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Zhou M, Zhong L, Hu L, Zhou Y, Yang X. Synthesis of a reactive lignin-based flame retardant and its application in phenolic foam. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:2506-2518. [PMID: 36751900 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2176792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To improve the flame retardancy of phenolic foam from the perspective of sustainable development, it is a feasible way to add bio-based flame retardants into phenolic foam. Lignin has a similar structure to phenol, which provides a possibility to replace part of phenol. In this paper, we prepared a kind of reactive bio-based flame retardant based on enzymatic hydrolyzed lignin, in which side chain was chemically grafted with phosphorus and nitrogen and benzene ring would participate in the phenolic condensation reaction. According to elemental analysis and ICP-OES data, the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in modified lignin (NP-L) increased to 2.95% and 3.55% respectively. Compared with original lignin, the carbon residue rate of NP-L increased from 3.25% to 12.13% because of the presence of flame retardant elements N and P. Then lignin-based flame retardant was used to replace phenol for modifying phenolic foams (NPLPFX). The limited oxygen index (LOI) and compressive strength of phenolic foam were improved effectively by adding modified lignin when the substitution rate was less than 25%. The LOI and compressive strength of the modified phenolic foam with 5% replacement amount (NPLPF5) are 55.6% and 0.24 MPa, which increased by 88% and 60% compared with pure phenolic foam. The cone calorimetric data also showed that NPLPF5 had good flame retardancy, and the peak heat release rate and total heat release were significantly lower than PF. This work suggests a novel green strategy for improving the flame retardancy performance of phenolic foam and promoting the utilization of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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A phosphaphenanthrene-based derivative as multifunctional flame retardant for epoxy resins. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Seraji SM, Gan H, Le N, Zhang J, Varley RJ. The effect of DOPO concentration and epoxy‐amine stoichiometry on the rheological, thermal, mechanical and fire‐retardant properties of crosslinked networks. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohsen Seraji
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Houlei Gan
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Nguyen‐Duc Le
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Juan Zhang
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Russell J. Varley
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
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Goyal S, Cochran EW. Cyanate ester composites to improve thermal performance: A review. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Goyal
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department Iowa State University Ames
| | - Eric W. Cochran
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department Iowa State University Ames
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Goyal S, Forrester MJ, Coverdell D, Torres S, Lee MW, Cochran EW. High-Temperature-Performance Cyanate Ester Composites with Carboranes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Goyal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, Iowa, United States
| | - Michael J. Forrester
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, Iowa, United States
| | - Danielle Coverdell
- Kansas City National Security Campus, 14520 Botts Road, Kansas City 64147, Missouri, United States
| | - Sabrina Torres
- Kansas City National Security Campus, 14520 Botts Road, Kansas City 64147, Missouri, United States
| | - Mark W. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, Missouri, United States
| | - Eric W. Cochran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, Iowa, United States
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An Effective Method for Preparation of Liquid Phosphoric Anhydride and Its Application in Flame Retardant Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092205. [PMID: 33923018 PMCID: PMC8123301 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel liquid phosphorous-containing flame retardant anhydride (LPFA) with low viscosity was synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) and further cured with bisphenol-A epoxy resin E-51 for the preparation of the flame retardant epoxy resins. Both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements revealed the successful incorporation of DOPO on the molecular chains of MeTHPA through chemical reaction. The oxygen index analysis showed that the LPFA-cured epoxy resin exhibited excellent flame retardant performance, and the corresponding limiting oxygen index (LOI) value could reach 31.2%. The UL-94V-0 rating was achieved for the flame retardant epoxy resin with the phosphorus content of 2.7%. With the addition of LPFA, the impact strength of the cured epoxy resins remained almost unchanged, but the flexural strength gradually increased. Meanwhile, all the epoxy resins showed good thermal stability. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperature (Td) of epoxy resin cured by LPFA decreased slightly compared with that of MeTHPA-cured epoxy resin. Based on such excellent flame retardancy, low viscosity at room temperature and ease of use, LPFA showed potential as an appropriate curing agent in the field of electrical insulation materials.
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Huo X, Guo K, Wang F, Zhu Y, Qi H. Preparation of hybrid cyanate ester resin in the presence of polysilazane and its properties. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320951610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid cyanate ester resin containing polysilazane was prepared via the prepolymerization of bisphenol-A dicyanate ester monomer (BADCy) in the presence of polysilazane (PSZ) under low temperature conditions in a short period of time. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy reveal that the polymerization reaction of BADCy can be carried out in the presence of PSZ to obtain a hybrid resin below 100°C and polymethylsilazane (PHS) exhibits an improved prepolymerization effect when compared to polydimethylsilazane (PMS). FT-IR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed that the prepolymerization degree of the PHS/BADCy resin increased upon increasing PHS mass fraction from 0 to 12 wt%, polymerization temperature from 60 to 100°C and polymerization time from 0 to 4 h. The PHS/BADCy hybrid resins samples were prepared and their process properties were investigated by rheometry and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicated that their viscosity was <10 Pa.s in the temperature range of 60–130°C, and the initial curing temperature and curing exothermic enthalpy were 121.9°C and 358.9 J/g, respectively. Furthermore, the cured PHS/BADCy resin possesses excellent thermal and mechanical properties, the 5% weight loss temperature (Td5) and glass transition temperature (Tg) were 424–441°C and 273–282°C, respectively. The cured PHS/BADCy resin with 4 wt% PHS showed the highest flexural strength of 146 MPa and flexural modulus of 4.1 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Yao L, Wang J, Chen X, Lu M. Synergetic effect of thermal conductivity and flame retardancy of cyanate ester composites containing DOPO and BN with great dielectric properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Yao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Meijuan Lu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
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Li JL, Wang C, Lu KY. Enhanced cryogenic mechanical properties and liquid oxygen compatibility of DOPO-containing epoxy resin reinforced by epoxy-grafted polysiloxane. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Feng Y, Yuan L, Liang G, Gu A. Phosphorus‐free boron nitride/cerium oxide hybrid: A synergistic flame retardant and smoke suppressant for thermally resistant cyanate ester resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Feng
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material ScienceSoochow University Suzhou China
| | - Li Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material ScienceSoochow University Suzhou China
| | - Guozheng Liang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material ScienceSoochow University Suzhou China
| | - Aijuan Gu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material ScienceSoochow University Suzhou China
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