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Kim MS, Chang H, Zheng L, Yan Q, Pfleger BF, Klier J, Nelson K, Majumder ELW, Huber GW. A Review of Biodegradable Plastics: Chemistry, Applications, Properties, and Future Research Needs. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9915-9939. [PMID: 37470246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmental concerns over waste plastics' effect on the environment are leading to the creation of biodegradable plastics. Biodegradable plastics may serve as a promising approach to manage the issue of environmental accumulation of plastic waste in the ocean and soil. Biodegradable plastics are the type of polymers that can be degraded by microorganisms into small molecules (e.g., H2O, CO2, and CH4). However, there are misconceptions surrounding biodegradable plastics. For example, the term "biodegradable" on product labeling can be misconstrued by the public to imply that the product will degrade under any environmental conditions. Such misleading information leads to consumer encouragement of excessive consumption of certain goods and increased littering of products labeled as "biodegradable". This review not only provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art biodegradable plastics but also clarifies the definitions and various terms associated with biodegradable plastics, including oxo-degradable plastics, enzyme-mediated plastics, and biodegradation agents. Analytical techniques and standard test methods to evaluate the biodegradability of polymeric materials in alignment with international standards are summarized. The review summarizes the properties and industrial applications of previously developed biodegradable plastics and then discusses how biomass-derived monomers can create new types of biodegradable polymers by utilizing their unique chemical properties from oxygen-containing functional groups. The terminology and methodologies covered in the paper provide a perspective on directions for the design of new biodegradable polymers that possess not only advanced performance for practical applications but also environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hochan Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Qiang Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brian F Pfleger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John Klier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Kevin Nelson
- Amcor, Neenah Innovation Center, Neenah, Wisconsin 54956, United States
| | - Erica L-W Majumder
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - George W Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Thongsomboon W, Srihanam P, Baimark Y. Preparation of flexible poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide)/talcum/thermoplastic starch ternary composites for use as heat-resistant and single-use bioplastics. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123172. [PMID: 36639081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide) block copolymer (PLLA-PEG-PLLA) is a highly flexible bioplastic, yet its use in practical applications is limited due to its poor heat resistance and high production cost. In this study, talcum was used as a nucleating agent to improve the heat resistance, and thermoplastic starch (TPS) was used as a low-cost filler to reduce the cost of production. PLLA-PEG-PLLA/talcum/TPS and PLLA/talcum/TPS ternary composites with 4 wt% talcum and various TPS contents were prepared by melt blending before injection molding and were then evaluated. When PEG middle-blocks were present, the PLLA-PEG-PLLA-based composites showed a higher crystallinity, more flexibility, and a higher heat resistance than the PLLA-based composites. Although the addition of TPS decreased the heat resistance of all the composites, the PLLA-PEG-PLLA/talcum/TPS composites still had high Vicat softening temperatures (VST, 113-131 °C) and demonstrated a good dimensional stability to heat by maintaining their original shapes upon heat exposure. The biodegradation test in soil suggested that the synergistic effect of the PEG middle-blocks and TPS significantly increased the biodegradability of the PLLA-PEG-PLLA/talcum/TPS composites. This improved heat resistance, lower cost, and accelerated biodegradation make PLLA-PEG-PLLA/talcum/TPS composites a promising material to be used as heat-resistant and single-use bioplastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiriya Thongsomboon
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Prasong Srihanam
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Yodthong Baimark
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand.
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3
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Comparative performance of fused deposit modeling
3D‐printed
and injection molded polylactic acid/thermoplastic starch/nanoclay bio‐based nanocomposites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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4
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Murillo EA. In situ compatibilization of thermoplastic starch/polylactic acid blends using citric acid. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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5
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The role of calcium crosslinking and glycerol plasticizing on the physical and mechanical properties of superabsorbent. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Falua KJ, Pokharel A, Babaei-Ghazvini A, Ai Y, Acharya B. Valorization of Starch to Biobased Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112215. [PMID: 35683888 PMCID: PMC9183024 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many concerns are being expressed about the biodegradability, biocompatibility, and long-term viability of polymer-based substances. This prompted the quest for an alternative source of material that could be utilized for various purposes. Starch is widely used as a thickener, emulsifier, and binder in many food and non-food sectors, but research focuses on increasing its application beyond these areas. Due to its biodegradability, low cost, renewability, and abundance, starch is considered a "green path" raw material for generating porous substances such as aerogels, biofoams, and bioplastics, which have sparked an academic interest. Existing research has focused on strategies for developing biomaterials from organic polymers (e.g., cellulose), but there has been little research on its polysaccharide counterpart (starch). This review paper highlighted the structure of starch, the context of amylose and amylopectin, and the extraction and modification of starch with their processes and limitations. Moreover, this paper describes nanofillers, intelligent pH-sensitive films, biofoams, aerogels of various types, bioplastics, and their precursors, including drying and manufacturing. The perspectives reveal the great potential of starch-based biomaterials in food, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and non-food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin PMB 1515, Nigeria
| | - Anamol Pokharel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Yongfeng Ai
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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Montilla‐Buitrago CE, Gómez‐López RA, Solanilla‐Duque JF, Serna‐Cock L, Villada‐Castillo HS. Effect of Plasticizers on Properties, Retrogradation, and Processing of Extrusion‐Obtained Thermoplastic Starch: A Review. STARCH-STARKE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo E. Montilla‐Buitrago
- Research Group in Science and Technology of Agroindustrial Interest – CYTBIA, Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences Universidad del Cauca Cauca 190002 Colombia
| | - Rudy A. Gómez‐López
- Research Group in Science and Technology of Agroindustrial Interest – CYTBIA, Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences Universidad del Cauca Cauca 190002 Colombia
- Faculty of Engineering and Administration Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira Valle del Cauca 763533 Colombia
| | - José F. Solanilla‐Duque
- Research Group in Science and Technology of Agroindustrial Interest – CYTBIA, Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences Universidad del Cauca Cauca 190002 Colombia
| | - Liliana Serna‐Cock
- Faculty of Engineering and Administration Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira Valle del Cauca 763533 Colombia
| | - Héctor S. Villada‐Castillo
- Research Group in Science and Technology of Agroindustrial Interest – CYTBIA, Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences Universidad del Cauca Cauca 190002 Colombia
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Yan Y, Dou Q. Effect of Peroxide on Compatibility, Microstructure, Rheology, Crystallization, and Mechanical Properties of PBS/Waxy Starch Composites. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Qiang Dou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
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Vu T, Nikaeen P, Akobi M, Depan D, Chirdon W. Enhanced Nucleation and Crystallization in PLA/CNT Composites via Disperse Orange 3 with Corresponding Improvement in Nanomechanical Properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thevu Vu
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation Chemical Engineering Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 44130 Lafayette LA 70504‐4130 USA
| | - Peyman Nikaeen
- Laboratory of Composite Materials, Mechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Louisiana at Lafayette P.O. Box 44130 Lafayette LA 70504‐4130 USA
| | - Moulero Akobi
- Laboratory of Composite Materials, Mechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Louisiana at Lafayette P.O. Box 44130 Lafayette LA 70504‐4130 USA
| | - Dilip Depan
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation Chemical Engineering Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 44130 Lafayette LA 70504‐4130 USA
| | - William Chirdon
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation Chemical Engineering Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 44130 Lafayette LA 70504‐4130 USA
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Esmaeili M, Pircheraghi G, Bagheri R, Altstädt V. Poly(lactic acid)/coplasticized thermoplastic starch blend: Effect of plasticizer migration on rheological and mechanical properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Esmaeili
- Polymeric Materials Research Group (PMRG), Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Sharif University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pircheraghi
- Polymeric Materials Research Group (PMRG), Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Sharif University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Polymeric Materials Research Group (PMRG), Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Sharif University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering; University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth Germany
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