1
|
Zhang Y, Li L, He B. Influences of solvents and monomer concentrations on the electrochemical performance and structural properties of electrodeposited PEDOT films: a comparative study in water and acetonitrile. RSC Adv 2024; 14:30045-30054. [PMID: 39309656 PMCID: PMC11413736 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03543g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has emerged as a promising coating for neural electrodes especially through convenient electrodeposition methods. To investigate the influences of solvents and EDOT monomer concentrations on the electrochemical performance and structural characteristics of PEDOT, both aqueous and acetonitrile solutions were employed with varying monomer concentrations during deposition. The prepared PEDOT films were examined for the surface morphology, electrochemical performance, and chemical structures. The results showed that an increase in EDOT concentration in either solvent led to PEDOT films with improved charge storage capacity and reduced impedance magnitude. At equivalent monomer concentrations, PEDOT films generated in acetonitrile exhibited a rougher surface texture and better electrochemical performance. Notably, the growth rate of charge storage capacity of PEDOT prepared in acetonitrile relative to the deposited charge density was 2.5 times that of PEDOT prepared in water. These findings could help to the optimization of PEDOT coating preparation to enhance electrode performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Linze Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Bingwei He
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deng WW, Zhang ZP, Rong MZ, Zhang MQ. Highly flexible yet strain-insensitive conjugated polymer. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:4507-4518. [PMID: 38982939 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00587b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Imparting excellent electrical properties, mechanical robustness, suppleness, conduction stability during deformation, and self-healing to intrinsic conducting polymers is a challenging endeavor. The reversibly interlocked macromolecular networks (RILNs) approach is utilized to tackle this problem. Specifically, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is mixed with flexible polysulfonic acid networks crosslinked by reversible Diels-Alder bonds, while rigid polyaniline networks crosslinked by reversible Schiff base bonds act as molecular staples. Owing to the joint actions of the doping effect of polyaniline on PEDOT, the specific interlocking architecture and synergy between the component materials, the electrical conductivity (59.3-980.5 S cm-1), tensile strength (8.4-81.6 MPa) and elongation at break (44.5-411.0%) of the resultant PEDOT/RILNs films is significantly tunable according to different usage scenarios by adjusting the PEDOT content from 1.48 to 22.24 wt%. More importantly, the electrical resistance of PEDOT/RILNs remains constant during not only a single large extension and deflection but also repeated stretching (up to 1500 cycles) and bending (up to 106 cycles). The built-in reversible covalent bonds enable the PEDOT/RILNs to autonomously restore damaged mechanical and electrical performance. These record-breaking results and the demonstration of self-powered sensor made of PEDOT/RILNs suggest that the proposed approach successfully satisfies various conflicting requirements of flexible electronics regarding the properties of conducting polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wen Deng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Ze Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Min Zhi Rong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Ming Qiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Jieyang 515200, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Uva A, Michailovich S, Hsu NSY, Tran H. Degradable π-Conjugated Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12271-12287. [PMID: 38656104 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The integration of next-generation electronics into society is rapidly reshaping our daily interactions and lifestyles, revolutionizing communication and engagement with the world. Future electronics promise stimuli-responsive features and enhanced biocompatibility, such as skin-like health monitors and sensors embedded in food packaging, transforming healthcare and reducing food waste. Imparting degradability may reduce the adverse environmental impact of next-generation electronics and lead to opportunities for environmental and health monitoring. While advancements have been made in producing degradable materials for encapsulants, substrates, and dielectrics, the availability of degradable conducting and semiconducting materials remains restricted. π-Conjugated polymers are promising candidates for the development of degradable conductors or semiconductors due to the ability to tune their stimuli-responsiveness, biocompatibility, and mechanical durability. This perspective highlights three design considerations: the selection of π-conjugated monomers, synthetic coupling strategies, and degradation of π-conjugated polymers, for generating π-conjugated materials for degradable electronics. We describe the current challenges with monomeric design and present options to circumvent these issues by highlighting biobased π-conjugated compounds with known degradation pathways and stable monomers that allow for chemically recyclable polymers. Next, we present coupling strategies that are compatible for the synthesis of degradable π-conjugated polymers, including direct arylation polymerization and enzymatic polymerization. Lastly, we discuss various modes of depolymerization and characterization techniques to enhance our comprehension of potential degradation byproducts formed during polymer cleavage. Our perspective considers these three design parameters in parallel rather than independently while having a targeted application in mind to accelerate the discovery of next-generation high-performance π-conjugated polymers for degradable organic electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azalea Uva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sofia Michailovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nathan Sung Yuan Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Helen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu W, Zeng H, Zhang W, Zhang W, Jiang H, Wu G, Li Z, Wang X, Huang Y, Lei Z. Aqueous in‐situ electrosynthesis and electrochromic performance of
PEDOT
:
PSS
/Reline film. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Hailan Zeng
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Weiran Zhang
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Weili Zhang
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Haiyun Jiang
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Advanced Packaging Material and Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Guohua Wu
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Ziyu Li
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Yiyang Huang
- Shenzhen Glareway Technology Co., Ltd Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Zhiyong Lei
- Shenzhen Glareway Technology Co., Ltd Shenzhen Guangdong China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dufil G, Parker D, Gerasimov JY, Nguyen TQ, Berggren M, Stavrinidou E. Enzyme-assisted in vivo polymerisation of conjugated oligomer based conductors. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4221-4227. [PMID: 32167116 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00212g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers conduct both electronic and ionic carriers and thus can stimulate and translate biological signals when used as active materials in bioelectronic devices. Self- and on-demand organization of the active material directly in the in vivo environment can result in the seamless integration of the bioelectronic interface. Along that line, we recently demonstrated spontaneous in vivo polymerization of the conjugated oligomer ETE-S in the vascular tissue of plants and the formation of conducting wires. In this work, we elucidate the mechanism of the in vivo polymerization of the ETE-S trimer and demonstrate that ETE-S polymerizes due to an enzymatic reaction where the enzyme peroxidase is the catalyst and hydrogen peroxide is the oxidant. ETE-S, therefore, represents the first example of a conducting polymer that is enzymatically polymerized in vivo. By reproducing the reaction in vitro, we gain further insight on the polymerization mechanism and show that hydrogen peroxide is the limiting factor. In plants the ETE-S triggers the catalytic cycle responsible for the lignification process, hacks this biochemical pathway and integrates within the plant cell wall, forming conductors along the plant structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwennaël Dufil
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Efficiency of a fungal laccase in 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene polymerization. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Zhao Y, Zhu H, Wang X, Liu Y, Wu X, Zhou H, Ni Z. Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of Water-Soluble Conjugated Poly[2-(3-thienyl)-Ethoxy-4-Butylsulfonate]. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8040139. [PMID: 30979232 PMCID: PMC6431961 DOI: 10.3390/polym8040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An environmentally friendly water-soluble conjugated polythiophene poly[2-(3-thienyl)-ethoxy-4-butylsulfonate] (PTEBS) has been found to be effective for making hybrid solar cells. In this work, we first report the enzyme-catalyzed polymerization of (3-thienyl)-ethoxy-4-butylsulfonate (TEBS) using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme as a catalyst and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant in an aqueous buffer. This enzyme-catalyzed polymerization is a “green synthesis process” for the synthesis of water-soluble conjugated PTEBS, the benefits of which include a simple setting, high yields, and an environmentally friendly route. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and UV–Vis absorption spectra confirm the successful enzyme-catalyzed polymerization of TEBS. The thermo gravimetric (TG) data show the obtained PTEBS is stable over a fairly high range of temperatures. The present PTEBS has a good solubility in water and ethanol, and photoluminescence quenching of PTEBS/titanium dioxide (TiO2) composite implies that the excitons dissociate and separate successfully at the interface of PTEBS and TiO2, which help to build solar cells using green processing methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Xinyang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Xiang Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Heyuan Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Zhonghai Ni
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zavada SR, Battsengel T, Scott TF. Radical-Mediated Enzymatic Polymerizations. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E195. [PMID: 26848652 PMCID: PMC4783929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymerization reactions are commonly effected by exposing monomer formulations to some initiation stimulus such as elevated temperature, light, or a chemical reactant. Increasingly, these polymerization reactions are mediated by enzymes--catalytic proteins--owing to their reaction efficiency under mild conditions as well as their environmental friendliness. The utilization of enzymes, particularly oxidases and peroxidases, for generating radicals via reduction-oxidation mechanisms is especially common for initiating radical-mediated polymerization reactions, including vinyl chain-growth polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization, thiol-ene step-growth polymerization, and polymerization via oxidative coupling. While enzyme-mediated polymerization is useful for the production of materials intended for subsequent use, it is especially well-suited for in situ polymerizations, where the polymer is formed in the place where it will be utilized. Such polymerizations are especially useful for biomedical adhesives and for sensing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Zavada
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Tsatsral Battsengel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Timothy F Scott
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ongul F, Yuksel SA, Kazici M, Bozar S, Gunbatti A, Gunes S. Effects of different formulation PEDOT:PSS hole transport layers on photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ongul
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Science; Department of Physics, Davutpasa Campus; 34210 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
| | - Sureyya Aydin Yuksel
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Science; Department of Physics, Davutpasa Campus; 34210 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kazici
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Science; Department of Physics, Davutpasa Campus; 34210 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
| | - Sinem Bozar
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Science; Department of Physics, Davutpasa Campus; 34210 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
| | - Anil Gunbatti
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Science; Department of Physics, Davutpasa Campus; 34210 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
| | - Serap Gunes
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Science; Department of Physics, Davutpasa Campus; 34210 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
| |
Collapse
|