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Ren T, Zhan H, Xu H, Chen L, Shen W, Xu Y, Zhao D, Shao Y, Wang Y. Recycling and high-value utilization of polyethylene terephthalate wastes: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118428. [PMID: 38325788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Polyethelene terephthalate (PET) is a well-known thermoplastic, and recycling PET waste is important for the natural environment and human health. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the recycling and reuse of PET waste through energy recovery and physical, chemical, and biological recycling. This article summarizes the recycling methods and the high-value products derived from PET waste, specifically detailing the research progress on regenerated PET prepared by the mechanical recycling of fiber/yarn, fabric, and composite materials, and introduces the application of PET nanofibers recycled by physical dissolution and electrospinning in fields such as filtration, adsorption, electronics, and antibacterial materials. This article explains the energy recovery of PET through thermal decomposition and comprehensively discusses various chemical recycling methods, including the reaction mechanisms, catalysts, conversion efficiencies, and reaction products, with a brief introduction to PET biodegradation using hydrolytic enzymes provided. The analysis and comparison of various recycling methods indicated that the mechanical recycling method yielded PET products with a wide range of applications in composite materials. Electrospinning is a highly promising recycling strategy for fabricating recycled PET nanofibers. Compared to other methods, physical recycling has advantages such as low cost, low energy consumption, high value, simple processing, and environmental friendliness, making it the preferred choice for the recycling and high-value utilization of waste PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Clean Dyeing and Finishing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sub-center of National Carbon Fiber Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaoxing Sub-center of National Engineering Research Center for Fiber-based Composites, Shaoxing Key Laboratory of High Performance fibers & products, College of Textile and Garment, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Haihua Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Clean Dyeing and Finishing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sub-center of National Carbon Fiber Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaoxing Sub-center of National Engineering Research Center for Fiber-based Composites, Shaoxing Key Laboratory of High Performance fibers & products, College of Textile and Garment, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Huaizhong Xu
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Lifeng Chen
- Shaoxing Baojing Composite Materials Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Shaoxing Baojing Composite Materials Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yudong Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Defang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Clean Dyeing and Finishing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sub-center of National Carbon Fiber Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaoxing Sub-center of National Engineering Research Center for Fiber-based Composites, Shaoxing Key Laboratory of High Performance fibers & products, College of Textile and Garment, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Hailiang Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Yuanyi Shao
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Yongtao Wang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Lendvai L, Singh T, Ronkay F. Thermal, thermomechanical and structural properties of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET)/waste marble dust composites. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25015. [PMID: 38318078 PMCID: PMC10839988 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this work is to review the capability of using waste marble dust (MD) particles as reinforcing materials in recycled polymeric composites to achieve environmentally friendly materials. In the present study, polymer composites were fabricated from recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) and MD and then analyzed for their structural and thermal properties. Preparation of rPET-based composites containing 0-20 wt% MD was carried out through extrusion and injection molding. For their characterization Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were applied. The DSC analysis revealed a nucleating effect of MD on rPET, which was manifested in a higher crystallization temperature (196.7 °C ⇒ 204.4 °C); however, the marble particles were also found to hamper chain mobility, thereby decreasing the crystallinity ratio (23.7 % ⇒ 19.2 %) of rPET and altering its crystalline structure. According to the TGA measurements, a slight increase occurred in the thermal stability of rPET, its major decomposition temperature increased from 446 °C to 451 °C when 20 wt% MD was incorporated into it. DMA showed an improved stiffness in the entire investigated temperature range for MD-filled composites versus neat rPET. Additionally, several factors were derived from the DMA data, including the effectiveness factor, degree of entanglement, and reinforcing efficiency factor which all suggested a decent interaction between the components indicating a proper reinforcing ability of marble powder. However, above 5 wt% MD content the reinforcing efficiency deteriorated due to the agglomeration of filler particles, which was also supported by scanning electron microscopic images.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Lendvai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Széchenyi István University, H-9026, Győr, Hungary
| | - Tej Singh
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Faculty of Informatics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Ronkay
- Department of Innovative Vehicles and Materials, GAMF Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, John von Neumann University, H-6000, Kecskemét, Hungary
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The Key to Solving Plastic Packaging Wastes: Design for Recycling and Recycling Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061485. [PMID: 36987265 PMCID: PMC10053126 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Confronted with serious environmental problems caused by the growing mountains of plastic packaging waste, the prevention and control of plastic waste has become a major concern for most countries. In addition to the recycling of plastic wastes, design for recycling can effectively prevent plastic packaging from turning into solid waste at the source. The reasons are that the design for recycling can extend the life cycle of plastic packaging and increase the recycling values of plastic waste; moreover, recycling technologies are helpful for improving the properties of recycled plastics and expanding the application market for recycled materials. This review systematically discussed the present theory, practice, strategies, and methods of design for recycling plastic packaging and extracted valuable advanced design ideas and successful cases. Furthermore, the development status of automatic sorting methods, mechanical recycling of individual and mixed plastic waste, as well as chemical recycling of thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic waste, were comprehensively summarized. The combination of the front-end design for recycling and the back-end recycling technologies can accelerate the transformation of the plastic packaging industry from an unsustainable model to an economic cycle model and then achieve the unity of economic, ecological, and social benefits.
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Song Y, Xue B, Wang J, Qin R, Niu M. Ammonium polyphosphate wrapped carbon microspheres: a novel flame retardant with smoke suppression for poly (ethylene terephthalate). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ronkay F, Molnár B, Szalay F, Nagy D, Bodzay B, Sajó IE, Bocz K. Development of Flame-Retarded Nanocomposites from Recycled PET Bottles for the Electronics Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E233. [PMID: 30960217 PMCID: PMC6419026 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycled polyethylene-terephthalate (rPET) nanocomposites of reduced flammability were prepared by combining aluminum-alkylphosphinate (AlPi) flame retardant (FR) and natural montmorillonite (MMT), in order to demonstrate that durable, technical products can be produced from recycled materials. During the development of the material, by varying the FR content, the ratio and the type of MMTs, rheological, morphological, mechanical and flammability properties of the nanocomposites were comprehensively investigated. Related to the differences between the dispersion and nucleation effect of MMT and organo-modified MMT (oMMT) in rPET matrix, analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), mechanical properties of the nanocomposites changed differently. The flexural strength and modulus were increased more significantly by adding untreated MMT than by the oMMT, however the impact strength was decreased by both types of nanofillers. The use of different type of MMTs resulted in contradictory flammability test result; time-to-ignition (TTI) during cone calorimeter tests decreased when oMMT was added to the rPET, however MMT addition resulted in an increase of the TTI also when combined with 4% FR. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the oMMT containing composites decreased independently from the FR content, however, the MMT increased it noticeably. V0 classification according to the UL-94 standard was achieved with as low as 4% FR and 1% MMT content. The applicability of the upgraded recycled material was proved by a pilot experiment, where large-scale electronic parts were produced by injection molding and characterized with respect to the commercially available counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Ronkay
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University ofTechnology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- Imsys Ltd., Material Testing Laboratory, Mozaik Street 14/A., H-1033 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Béla Molnár
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University ofTechnology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- Imsys Ltd., Material Testing Laboratory, Mozaik Street 14/A., H-1033 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Szalay
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University ofTechnology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Nagy
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University ofTechnology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Brigitta Bodzay
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - István E Sajó
- Environmental Analytical and Geoanalytical Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University ofPécs, Vasvári Pál str. 4., H-7622 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Bocz
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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