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Xu X, Bai Z, Guo X, Chen Y, Chen X, Lu Z, Wu H. Effect of blowing agent content on the structure and flame‐retardant properties of rigid polyurethane foam/expanded graphite composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Zhuyu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Xincheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco‐friendly Polymeric Materials Ministry of Education, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zongcheng Lu
- Sichuan Jiahe Copoly Technology Co. Ltd. Chengdu China
| | - Hong Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco‐friendly Polymeric Materials Ministry of Education, Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Tomiak F, Drummer D. The Impact of β-Radiation Crosslinking on Flammability Properties of PA6 Modified by Commercially Available Flame-Retardant Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153168. [PMID: 35956684 PMCID: PMC9371137 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparative study was conducted investigating the influence of β-radiation crosslinking (β-RC) on the fire behavior of flame retardant-modified polyamide 6 (PA6). In order to provide a comprehensive overview, a variety of commercially available flame-retardant additives were investigated, exhibiting different flame retarding actions such as delusion, char formation, intumescence and flame poisoning. This study focused on the identification of differences in the influence of β-RC on fire behavior. Coupled thermal gravimetrical analysis (TGA) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to conduct changes within the decomposition processes. Dynamic thermal analysis (DTA) was used to identify structural stability limits and fire testing was conducted using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 and cone calorimeter testing. Crosslinking was found to substantially change the fire behavior observed, whereas the observed phenomena were exclusively physical for the given formulations studied: warpage, char residue destruction and anti-dripping. Despite these phenomena being observed for all β-RC formulations, the impact on fire resistivity properties were found to be very different. However, the overall fire protection properties measured in UL-94 fire tests were found to deteriorate for β-RC formulations. Only β-RC formulations based on PA6/EG were found to achieve a UL-94 V0 classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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Tomiak F, Schneider K, Schoeffel A, Rathberger K, Drummer D. Expandable Graphite as a Multifunctional Flame-Retarding Additive for Highly Filled Thermal Conductive Polymer Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081613. [PMID: 35458364 PMCID: PMC9031968 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expandable graphite (EG) and graphite (G) were assessed as multifunctional additives improving both flame retardancy and thermal conductivity in highly filled, thermal conductive polymeric materials based on polyamide 6 (PA6). Fire testing was conducted using modern UL-94, LOI and cone calorimeter test setups. It is demonstrated that thermal conductivity can significantly influence the time to ignition, although offering little fire resistance once ignited even in highly filled systems. Thus, for PA6 formulations containing solely 70 wt.% G, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) measured in cone calorimeter tests was 193 kW/m², whereas PA6 formulations containing 20 wt.% EG/50 wt.% G did not exhibit a measurable heat development. Particular attention was paid to effect separation between thermal conductivity and residue formation. Good thermal conductivity properties are proven to be particularly effective in test scenarios where the heat impact is comparatively low and the testing environment provides good heat dissipation and convective cooling possibilities. For candle-like ignition scenarios (e.g., LOI), filling levels of >50 wt.% (G or EG/G) are shown to be sufficient to suppress ignition exclusively by thermal conductivity. V0 classifications in UL-94 vertical burning tests were achieved for PA6 formulations containing ≥70 wt.% G, ≥25 wt.% EG and ≥20 wt.% EG/25 wt.% G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Angelina Schoeffel
- Georg H. Luh GmbH, Schoene Aussicht 39, 65396 Walluf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Klaus Rathberger
- Georg H. Luh GmbH, Schoene Aussicht 39, 65396 Walluf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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Expandable Graphite, Aluminum Diethylphospinate and Melamine Polyphosphate as Flame Retarding System in Glass Fiber-Reinforced PA6. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061263. [PMID: 35335591 PMCID: PMC8951083 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant system based on expandable graphite (EG), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPI) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) was investigated in glass fiber- (GF) reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6). Burning characteristics were evaluated via cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 tests. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and coupled Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate the decomposition process as well as flame retardant modes of actions. Specifically, in the cone calorimeter tests, formulations containing EG showed excellent flame retardant properties for non-reinforced and reinforced PA6. The best performance was achieved for 25 wt.% glass fiber-reinforced PA6 containing solely 20 wt.% EG, corresponding to a measured pHRR of 134 kW/m2 and a total smoke production of 1.2 m2. Higher glass fiber contents of 45 wt.% (30 vol.%) revealed a lower char volume, which was attributed to both the limited space available for expansion and the sheer-induced reduction in particle size during processing. All of the reinforced PA6 formulations only achieved V2 classifications, but this was at low filling degrees (10 wt.%) for both net EG or EG/AlPi/MPP combinations. For GF-reinforced PA6 containing EG/AlPi/MPP mixtures, a synergistic effect was found to improve the oxygen index up to 30.6%.
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Expandable Graphite for Flame Retardant PA6 Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162733. [PMID: 34451272 PMCID: PMC8400737 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new expandable graphite (EG) type was studied as a flame retardant additive in Polyamide 6 (PA6). The fire behavior was characterized by a cone calorimeter using external heat fluxes of 35, 50 and 65 kW/m2, limiting the oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 burning tests. Additionally, electric and thermal conductivity as well as rheological properties were characterized to provide a general property overview. Fire tests were conducted using dry and humid conditioned samples. Cone Calorimeter tests showed a minimum filling degree of 15 wt.% (8.6 vol.%) EG was required to achieve a significant fire inhibiting effect in PA6 independent of the sample condition. UL-94 fire tests show a V0 classification at filling degrees greater than 20 wt.% (humid) and 25 wt.% (dry), although the associated LOI values of 39% and 38% demonstrate good flammability inhibition. Correlation analyses were conducted to identify major influences given by the sample condition for most important key figures measured in cone calorimeter tests. Accordingly, humid-conditioned samples containing between 2.5 (PA6 + 25 wt.% EG) and 4.2 wt.% (PA6) water were found to reduce the total heat evolved (THE) on average by 16% and the total smoke production (TSP) on average by 22%.
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A Synergistic Flame Retardant System Based on Expandable Graphite, Aluminum (Diethyl-)Polyphospinate and Melamine Polyphosphate for Polyamide 6. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162712. [PMID: 34451250 PMCID: PMC8400679 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expandable graphite (EG), aluminum (diethyl)polyphosphinate (AlPi) and melamine polyphophate (MPP) was used as flame retardant multi-material additive in a polyamide 6 (PA6) matrix. Flame inhabitation performances were conducted by cone calorimeter, LOI and UL-94 tests, synergisms identified analyzed by TGA-FTIR and TGA-GC/MS and effects found were comprehensively discussed. SEM images were used for char residue characterization. For PA6 containing 20 wt.% EG and 5 wt.% AlPi/MPP (3:2), a well working synergism in limiting oxygen indices could be identified exhibiting the highest oxygen index (OI) measured: 46%. The study shows that the synergism due to the partial substitution of EG by AlPi/MPP can be attributed to two effects: (1) When PA6/AlPi/MPP mixtures decompose predominantly CO2 evaporates in early decomposition stages. CO2 evaporations was found to be sensitive to the heating rate applied, whereas specifically high heating rates increased the CO2 yield measured. (2) Solid decomposition products of AlPi/MPP act as "glue" between expanded graphite and thus increase the mechanical residue stability.
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Da Silva Chagas NP, De Fátima Vieira Marques M. Effect of polyalphaolefin oils as a solvent in gel‐spinning of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Pirahi Da Silva Chagas
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano (IMA) Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Pang Q, Kang F, Deng J, Lei L, Lu J, Shao S. Flame retardancy effects between expandable graphite and halloysite nanotubes in silicone rubber foam. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13821-13831. [PMID: 35423935 PMCID: PMC8697518 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01409a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of expandable graphite (EG) and modified halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on the flame retardant properties of silicone rubber foam (SiF) was studied in this paper. Modified HNTs were obtained by surface modification of the silane-coupling agent A-171. The flame retardancy of SiF was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion and cone calorimeter tests. The mechanical properties of SiF were analyzed by a universal mechanical testing machine. The LOI results showed that EG/HNTS@A-171 could enhance the LOI of SiF. The cone calorimeter test results showed that EG/HNTS@A-171 effectively reduced the peak heat release rate, the total heat release rate, the smoke production rate, the total smoke production rate, the CO production rate and the CO2 production rate and increased the carbon residue rate. TGA shows that main chain pyrolysis temperature of the SiF is delayed by 123 °C. The mechanical properties test results showed that EG/HNTS@A-171 improved the tensile strength of SiF. These results indicated that EG/HNTS@A-171 can significantly improve the flame retardant performance of SiF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Pang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Furu Kang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Jun Deng
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Lei Lei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Jie Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Shuiyuan Shao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
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Sykam K, Harika P, Donempudi S. Flame‐retardant, phosphorous‐based polyurethane triazoles via
solvent‐free
and
catalyst‐free azide–alkyne
cycloaddition and their cure kinetics. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kesavarao Sykam
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi India
| | - Pothireddy Harika
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
| | - Shailaja Donempudi
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi India
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