Nonleaching antimicrobial poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride hydrogels reinforced by hydrogen bond

Environmentally Friendly and Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Poly(hexamethylene guanidine)-Modified Polypropylene and Its Antifouling Application

Biological fouling is one of the main reasons that limits the application of traditional polypropylene (PP) fishing nets in aquaculture. Here, a new environmentally friendly and broad-spectrum antibacterial agent called cationic poly(hexamethylene guanidine) (PHMG) was grafted onto PP molecular chains via permanent chemical bonding to inhibit the biological fouling. The antibacterial monofilaments were obtained by blending different contents of PP-g-PHMG with PP by melt spinning. FTIR results found PHMG to be stably present in the mixed monofilaments after high-temperature melt spinning molding. The crystallinity, relaxation behavior, mechanical properties, water absorptivity, and antibacterial and antifouling efficiencies of the PP-g-PHMG/PP blends were strongly dependent on PP-g-PHMG. The crystallinity increased with increasing PP-g-PHMG content. Adding PP-g-PHMG improved the breaking strength, knotting strength, and elongation at the break for all ratios of PP-g-PHMG/PP blends. However, the water absorption caused by PHMG is low, ranging between 2.48% and 3.45% for the PP-g-PHMG/PP monofilaments. The monofilaments showed excellent nonleaching antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The electrostatic adsorption of the negatively charged bacteria and the destruction of their cell membrane allowed the growth inhibition to reach 99.69% with a PP-g-PHMG content of 40%. The marine fish farming experiment also showed a long-term antifouling effect.