-Shaeli
- Paul Wurth Chair, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue de l'Universit'e, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Said Benkhaya
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Raed A Al-Juboori
- NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Turkey; Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Vahid Vatanpour
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.
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Fan W, Zhu S, Nie J, Du B. Thermo-Sensitive Microgel/Poly(ether sulfone) Composited Ultrafiltration Membranes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5149. [PMID: 37512423 PMCID: PMC10385273 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Thermo-sensitive microgels known as PMO-MGs were synthesized via surfactant free emulsion polymerization, with poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA475) and 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate (MEO2MA) used as the monomers and N, N-methylene-bis-acrylamide used as the crosslinker. PMO-MGs are spherical in shape and have an average diameter of 323 ± 12 nm, as determined via transmission electron microscopy. PMO-MGs/poly (ether sulfone) (PES) composited ultrafiltration membranes were then successfully prepared via the non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method using a PMO-MG and PES mixed solution as the casting solution. The obtained membranes were systematically characterized via combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and contact angle goniometer techniques. It was found that the presence of PMO-MGs significantly improved the surface hydrophilicity and antifouling performance of the obtained membranes and the PMO-MGs mainly located on the channel surface of the membranes. At 20 °C, the pure water flux increased from 217.6 L·m-2·h-1 for pure PES membrane (M00) to 369.7 L·m-2·h-1 for PMO-MGs/PES composited membrane (M20) fabricated using the casting solution with 20-weight by percentage microgels. The incorporation of PMO-MGs also gave the composited membranes a thermo-sensitive character. When the temperature increased from 20 to 45 °C, the pure water flux of M20 membrane was enhanced from 369.7 to 618.7 L·m-2·h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Motor Vehicle Biofuel Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shaoxiong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Motor Vehicle Biofuel Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingjing Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Binyang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Motor Vehicle Biofuel Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Mah E, Ghosh R. Synthesis and characterization of positive volume phase transition hydrogel membrane prepared using a cellulose substrate. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2179493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Mah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Huang D, Gao S, Luo Y, Zhou X, Lu Z, Zou L, Hu K, Zhao Z, Zhang Y. Glucose-sensitive membrane with phenylboronic acid-based contraction-type microgels as chemical valves. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ma Y, Chen X, Wang S, Dong H, Zhai X, Shi X, Wang J, Ma R, Zhang W. Significantly enhanced antifouling and separation capabilities of PVDF membrane by synergy of semi-interpenetrating polymer and TiO2 gel nanoparticles. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Membrane pH responsibility as a remote control for pore size arrangement and surface charge adjustment in order to efficient separation of doxorubicin antitumor drug. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Baskoro F, Rajesh Kumar S, Jessie Lue S. Grafting Thin Layered Graphene Oxide onto the Surface of Nonwoven/PVDF-PAA Composite Membrane for Efficient Dye and Macromolecule Separations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E792. [PMID: 32326053 PMCID: PMC7221563 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the permeance and rejection efficiencies of different dyes (Rhodamine B and methyl orange), folic acid and a protein (bovine serum albumin) using graphene oxide composite membrane. The ultrathin separation layer of graphene oxide (thickness of 380 nm) was successfully deposited onto porous polyvinylidene fluoride-polyacrylic acid intermediate layer on nonwoven support layer using vacuum filtration. The graphene oxide addition in the composite membrane caused an increased hydrophilicity and negative surface charge than those of the membrane without graphene oxide. In the filtration process using a graphene oxide composite membrane, the permeance values of pure water, dyes, folic acid and bovine serum albumin molecules were more severely decreased (by two orders of magnitude) than those of the nonwoven/polyvinylidene fluoride-polyacrylic acid composite membrane. However, the rejection efficiency of the graphene oxide composite was significantly improved in cationic Rhodamine B (from 9% to 80.3%) and anionic methyl orange (from 28.3% to 86.6%) feed solutions. The folic acid and bovine serum albumin were nearly completely rejected from solutions using either nonwoven/polyvinylidene fluoride-polyacrylic acid or nonwoven/polyvinylidene fluoride-polyacrylic acid/graphene oxide composite membrane, but the latter possessed anti-fouling property against the protein molecules. The separation mechanism in nonwoven/polyvinylidene fluoride-polyacrylic acid membrane includes the Donnan exclusion effect (for smaller-than-pore-size solutes) and sieving mechanism (for larger solutes). The sieving mechanism governs the filtration behavior in the nonwoven/polyvinylidene fluoride-polyacrylic acid/graphene oxide composite membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febri Baskoro
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (F.B.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Selvaraj Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (F.B.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Shingjiang Jessie Lue
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (F.B.); (S.R.K.)
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan District, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Anle District, Keelung City 204, Taiwan
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Li B, Chen X, Li K, Zhang C, He Y, Du R, Wang J, Chen L. Coupling membrane and Fe–Pd bimetallic nanoparticles for trichloroethene removing from water. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Intelligent superabsorbents based on a xanthan gum/poly (acrylic acid) semi-interpenetrating polymer network for application in drug delivery systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:509-520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fabrication of high flux and fouling resistant membrane: A unique hydrophilic blend of polyvinylidene fluoride/polyethylene glycol/polymethyl methacrylate. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mondal P, Samanta NS, Meghnani V, Purkait MK. Selective glucose permeability in presence of various salts through tunable pore size of pH responsive PVDF-co-HFP membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Li XY, Xie R, Zhang C, Chen ZH, Hu JQ, Ju XJ, Wang W, Liu Z, Chu LY. Effects of hydrophilicity of blended submicrogels on the microstructure and performance of thermo-responsive membranes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zang L, Lin R, Dou T, Ma J, Sun L. Electrospun superhydrophilic membranes for effective removal of Pb(ii) from water. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:389-394. [PMID: 36132483 PMCID: PMC9473238 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00044a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibrous membranes have a high specific surface area and large porosity, which are beneficial for being used as adsorbents to remove heavy metal ions from water. In this work, electrospun nanofibers were wrapped with a hydrogel layer with a tunable thickness, which endowed the membrane with excellent superhydrophilic performance. Because of good water-retention properties and abundant functional groups originating from the hydrogel layer, as a static adsorbent, the maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(ii) was up to 146.21 mg g-1 according to the Langmuir model. Meanwhile, the electrospun membrane also possessed water permeability as a flow-through membrane for dynamic adsorption, which was obviously different from traditional hydrogel adsorbents. As a result, the rejection ratio of Pb(ii) can remain over 55% after running for 72 h under high pH conditions and at low initial ion concentrations. Apart from these, cycle operations confirmed the regeneration of the membrane, and competitive adsorption experiments illustrated the selective removal of Pb(ii) in a mixed ion solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 PR China
| | - Ru Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 PR China
| | - Tianwei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 PR China
| | - Liguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 PR China
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Ji HF, He C, Wang R, Fan X, Xiong L, Zhao WF, Zhao CS. Multifunctionalized polyethersulfone membranes with networked submicrogels to improve antifouling property, antibacterial adhesion and blood compatibility. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 96:402-411. [PMID: 30606548 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intensive efforts have been employed in modifying biomedical membranes. Among them, blending is recognized as a simple method. However, the conventional blending materials commonly lead to an insufficient modification, which is mainly caused by the poor miscibility between the blending materials and the matrixes, the elution of the hydrophilic materials from the matrixes during the use and storage, and the insufficient surface enrichment of the blending materials. Aiming to solve the abovementioned disadvantages, we developed novel polyethersulfone/poly(acrylic acid-co-N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) networked submicrogels (PES/P(AA-VP) NSs), which were blended with PES to enhance the antifouling properties, antibacterial adhesion and haemocompatible properties of PES membranes. As results, the PES/P(AA-VP) NSs showed good miscibility with the PES matrix, and hydrophilic submicrogels would enrich onto the membrane surface during the phase inversion process due to the surface segregation. The entanglement between the PES matrix and the networked submicrogels would effectively limit the elution of the submicrogels. In conclusion, the modified PES membranes prepared by blending with the PES/P(AA-VP) NSs might draw great attention for the application in haemodialysis fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Ji
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chao He
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Fan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lian Xiong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei-Feng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Chang-Sheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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He Y, Xu L, Feng X, Zhao Y, Chen L. Dopamine-induced nonionic polymer coatings for significantly enhancing separation and antifouling properties of polymer membranes: Codeposition versus sequential deposition. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Cheng B, Li Z, Li Q, Ju J, Kang W, Naebe M. Development of smart poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly(acrylic acid) tree-like nanofiber membrane for pH-responsive oil/water separation. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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17
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Xu L, Ma S, Chen X, Zhao C, Zhao Y, Chen L. A novel poly(vinylidene fluoride) composite membrane for catalysis and separation. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xu
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Shengkui Ma
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
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Wang Z, Chen X, Li K, Bi S, Wu C, Chen L. Preparation and catalytic property of PVDF composite membrane with polymeric spheres decorated by Pd nanoparticles in membrane pores. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Darvishmanesh S, Qian X, Wickramasinghe SR. Responsive membranes for advanced separations. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Sun J, Wu L, Hu F. Preparation and characterization of a PVDF/EG-POSS hybrid ultrafiltration membrane for anti-fouling improvement. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The octa vinyl silsesquioxane (OvPOSS) was used to synthesis POSS grafted ethylene glycol (EG) (EG-POSS). The hydrophilicity and anitifouling property of pure PVDF membrane was improved by incorporating EG-POSS in PVDF membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfen Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- P. R. China
| | - Lishun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Heze University
- Heze
- P. R. China
| | - Fang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- P. R. China
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Ju J, Wang C, Wang T, Wang Q. Preparation and characterization of pH-sensitive and antifouling poly(vinylidene fluoride) microfiltration membranes blended with poly(methyl methacrylate-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-acrylic acid). J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 434:175-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Temperature- and pH-sensitive membrane formed from blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(acrylic acid) microgels. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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23
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Chen X, He Y, Shi C, Fu W, Bi S, Wang Z, Chen L. Temperature- and pH-responsive membranes based on poly (vinylidene fluoride) functionalized with microgels. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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