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Brió Pérez M, Wurm FR, de Beer S. On the Road to Circular Polymer Brushes: Challenges and Prospects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7249-7256. [PMID: 38556745 PMCID: PMC11008239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are unique surface coatings that have been of high interest in research for the past decades due to their covalent tethering to surfaces and the broad spectrum of polymers that can be grafted to or grafted from various surfaces. Modification of surfaces with brushes may provide lubricious and/or antifouling properties, and they can also potentially be used in many application fields due to their high responsiveness toward certain stimuli. Generally, polymer brushes are long-lasting coatings, while their end-of-life has to date largely been neglected. Therefore, it is important to consider additional design methodologies to produce circular brushes, which will degrade after a certain period of time such that surfaces can be reused, and the potentially obtained monomers may be used again to synthesize new brushes. In this Perspective, we aim to tackle and understand the challenges to translate the knowledge on degradation and chemical recycling of bulk polymers toward circular polymer brushes. We summarized the recent developments on (bio)degradable polymer brushes and the challenges that are to be tackled toward their potential implementation as circular coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brió Pérez
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Schulz A, Harteveld CAM, Vancso GJ, Huskens J, Cloetens P, Vos WL. Targeted Positioning of Quantum Dots Inside 3D Silicon Photonic Crystals Revealed by Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Tomography. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3674-3683. [PMID: 35187934 PMCID: PMC8945387 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is a major outstanding goal in nanotechnology to precisely position functional nanoparticles, such as quantum dots, inside a three-dimensional (3D) nanostructure in order to realize innovative functions. Once the 3D positioning is performed, the challenge arises how to nondestructively verify where the nanoparticles reside in the 3D nanostructure. Here, we study 3D photonic band gap crystals made of Si that are infiltrated with PbS nanocrystal quantum dots. The nanocrystals are covalently bonded to polymer brush layers that are grafted to the Si-air interfaces inside the 3D nanostructure using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The functionalized 3D nanostructures are probed by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) tomography that is performed at 17 keV photon energy to obtain large penetration depths and efficient excitation of the elements of interest. Spatial projection maps were obtained followed by tomographic reconstruction to obtain the 3D atom density distribution with 50 nm voxel size for all chemical elements probed: Cl, Cr, Cu, Ga, Br, and Pb. The quantum dots are found to be positioned inside the 3D nanostructure, and their positions correlate with the positions of elements characteristic of the polymer brush layer and the ATRP initiator. We conclude that X-ray fluorescence tomography is very well suited to nondestructively characterize 3D nanomaterials with photonic and other functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas
S. Schulz
- Complex
Photonic Systems (COPS), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Molecular
Nanofabrication (MNF), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,
P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers (MTP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,
P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. Harteveld
- Complex
Photonic Systems (COPS), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers (MTP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,
P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular
Nanofabrication (MNF), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,
P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Cloetens
- ESRF-The
European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Willem L. Vos
- Complex
Photonic Systems (COPS), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Mei H, Laws TS, Terlier T, Verduzco R, Stein GE. Characterization of polymeric surfaces and interfaces using
time‐of‐flight
secondary ion mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Mei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston Texas USA
| | - Travis S. Laws
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- Shared Equipment Authority Rice University Houston Texas USA
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston Texas USA
- Shared Equipment Authority Rice University Houston Texas USA
- Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University Houston Texas USA
| | - Gila E. Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
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Baliś A, Wolski K, Zapotoczny S. Thermoresponsive Polymer Gating System on Mesoporous Shells of Silica Particles Serving as Smart Nanocontainers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E888. [PMID: 32290489 PMCID: PMC7240617 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spherical silica nanoparticles with solid cores and mesoporous shells (SCMS) were decorated with thermoresponsive polymer brushes that were shown to serve as macromolecular valves to control loading and unloading of a model dye within the mesopores. Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes were grafted from the surfaces of both solid core (SC) and SCMS particles of similar size using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Both systems based on porous (SCMS-PNIPAM) and nonporous (SC-PNIPAM) particles were characterized using cryo-TEM, thermogravimetry and elemental analysis to determine the structure and composition of the decorated nanoparticles. The grafted PNIPAM brushes were found to be responsive to temperature changes enabling temperature-controlled gating of the pores. The processes of loading and unloading in the obtained systems were examined using a model fluorescent dye-rhodamine 6G. Polymer brushes in SCMS-PNIPAM systems were shown to serve as molecular valves enabling significant adsorption (loading) of the dye inside the pores with respect to the SC-PNIPAM (no pores) and SCMS (no valves) systems. The effective unloading of the fluorescent cargo molecules from the decorated nanoparticles was achieved in a water/methanol solution. The obtained SCMS-PNIPAM particles may be used as smart nanocontainers or nanoreactors offering also facile isolation from the suspension due to the presence of dense cores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (K.W.)
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Capillary isoelectric focusing with free or immobilized pH gradient in silica particles packed column. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:230-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yan CN, Xu L, Liu QD, Zhang W, Jia R, Liu CZ, Wang SS, Wang LP, Li G. Surface-Induced ARGET ATRP for Silicon Nanoparticles with Fluorescent Polymer Brushes. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1228. [PMID: 31340523 PMCID: PMC6680766 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-defined polymer brushes attached to nanoparticles offer an elegant opportunity for surface modification because of their excellent mechanical stability, functional versatility, high graft density as well as controllability of surface properties. This study aimed to prepare hybrid materials with good dispersion in different solvents, and to endow this material with certain fluorescence characteristics. Well-defined diblock copolymers poly (styrene)-b-poly (hydroxyethyl methyl acrylate)-co-poly (hydroxyethyl methyl acrylate- rhodamine B) grafted silica nanoparticles (SNPs-g-PS-b-PHEMA-co-PHEMA-RhB) hybrid materials were synthesized via surface-initiated activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ARGET ATRP). The SNPs surfaces were modified by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH-550) firstly, then the initiators 2-Bromoisobutyryl bromide (BIBB) was attached to SNPs surfaces through the esterification of acyl bromide groups and amidogen groups. The synthetic initiators (SNPs-Br) were further used for the SI-ARGET ATRP of styrene (St), hydroxyethyl methyl acrylate (HEMA) and hydroxyethyl methyl acrylate-rhodamine B (HEMA-RhB). The results indicated that the SI-ARGET ATRP initiator had been immobilized onto SNPs surfaces, the Br atom have located at the end of the main polymer chains, and the polymerization process possessed the characteristic of controlled/"living" polymerization. The SNPs-g-PS-b-PHEMA-co-PHEMA-RhB hybrid materials show good fluorescence performance and good dispersion in water and EtOH but aggregated in THF. This study demonstrates that the SI-ARGET ATRP provided a unique way to tune the polymer brushes structure on silica nanoparticles surface and further broaden the application of SI-ARGET ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Na Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Lin Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qing-Di Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Rui Jia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Guang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
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Gruszkiewicz A, Słowikowska M, Grześ G, Wójcik A, Rokita J, Fiocco A, Wytrwal-Sarna M, Marzec M, Trzebicka B, Kopeć M, Wolski K, Zapotoczny S. Enhancement of the growth of polymer brushes via ATRP initiated from ions-releasing indium tin oxide substrates. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Pomorska A, Wolski K, Wytrwal-Sarna M, Bernasik A, Zapotoczny S. Polymer brushes grafted from nanostructured zinc oxide layers – Spatially controlled decoration of nanorods. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sprott MR, Gallego‐Ferrer G, Dalby MJ, Salmerón‐Sánchez M, Cantini M. Functionalization of PLLA with Polymer Brushes to Trigger the Assembly of Fibronectin into Nanonetworks. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801469. [PMID: 30609243 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) has been used as a biodegradable polymer for many years; the key characteristics of this polymer make it a versatile and useful resource for regenerative medicine. However, it is not inherently bioactive. Thus, here, a novel process is presented to functionalize PLLA surfaces with poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) brushes to provide biological functionality through PEA's ability to induce spontaneous organization of the extracellular matrix component fibronectin (FN) into physiological-like nanofibrils. This process allows control of surface biofunctionality while maintaining PLLA bulk properties (i.e., degradation profile, mechanical strength). The new approach is based on surface-initiated atomic transfer radical polymerization, which achieves a molecularly thin coating of PEA on top of the underlying PLLA. Beside surface characterization via atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle to measure PEA grafting, the biological activity of this surface modification is investigated. PEA brushes trigger FN organization into nanofibrils, which retain their ability to enhance adhesion and differentiation of C2C12 cells. The results demonstrate the potential of this technology to engineer controlled microenvironments to tune cell fate via biologically active surface modification of an otherwise bioinert biodegradable polymer, gaining wide use in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robert Sprott
- Centre for the Cellular MicroenvironmentUniversity of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8LT UK
| | - Gloria Gallego‐Ferrer
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue EngineeringUniversitat Politècnica de València Valencia 46022 Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in BioengineeringBiomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN) Valencia 46022 Spain
| | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre for the Cellular MicroenvironmentUniversity of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8LT UK
| | | | - Marco Cantini
- Centre for the Cellular MicroenvironmentUniversity of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8LT UK
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Mandal J, Simic R, Spencer ND. Tuning and in situ monitoring of surface-initiated, atom-transfer radical polymerization of acrylamide derivatives in water-based solvents. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SI-ATRP kinetics of acrylamide derivatives is studied in situ using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The effect of growth kinetics on polymer-brush dispersity have been examined using colloidal-probe atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Mandal
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Rok Simic
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Nicholas D. Spencer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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