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Cordista V, Patel S, Lawson R, Lee G, Verheyen M, Westbrook A, Shelton N, Sapkota P, Zabala Valencia I, Gaddam C, Thomas J. Towards a Customizable, SLA 3D-Printed Biliary Stent: Optimizing a Commercially Available Resin and Predicting Stent Behavior with Accurate In Silico Testing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1978. [PMID: 39065295 PMCID: PMC11280906 DOI: 10.3390/polym16141978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the bile ducts and surrounding tissues can impede bile flow from the liver into the intestines. If this occurs, a plastic or self-expanding metal (SEM) stent is placed to restore bile drainage. United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved plastic biliary stents are less expensive than SEMs but have limited patency and can occlude bile flow if placed spanning a duct juncture. Recently, we investigated the effects of variations to post-processing and autoclaving on a commercially available stereolithography (SLA) resin in an effort to produce a suitable material for use in a biliary stent, an FDA Class II medical device. We tested six variations from the manufacturer's recommended post-processing and found that tripling the isopropanol (IPA) wash time to 60 min and reducing the time and temperature of the UV cure to 10 min at 40 °C, followed by a 30 min gravity autoclave cycle, yielded a polymer that was flexible and non-cytotoxic. In turn, we designed and fabricated customizable, SLA 3D-printed polymeric biliary stents that permit bile flow at a duct juncture and can be deployed via catheter. Next, we generated an in silico stent 3-point bend test to predict displacements and peak stresses in the stent designs. We confirmed our simulation accuracy with experimental data from 3-point bend tests on SLA 3D-printed stents. Unfortunately, our 3-point bend test simulation indicates that, when bent to the degree needed for placement via catheter (~30°), the peak stress the stents are predicted to experience would exceed the yield stress of the polymer. Thus, the risk of permanent deformation or damage during placement via catheter to a stent printed and post-processed as we have described would be significant. Moving forward, we will test alternative resins and post-processing parameters that have increased elasticity but would still be compatible with use in a Class II medical device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cordista
- School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA; (V.C.); (S.P.); (R.L.); (G.L.); (M.V.); (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.S.); (I.Z.V.); (C.G.)
- McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63114, USA
| | - Sagar Patel
- School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA; (V.C.); (S.P.); (R.L.); (G.L.); (M.V.); (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.S.); (I.Z.V.); (C.G.)
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Rebecca Lawson
- School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA; (V.C.); (S.P.); (R.L.); (G.L.); (M.V.); (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.S.); (I.Z.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Gunhee Lee
- School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA; (V.C.); (S.P.); (R.L.); (G.L.); (M.V.); (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.S.); (I.Z.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Morgan Verheyen
- School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA; (V.C.); (S.P.); (R.L.); (G.L.); (M.V.); (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.S.); (I.Z.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Ainsley Westbrook
- School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA; (V.C.); (S.P.); (R.L.); (G.L.); (M.V.); (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.S.); (I.Z.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Nathan Shelton
- School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA; (V.C.); (S.P.); (R.L.); (G.L.); (M.V.); (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.S.); (I.Z.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Prakriti Sapkota
- School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA; (V.C.); (S.P.); (R.L.); (G.L.); (M.V.); (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.S.); (I.Z.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Isabella Zabala Valencia
- School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA; (V.C.); (S.P.); (R.L.); (G.L.); (M.V.); (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.S.); (I.Z.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Cynthia Gaddam
- School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA; (V.C.); (S.P.); (R.L.); (G.L.); (M.V.); (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.S.); (I.Z.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Joanna Thomas
- School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA; (V.C.); (S.P.); (R.L.); (G.L.); (M.V.); (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.S.); (I.Z.V.); (C.G.)
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Bartolf-Kopp M, Jungst T. The Past, Present, and Future of Tubular Melt Electrowritten Constructs to Mimic Small Diameter Blood Vessels - A Stable Process? Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2400426. [PMID: 38607966 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Melt Electrowriting (MEW) is a continuously growing manufacturing platform. Its advantage is the consistent production of micro- to nanometer fibers, that stack intricately, forming complex geometrical shapes. MEW allows tuning of the mechanical properties of constructs via the geometry of deposited fibers. Due to this, MEW can create complex mechanics only seen in multi-material compounds and serve as guiding structures for cellular alignment. The advantage of MEW is also shown in combination with other biotechnological manufacturing methods to create multilayered constructs that increase mechanical approximation to native tissues, biocompatibility, and cellular response. These features make MEW constructs a perfect candidate for small-diameter vascular graft structures. Recently, studies have presented fascinating results in this regard, but is this truly the direction that tubular MEW will follow or are there also other options on the horizon? This perspective will explore the origins and developments of tubular MEW and present its growing importance in the field of artificial small-diameter vascular grafts with mechanical modulation and improved biomimicry and the impact of it in convergence with other manufacturing methods and how future technologies like AI may influence its progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bartolf-Kopp
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Biofabrication and Functional Materials, University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Jungst
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Biofabrication and Functional Materials, University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Marturello DM, Déjardin LM. Post-sterilization Dimensional Accuracy of Methacrylate Monomer Biocompatible Three-Dimensionally Printed Mock Surgical Guides. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2023; 36:279-286. [PMID: 37327880 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1768991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the post-sterilization dimensional accuracy of a standardized drilling guide, three-dimensionally printed using biocompatible methacrylate monomers. STUDY DESIGN A mock surgical guide was designed and printed in five resins (n = 5/material) using a commercially available desktop stereolithography printer. Pre- and post-sterilization dimensions were measured for each sterilization method (steam, ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide gas), then statistically compared; p-value less than or equal 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS While all resins produced highly accurate replicas of the designed guide, the amber and black resins were unaffected by any sterilization method (p ≥ 0.9). For other materials, ethylene oxide produced the largest dimensional changes. However, mean post-sterilization dimensional changes for all materials and sterilization methods remained less than or equal to 0.05mm CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that post-sterilization dimensional change of evaluated biomaterials was minimal, and less than previously reported. Additionally, amber and black resins may be preferred to reduce post-sterilization dimensional change, as they were unaffected by any sterilization method. Given the results of this study, surgeons should feel confident using the Form 3B printer to create patient surgical guides. Furthermore, bioresins may provide safer alternatives for patients compared with other three-dimensional printed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Marturello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Loïc M Déjardin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
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Loukelis K, Helal ZA, Mikos AG, Chatzinikolaidou M. Nanocomposite Bioprinting for Tissue Engineering Applications. Gels 2023; 9:103. [PMID: 36826273 PMCID: PMC9956920 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting aims to provide new avenues for regenerating damaged human tissues through the controlled printing of live cells and biocompatible materials that can function therapeutically. Polymeric hydrogels are commonly investigated ink materials for 3D and 4D bioprinting applications, as they can contain intrinsic properties relative to those of the native tissue extracellular matrix and can be printed to produce scaffolds of hierarchical organization. The incorporation of nanoscale material additives, such as nanoparticles, to the bulk of inks, has allowed for significant tunability of the mechanical, biological, structural, and physicochemical material properties during and after printing. The modulatory and biological effects of nanoparticles as bioink additives can derive from their shape, size, surface chemistry, concentration, and/or material source, making many configurations of nanoparticle additives of high interest to be thoroughly investigated for the improved design of bioactive tissue engineering constructs. This paper aims to review the incorporation of nanoparticles, as well as other nanoscale additive materials, to printable bioinks for tissue engineering applications, specifically bone, cartilage, dental, and cardiovascular tissues. An overview of the various bioinks and their classifications will be discussed with emphasis on cellular and mechanical material interactions, as well the various bioink formulation methodologies for 3D and 4D bioprinting techniques. The current advances and limitations within the field will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Loukelis
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Zina A. Helal
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FO.R.T.H), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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Polonio-Alcalá E, Casanova-Batlle E, Puig T, Ciurana J. The solvent chosen for the manufacturing of electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds influences cell behavior of lung cancer cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19440. [PMID: 36376404 PMCID: PMC9663546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a trustworthy in vitro lung cancer model is essential to better understand the illness, find novel biomarkers, and establish new treatments. Polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun nanofibers are a cost-effective and ECM-like approach for 3D cell culture. However, the solvent used to prepare the polymer solution has a significant impact on the fiber morphology and, consequently, on the cell behavior. Hence, the present study evaluated the effect of the solvent employed in the manufacturing on the physical properties of 15%-PCL electrospun scaffolds and consequently, on cell behavior of NCI-H1975 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Five solvents mixtures (acetic acid, acetic acid-formic acid (3:1, v/v), acetone, chloroform-ethanol (7:3, v/v), and chloroform-dichloromethane (7:3, v/v)) were tested. The highest cell viability ([Formula: see text] = 33.4%) was found for cells cultured on chloroform-ethanol (7:3) PCL scaffolds. Chloroform-dichloromethane (7:3) PCL scaffolds exhibited a roughness that enhanced the quality of electrospun filament, in terms of cell viability. Our findings highlighted the influence of the solvent on fiber morphology and protein adsorption capacity of nanofilaments. Consequently, these features directly affected cell attachment, morphology, and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Polonio-Alcalá
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Girona, Spain ,grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab)-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Enric Casanova-Batlle
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Teresa Puig
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab)-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ciurana
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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Korelidou A, Domínguez-Robles J, Magill ER, Eleftheriadou M, Cornelius VA, Donnelly RF, Margariti A, Larrañeta E. 3D-printed reservoir-type implants containing poly(lactic acid)/poly(caprolactone) porous membranes for sustained drug delivery. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:213024. [PMID: 35908473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Implantable drug delivery systems are an interesting alternative to conventional drug delivery systems to achieve local or systemic drug delivery. In this work, we investigated the potential of fused-deposition modelling to prepare reservoir-type implantable devices for sustained drug delivery. An antibiotic was chosen as a model molecule to evaluate the potential of this type of technology to prepare implants on-demand to provide prophylactic antimicrobial treatment after surgery. The first step was to prepare and characterize biodegradable rate-controlling porous membranes based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL). These membranes were prepared using a solvent casting method. The resulting materials contained different PLA/PCL ratios. Cylindrical implants were 3D-printed vertically on top of the membranes. Tetracycline (TC) was loaded inside the implants and drug release was evaluated. The results suggested that membranes containing a PLA/PCL ratio of 50/50 provided drug release over periods of up to 25 days. On the other hand, membranes containing lower PCL content did not show a porous structure and accordingly the drug could not permeate to the same extent. The influence of different parameters on drug release was evaluated. It was established that film thickness, drug content and implant size are critical parameters as they have a direct influence on drug release kinetics. In all cases the implants were capable of providing drug release for at least 25 days. The antimicrobial properties of the implants were evaluated against E. coli and S. aureus. The resulting implants showed antimicrobial properties at day 0 and even after 21 days against both type of microorganisms. Finally, the biocompatibility of the implants was evaluated using endothelial cells. Cells exposed to implants were compared with a control group. There were no differences between both groups in terms of cell proliferation and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Korelidou
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Juan Domínguez-Robles
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Magill
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Magdalini Eleftheriadou
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Victoria A Cornelius
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Andriana Margariti
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Polonio-Alcalá E, Rabionet M, Ruiz-Martínez S, Palomeras S, Porta R, Vásquez-Dongo C, Bosch-Barrera J, Puig T, Ciurana J. Polycaprolactone Electrospun Scaffolds Produce an Enrichment of Lung Cancer Stem Cells in Sensitive and Resistant EGFRm Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215320. [PMID: 34771484 PMCID: PMC8582538 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The culture of lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) is not possible using traditional flat polystyrene surfaces. The study of these tumor-initiating cells is fundamental due to their key role in the resistance to anticancer therapies, tumor recurrence, and metastasis. Hence, we evaluated the use of polycaprolactone electrospun (PCL-ES) scaffolds for culturing LCSC population in sensitive and resistant EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma models. Our findings revealed that both cell models seeded on PCL-ES structures showed a higher drug resistance, enhanced levels of several genes and proteins related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal process, stemness, and surface markers, and the activation of the Hedgehog pathway. We also determined that the non-expression of CD133 was associated with a low degree of histological differentiation, disease progression, distant metastasis, and worse overall survival in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer patients. Therefore, we confirmed PCL-ES scaffolds as a suitable three-dimensional cell culture model for the study of LCSC niche. Abstract The establishment of a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model for lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) is needed because the study of these stem cells is unable to be done using flat surfaces. The study of LCSCs is fundamental due to their key role in drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and metastasis. Hence, the purpose of this work is the evaluation of polycaprolactone electrospun (PCL-ES) scaffolds for culturing LCSCs in sensitive and resistant EGFR-mutated (EGFRm) lung adenocarcinoma cell models. We performed a thermal, physical, and biological characterization of 10% and 15%-PCL-ES structures. Several genes and proteins associated with LCSC features were analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Vimentin and CD133 tumor expression were evaluated in samples from 36 patients with EGFRm non-small cell lung cancer through immunohistochemistry. Our findings revealed that PC9 and PC9-GR3 models cultured on PCL-ES scaffolds showed higher resistance to osimertinib, upregulation of ABCB1, Vimentin, Snail, Twist, Sox2, Oct-4, and CD166, downregulation of E-cadherin and CD133, and the activation of Hedgehog pathway. Additionally, we determined that the non-expression of CD133 was significantly associated with a low degree of histological differentiation, disease progression, and distant metastasis. To sum up, we confirmed PCL-ES scaffolds as a suitable 3D cell culture model for the study of the LCSC niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Polonio-Alcalá
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (E.P.-A.); (M.R.)
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab)-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (S.P.); (R.P.); (C.V.-D.)
| | - Marc Rabionet
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (E.P.-A.); (M.R.)
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab)-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (S.P.); (R.P.); (C.V.-D.)
| | - Santiago Ruiz-Martínez
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab)-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (S.P.); (R.P.); (C.V.-D.)
| | - Sònia Palomeras
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab)-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (S.P.); (R.P.); (C.V.-D.)
| | - Rut Porta
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab)-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (S.P.); (R.P.); (C.V.-D.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain;
| | - Carmen Vásquez-Dongo
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab)-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (S.P.); (R.P.); (C.V.-D.)
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Puig
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab)-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (S.P.); (R.P.); (C.V.-D.)
- Correspondence: (T.P.); (J.C.); Tel.: +34-972-419-628 (T.P.); +34-972-418-384 (J.C.)
| | - Joaquim Ciurana
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (E.P.-A.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (T.P.); (J.C.); Tel.: +34-972-419-628 (T.P.); +34-972-418-384 (J.C.)
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Domsta V, Seidlitz A. 3D-Printing of Drug-Eluting Implants: An Overview of the Current Developments Described in the Literature. Molecules 2021; 26:4066. [PMID: 34279405 PMCID: PMC8272161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of 3D-printing for drug-eluting implants combines the advantages of a targeted local drug therapy over longer periods of time at the precise location of the disease with a manufacturing technique that easily allows modifications of the implant shape to comply with the individual needs of each patient. Research until now has been focused on several aspects of this topic such as 3D-printing with different materials or printing techniques to achieve implants with different shapes, mechanical properties or release profiles. This review is intended to provide an overview of the developments currently described in the literature. The topic is very multifaceted and several of the investigated aspects are not related to just one type of application. Consequently, this overview deals with the topic of 3D-printed drug-eluting implants in the application fields of stents and catheters, gynecological devices, devices for bone treatment and surgical screws, antitumoral devices and surgical meshes, as well as other devices with either simple or complex geometry. Overall, the current findings highlight the great potential of the manufacturing of drug-eluting implants via 3D-printing technology for advanced individualized medicine despite remaining challenges such as the regulatory approval of individualized implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Domsta
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Seidlitz
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP. Widely accessible 3D printing technologies in chemistry, biochemistry and pharmaceutics: applications, materials and prospects. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ranganathan SI, Kohama C, Mercurio T, Salvatore A, Benmassaoud MM, Kim TWB. Effect of temperature and ultraviolet light on the bacterial kill effectiveness of antibiotic-infused 3D printed implants. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:59. [PMID: 32845409 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Drug eluting 3D printed polymeric implants have great potential in orthopaedic applications since they are relatively inexpensive and can be designed to be patient specific thereby providing quality care. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Stereolithography (SLA) are among the most popular techniques available to print such polymeric implants. These techniques facilitate introducing antibiotics into the material at microscales during the manufacturing stage and subsequently, the printed implants can be engineered to release drugs in a controlled manner. However, FDM uses high temperature to melt the filament as it passes through the nozzle and SLA relies on exposure to nanoscale wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light which can adversely affect the anti-bacterial effectiveness of the antibiotics. The focus of this article is two-fold: i) Examine the effect of high temperature on the bacterial kill-effectiveness of eluted antibiotics through Polycaprolactone (PCL) based femoral implants and ii) Examine the effect of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light on the bacterial kill-effectiveness of eluted antibiotics through femoral implants made up of a composite resin with various weight fractions of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate (PEGDA). Results indicate that even after exposing doxycycline, vancomycin and cefazolin at different temperatures between 20oC and 230oC, the antibiotics did not lose their effectiveness (kill radius of at least 0.85 cm). For doxycycline infused implants exposed to UV light, it was seen that a resin with 20 % PEGDA and 80 % PEG had the highest efficacy (1.8 cm of kill radius) and the lowest efficacy was found in an implant with 100 % PEGDA (1.2 cm of kill radius).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumar I Ranganathan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 7054 Haycock Road, Falls Church, VA, 22043, USA.
| | - Christopher Kohama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Theo Mercurio
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Alec Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Mohammed Mehdi Benmassaoud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Tae Won B Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, 3 Cooper Plaza, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
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Qiu T, Jiang W, Yan P, Jiao L, Wang X. Development of 3D-Printed Sulfated Chitosan Modified Bioresorbable Stents for Coronary Artery Disease. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:462. [PMID: 32509747 PMCID: PMC7248363 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioresorbable polymeric stents have attracted great interest for coronary artery disease because they can provide mechanical support first and then disappear within a desired time period. The conventional manufacturing process is laser cutting, and generally they are fabricated from tubular prototypes produced by injection molding or melt extrusion. The aim of this study is to fabricate and characterize a novel bioresorbable polymeric stent for treatment of coronary artery disease. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is investigated as suitable material for biomedical stents. A rotary 3D printing method is developed to fabricate the polymeric stents. Surface modification of polymeric stent is performed by immobilization of 2-N, 6-O-sulfated chitosan (26SCS). Physical and chemical characterization results showed that the surface microstructure of 3D-pinted PCL stents can be influenced by 26SCS modification, but no significant difference was observed for their mechanical behavior. Biocompatibility assessment results indicated that PCL and S-PCL stents possess good compatibility with blood and cells, and 26SCS modification can enhance cell proliferation. These results suggest that 3D printed PCL stent can be a potential candidate for coronary artery disease by modification of sulfated chitosan (CS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for Advanced Machining, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for Advanced Machining, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for Advanced Machining, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for Advanced Machining, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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12
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Ghilan A, Chiriac AP, Nita LE, Rusu AG, Neamtu I, Chiriac VM. Trends in 3D Printing Processes for Biomedical Field: Opportunities and Challenges. JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2020; 28:1345-1367. [PMID: 32435165 PMCID: PMC7224028 DOI: 10.1007/s10924-020-01722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ghilan
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Aurica P. Chiriac
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Loredana E. Nita
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Alina G. Rusu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Iordana Neamtu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Vlad Mihai Chiriac
- “Gh. Asachi” Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Bd. Carol I, 11A, Iasi, 700506 Romania
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- Nanosciences Division, National Center For Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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14
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Preem L, Vaarmets E, Meos A, Jõgi I, Putrinš M, Tenson T, Kogermann K. Effects and efficacy of different sterilization and disinfection methods on electrospun drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118450. [PMID: 31229531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological quality of a pharmaceutical product is an essential requirement ensuring patient safety, thus effective sterilization/disinfection methods need to be found. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different sterilization/disinfection methods on drug-loaded electrospun matrices and the impact of these treatments on the functionality related characteristics of these matrices. The sterilization efficacy of gamma-irradiation, ultraviolet-irradiation, in situ generated chlorine gas and low-pressure argon plasma treatment were evaluated on two different chloramphenicol-loaded electrospun matrices using pristine polycaprolactone (PCL) as a carrier polymer or PCL in combination with polyethylene oxide. Drug stability, solid state properties, morphology, mechanical properties, swelling, biodegradation and drug release kinetics were studied before and after the treatments. It was shown that all tested methods help to reduce bioburden and only plasma treated matrices were not sterile. At the same time drug degradation after the treatment can be considerable and depends not only on the susceptibility of the drug to degradation, but also on matrix properties (e.g. the nature of carrier polymers). Even though no morphological changes were observed, gamma sterilization increased the hardness and elasticity of PCL matrices as a result of increased crystallinity of the polymer. Plasma treatment was able to significantly enhance water absorption to otherwise hydrophobic PCL/CAM matrix and had tremendous impact on its drug release kinetics as the drug was instantly released from otherwise prolonged release formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liis Preem
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Ebe Vaarmets
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Meos
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Indrek Jõgi
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Marta Putrinš
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Karin Kogermann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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15
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PLA Electrospun Scaffolds for Three-Dimensional Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Culture. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050916. [PMID: 31126035 PMCID: PMC6572693 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) systems provide a suitable environment for cells cultured in vitro since they reproduce the physiological conditions that traditional cell culture supports lack. Electrospinning is a cost-effective technology useful to manufacture scaffolds with nanofibers that resemble the extracellular matrix that surround cells in the organism. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a synthetic polymer suitable for biomedical applications. The main objective of this study is to evaluate electrospun (ES)-PLA scaffolds to be used for culturing cancer cells. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype with no validated targeted therapy and a high relapse rate. MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells were grown in scaffolds from two different PLA concentrations (12% and 15% w/v). The appropriateness of ES-PLA scaffolds was evaluated using a cell proliferation assay. EGFR and STAT3 gene expression and protein levels were compared in cells grown in 2D versus in 3D cultures. An increase in STAT3 activation was shown, which is related to self-renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Therefore, the enrichment of the breast CSC (BCSC) population was tested using a mammosphere-forming assay and gene expression of BCSC-related stemness and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers. Based on the results obtained, ES-PLA scaffolds are useful for 3D cultures in short culture periods with no BCSC-enrichment.
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Polonio-Alcalá E, Rabionet M, Guerra AJ, Yeste M, Ciurana J, Puig T. Screening of Additive Manufactured Scaffolds Designs for Triple Negative Breast Cancer 3D Cell Culture and Stem-Like Expansion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3148. [PMID: 30322103 PMCID: PMC6213377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are tumor-initiating cells responsible for metastasis and tumor reappearance, but their research is limited by the impossibility to cultivate them in a monolayer culture. Scaffolds are three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems which avoid problems related with culturing BCSC. However, a standardized scaffold for enhancing a BCSC population is still an open issue. The main aim of this study is to establish a suitable poly (lactic acid) (PLA) scaffold which will produce BCSC enrichment, thus allowing them to be studied. Different 3D printing parameters were analyzed using Taguchi experimental design methods. Several PLA scaffold architectures were manufactured using a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printer. They were then evaluated by cell proliferation assay and the configurations with the highest growth rates were subjected to BCSC quantification by ALDH activity. The design SS1 (0.2 mm layer height, 70% infill density, Zigzag infill pattern, 45° infill direction, and 100% flow) obtained the highest proliferation rate and was capable of enhancing a ALDH+ cell population compared to 2D cell culture. In conclusion, the data obtained endorse the PLA porous scaffold as useful for culturing breast cancer cells in a microenvironment similar to in vivo and increasing the numbers of BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Polonio-Alcalá
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab)-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Marc Rabionet
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab)-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Guerra
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Marc Yeste
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Pic de Peguera 15, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Ciurana
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Puig
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab)-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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Guerra AJ, Cano P, Rabionet M, Puig T, Ciurana J. 3D-Printed PCL/PLA Composite Stents: Towards a New Solution to Cardiovascular Problems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1679. [PMID: 30208592 PMCID: PMC6164695 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable stents (BRS) offer enormous potential but first they must meet five specific requirements: (i) their manufacturing process must be precise; (ii) degradation should have minimal toxicity; (iii) the rate of degradation should match the recovery rate of vascular tissue; (iv) ideally, they should induce rapid endothelialization to restore the functions of vascular tissue, but at the same time reduce the risk of restenosis; and (v) their mechanical behavior should comply with medical requirements, namely, the flexibility required to facilitate placement but also sufficient radial rigidity to support the vessel. Although the first three requirements have been comprehensively studied, the last two have been overlooked. One possible way of addressing these issues would be to fabricate composite stents using materials that have different mechanical, biological, or medical properties, for instance, Polylactide Acid (PLA) or Polycaprolactone (PCL). However, fashioning such stents using the traditional stent manufacturing process known as laser cutting would be impossible. Our work, therefore, aims to produce PCL/PLA composite stents using a novel 3D tubular printer based on Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The cell geometry (shape and area) and the materials (PCL and PLA) of the stents were analyzed and correlated with 3T3 cell proliferation, degradation rates, dynamic mechanical and radial expansion tests to determine the best parameters for a stent that will satisfy the five strict BRS requirements. Results proved that the 3D-printing process was highly suitable for producing composite stents (approximately 85⁻95% accuracy). Both PCL and PLA demonstrated their biocompatibility with PCL stents presenting an average cell proliferation of 12.46% and PLA 8.28% after only 3 days. Furthermore, the PCL/PLA composite stents demonstrated their potential in degradation, dynamic mechanical and expansion tests. Moreover, and regardless of the order of the layers, the composite stents showed (virtually) medium levels of degradation rates and mechanical modulus. Radially, they exhibited the virtues of PCL in the expansion step (elasticity) and those of PLA in the recoil step (rigidity). Results have clearly demonstrated that composite PCL/PLA stents are a highly promising solution to fulfilling the rigorous BRS requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Guerra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Civil Construction, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Paula Cano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Marc Rabionet
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Civil Construction, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Puig
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Ciurana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Civil Construction, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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18
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Rabionet M, Polonio E, Guerra AJ, Martin J, Puig T, Ciurana J. Design of a Scaffold Parameter Selection System with Additive Manufacturing for a Biomedical Cell Culture. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1427. [PMID: 30110889 PMCID: PMC6119890 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Open-source 3D printers mean objects can be quickly and efficiently produced. However, design and fabrication parameters need to be optimized to set up the correct printing procedure; a procedure in which the characteristics of the printing materials selected for use can also influence the process. This work focuses on optimizing the printing process of the open-source 3D extruder machine RepRap, which is used to manufacture poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds for cell culture applications. PCL is a biocompatible polymer that is free of toxic dye and has been used to fabricate scaffolds, i.e., solid structures suitable for 3D cancer cell cultures. Scaffold cell culture has been described as enhancing cancer stem cell (CSC) populations related to tumor chemoresistance and/or their recurrence after chemotherapy. A RepRap BCN3D+ printer and 3 mm PCL wire were used to fabricate circular scaffolds. Design and fabrication parameters were first determined with SolidWorks and Slic3r software and subsequently optimized following a novel sequential flowchart. In the flowchart described here, the parameters were gradually optimized step by step, by taking several measurable variables of the resulting scaffolds into consideration to guarantee high-quality printing. Three deposition angles (45°, 60° and 90°) were fabricated and tested. MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells and NIH/3T3 murine fibroblasts were used to assess scaffold adequacy for 3D cell cultures. The 60° scaffolds were found to be suitable for the purpose. Therefore, PCL scaffolds fabricated via the flowchart optimization with a RepRap 3D printer could be used for 3D cell cultures and may boost CSCs to study new therapeutic treatments for this malignant population. Moreover, the flowchart defined here could represent a standard procedure for non-engineers (i.e., mainly physicians) when manufacturing new culture systems is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rabionet
- Oncology Unit (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Emma Polonio
- Oncology Unit (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Guerra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Jessica Martin
- Oncology Unit (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Puig
- Oncology Unit (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Ciurana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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