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Jin Z, Da W, Zhao Y, Wang T, Xu H, Shu B, Gao X, Shi Q, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Tang D. Role of skeletal muscle satellite cells in the repair of osteoporotic fractures mediated by β-catenin. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1403-1417. [PMID: 35178895 PMCID: PMC8977954 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a metabolic disease, and osteoporotic fracture (OPF) is one of its most serious complications. It is often ignored that the influence of the muscles surrounding the fracture on the healing of OPF. We aimed to clarify the role of skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) in promoting OPF healing by β-catenin, to improve our understanding of SMSCs, and let us explore its potential as a therapeutic target. METHODS Skeletal muscles were obtained from control non-OPF or OPF patients for primary SMSCs culture (n = 3, 33% females, mean age 60 ± 15.52). Expression of SMSCs was measured. In vivo, 3-month-old female C57BL/6 mice underwent OVX surgery. Three months later, the left tibia fracture model was again performed. The control and the treatment group (n = 24, per group, female). The treatment group was treated with an agonist (osthole). Detection of SMSCs in muscles and fracture healing at 7, 14, and 28 three time points (n = 8, 8, 8, female). To further clarify the scientific hypothesis, we innovatively used Pax7-CreERT2/+ ;β-cateninfx/fx transgenic mice (n = 12, per group, male). Knock out β-catenin in SMSC to observe the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of SMSCs, and OPF healing. In vitro primary cells of SMSCs from 3-month-old litter-negative β-cateninfx/fx transgenic mice. After adenovirus-CRE transfection, the myogenic and osteogenic differentiation of SMSC was observed. RESULTS We find that human SMSCs reduced proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in patients with OPF (-38.63%, P < 0.05). And through animal experiments, it was found that activation of β-catenin promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of SMSC at the fracture site, thereby accelerating the healing of the fracture site (189.47%, P < 0.05). To prove this point of view, in the in vivo Pax7-CreERT2/+ ;β-cateninfx/fx transgenic mouse experiment, we innovatively found that knocking out β-catenin in SMSC will cause a decrease in bone mass and bone microstructure, and accompanied by delayed fracture healing (-35.04%, P < 0.001). At the same time, through in vitro SMSC culture experiments, it was found that their myogenic (-66.89%, P < 0.01) and osteogenic differentiation (-16.5%, P < 0.05) ability decreased. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first practical evidence for a direct contribution of SMSCs to promote the healing of OPF with important clinical implications as it may help in the treatment of delayed healing and non-union of OPFs, and mobilization of autologous stem cell therapy in orthopaedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiong Jin
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Da
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjian Zhao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengteng Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Shu
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dezhi Tang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang H, Lu CH, Ho PC. Metabolic adaptation orchestrates tissue context-dependent behavior in regulatory T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:126-139. [PMID: 32147869 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The diverse distribution and functions of regulatory T cells (Tregs) ensure tissue and immune homeostasis; however, it remains unclear which factors can guide distribution, local differentiation, and tissue context-specific behavior in Tregs. Although the emerging concept that Tregs could re-adjust their transcriptome based on their habitations is supported by recent findings, the underlying mechanisms that reprogram transcriptome in Tregs are unknown. In the past decade, metabolic machineries have been revealed as a new regulatory circuit, known as immunometabolic regulation, to orchestrate activation, differentiation, and functions in a variety of immune cells, including Tregs. Given that systemic and local alterations of nutrient availability and metabolite profile associate with perturbation of Treg abundance and functions, it highlights that immunometabolic regulation may be one of the mechanisms that orchestrate tissue context-specific regulation in Tregs. The understanding on how metabolic program instructs Tregs in peripheral tissues not only represents a critical opportunity to delineate a new avenue in Treg biology but also provides a unique window to harness Treg-targeting approaches for treating cancer and autoimmunity with minimizing side effects. This review will highlight the metabolic features on guiding Treg formation and function in a disease-oriented perspective and aim to pave the foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Wang
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chun-Hao Lu
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Sebastian S, Goulding L, Kuchipudi SV, Chang KC. Extended 2D myotube culture recapitulates postnatal fibre type plasticity. BMC Cell Biol 2015; 16:23. [PMID: 26382633 PMCID: PMC4574010 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-015-0069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional problems of performing skeletal muscle cell cultures derived from mammalian or avian species are limited myotube differentiation, and transient myotube persistence which greatly restricts the ability of myotubes to undergo phenotypic maturation. We report here on a major technical breakthrough in the establishment of a simple and effective method of extended porcine myotube cultures (beyond 50 days) in two-dimension (2D) that recapitulates key features of postnatal fibre types. RESULTS Primary porcine muscle satellite cells (myoblasts) were isolated from the longissimus dorsi of 4 to 6 weeks old pigs for 2D cultures to optimise myotube formation, improve surface adherence and characterise myotube maturation. Over 95 % of isolated cells were myoblasts as evidenced by the expression of Pax3 and Pax7. Our relatively simple approach, based on modifications of existing surface coating reagents (Maxgel), and of proliferation and differentiation (Ultroser G) media, typically achieved by 5 days of differentiation fusion index of around 80 % manifested in an abundance of discrete myosin heavy chain (MyHC) slow and fast myotubes. There was little deterioration in myotube viability over 50 days, and the efficiency of myotube formation was maintained over seven myoblast passages. Regular spontaneous contractions of myotubes were frequently observed throughout culture. Myotubes in extended cultures were able to undergo phenotypic adaptation in response to different culture media, including the adoption of a dominant postnatal phenotype of fast-glycolytic MyHC 2x and 2b expression by about day 20 of differentiation. Furthermore, fast-glycolytic myotubes coincided with enhanced expression of the putative porcine long intergenic non-coding RNA (linc-MYH), which has recently been shown to be a key coordinator of MyHC 2b expression in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our revised culture protocol allows the efficient differentiation and fusion of porcine myoblasts into myotubes and their prolonged adherence to the culture surface. Furthermore, we are able to recapitulate in 2D the maturation process of myotubes to resemble postnatal fibre types which represent a major technical advance in opening access to the in vitro study of coordinated postnatal muscle gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Sebastian
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Leah Goulding
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Kin-Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
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Tissue resident regulatory T cells: novel therapeutic targets for human disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:543-52. [PMID: 25891216 PMCID: PMC4579654 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the ability of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to suppress multiple types of immune cells has received tremendous attention. Mounting evidence has revealed that tissue resident Tregs control non-immunological processes of their target tissues and contribute to a plethora of human diseases. The identification of novel tissue-specific Tregs has highlighted their heterogeneity and complexity. This review summarizes the recent findings for visceral adipose tissue CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (VAT Tregs), muscle Tregs, bone Tregs and skin memory Tregs, with a focus on their unique functions in local tissues. This interpretation of the roles of tissue-specific Tregs and of their involvement in disease progression provides new insight into the discovery of potential therapeutic targets of human diseases.
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Rocheteau P, Vinet M, Chretien F. Dormancy and quiescence of skeletal muscle stem cells. Results Probl Cell Differ 2015; 56:215-35. [PMID: 25344673 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44608-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle of vertebrates has a huge regenerative capacity. When destroyed after different types of injury, this organ can regenerate very quickly (less than 20 days following myotoxin injection in the mouse) ad integrum and repeatedly. The cell responsible for this regeneration is the so-called satellite cell, the muscle stem cell that lies on top of the muscle fibre, a giant, multinucleated cell that contains the contractile material. When injected in the muscle, satellite cells can efficiently differentiate into contractile muscle fibres. The satellite cell shows great therapeutic potential; and its regenerative capacity has triggered particular interest in the field of muscular degeneration. In this review we will focus on one particular property of the satellite cell: its quiescence and dormancy. Indeed adult satellite cells are quiescent; they lie between the basal lamina and the basement membrane of the muscle fibre, ready to proliferate, and fuse in order to regenerate myofibers upon injury. It has recently been shown that a subpopulation of satellite cells is able to enter dormancy in human and mice cadavers. Dormancy is defined by a low metabolic state, low mobility, and a long lag before division when plated in vitro, compared to quiescent cells. This definition is also based on current knowledge about long-term hematopoietic stem cells, a subpopulation of stem cells that are described as dormant based on the same criteria (rare division and low metabolism when compared to progeny which are dividing more often). In the first part of this review, we will provide a description of satellite cells which addresses their quiescent state. We will then focus on the uneven distribution of satellite cells in the muscle and describe evidence that suggests that their dormancy differs from one muscle to the next and that one should be cautious when making generalisations regarding this cellular state. In a second part, we will discuss the transition between active dividing cells in developing animals to quiescence. This mechanism could be used or amplified in the switch from quiescence to dormancy. In a third part, we will review the signals and dynamics that actively maintain the satellite cell quiescent. The in-depth understanding of these mechanisms is key to describing how dormancy relies on quiescent state of the cells. In a fourth part, we will deal with dormancy per se: how dormant satellite cells can be obtained, their characteristics, their metabolic profile, and their molecular signature as compared to quiescent cells. Here, we will highlight one of the most important recent findings: that quiescence is a prerequisite for the entry of the satellite cell into dormancy. Since dormancy is a newly discovered phenomenon, we will review the mechanisms responsible for quiescence and activation, as these two cellular states are better known and key to understanding satellite cell dormancy. This will allow us to describe dormancy and its prerequisites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Rocheteau
- Human histopathology and animal models, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
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7
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Wei W, Howard PS, Macarak EJ. Recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 activates satellite cells in the mouse urethral rhabdosphincter. BMC Urol 2013; 13:62. [PMID: 24279352 PMCID: PMC3907012 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-13-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this study is to demonstrate the efficacy of a new method for the treatment of urinary incontinence by stimulation of urethral rhabdosphincter satellite cells. We show that satellite cells do exist in the sphincter muscle of retired male mice breeders by staining for c-Met, a satellite cell specific protein. Once activated by recombinant mouse Insulin-like Growth Factor-1(rIgf-1), the satellite cells develop into muscle cells within the rhabdosphincter thereby potentially strengthening it. Methods 20 μl (1 μg/μl) of rIgf-1 was surgically injected directly into the urethral wall of retired male mouse breeders. Mice injected with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were used as controls. 4 weeks later, urethras were harvested and serially-sectioned through the sphincter for routine hematoxylin-eosin staining as well as immunohistochemical staining with satellite cell specific anti-c-Met antibody and proliferation specific anti-Ki-67 antibody. Results Anti-c-Met antibody positive cells (c-Met+) were identified in the rhabdosphincter. c-Met+ cells increased by 161.8% relative to controls four weeks after rIGF-1 injection. Anti- Ki-67 antibody positive cells were identified and characterized as cells with centrally located nuclei in striated muscle bundles of rIGF-1 treated animals. Conclusions Satellite cells in the mouse rhabdosphincter can be activated by rIGF-1 treatment, which subsequently are incorporated into existing skeletal muscle bundles. Using this approach, the rhabdosphincter can be induced to regenerate and potentially strengthen via satellite cell activation and likely improve urinary continence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S, 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Dávila S, Vignola MB, Cremonezzi D, Simes JC, Soriano F, Campana VR. Low level laser therapy on experimental myopathy. Laser Ther 2013; 20:287-92. [PMID: 24155539 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.11-or-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present work was to study the effect of Helium-Neon (HeNe) and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) laser upon nitric oxide (NO) plasma levels, an inflammatory biomarker associated with oxidative stress, in rats with experimental myopathy. These were evaluated through histological assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The groups studied were: (A) control (intact rats that received LLLT sham exposures), (B) rats with myopathy and sacrificed at 24 h later, (C) rats with myopathy and sacrificed 8 days later, (D) rats with myopathy and treated with HeNe laser, (E) rats with myopathy and treated with GaAs laser, (F) intact rats treated with HeNe laser and (G) intact rats treated with GaAs laser. Myopathy was induced by injecting 50μl of 1% carrageenan λ (type IV) in the left gastrocnemius muscle. Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) was applied with 9.5 J.cm(-2) daily for 10 consecutive days with each laser. The determination of the NO was made by spectrophotometry. The muscles were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and examined by optic microscopy. Quantitative variables were statistically analyzed by the Fisher test, and categorical by applying Pearson's Chi Squared test at p <0.05 for all cases. RESULTS In groups B and C, NO was significantly increased compared to groups A, D, E, F and G (p<0.05). In group C, the percentage of area with inflammatory infiltration was significantly increased compared to the other groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS LLLT decreased plasma levels of NO in rats with experimental myopathies and significant muscle recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Dávila
- Cátedra de Física Biomédica. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Santa Rosa 1085. (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
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Hart CA, Tsui J, Khanna A, Abraham DJ, Baker DM. Stem cells of the lower limb: Their role and potential in management of critical limb ischemia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:1118-26. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370213503275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) contributes to decreased exercise tolerance, poor balance, impaired proprioception, muscle atrophy and weakness, with advanced cases resulting in critical limb ischemia (CLI) where the viability of the limb is threatened. Patients with a diagnosis of CLI have a poor life expectancy due to concomitant cardio and cerebrovascular diseases. The current treatment options to avoid major amputation by re-establishing a blood supply to the limb generally have poor outcomes. Human skeletal muscle contains both multipotent stem cells and progenitor cells and thus has a capacity for regeneration. Phase I and II studies involving transplantation of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells into CLI limbs show positive effects on wound healing and angiogenesis; the increase in quiescent satellite cell numbers observed in CLI muscle may also provide a sufficient in vivo source of resident stem cells. These indigenous cells have been shown to be capable of forming multiple mesodermal cell lineages aiding the repair and regeneration of chronically ischemic muscle. They may also serve as a repository for autologous transplantation. The behavior and responses of the stem cell population in CLI is poorly understood and this review tries to elucidate the potential of these cells and their future role in the management of CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Hart
- Royal Free Vascular Unit, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, UCL, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Janice Tsui
- Royal Free Vascular Unit, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, UCL, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Achal Khanna
- Department of Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 6WW, UK
| | - David J Abraham
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Daryll M Baker
- Royal Free Vascular Unit, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, UCL, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2QG, UK
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Dolley-Sonneville PJ, Romeo LE, Melkoumian ZK. Synthetic surface for expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells in xeno-free, chemically defined culture conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70263. [PMID: 23940553 PMCID: PMC3734034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCS) possess three properties of great interest for the development of cell therapies and tissue engineering: multilineage differentiation, immunomodulation, and production of trophic factors. Efficient ex vivo expansion of hMSCs is a challenging requirement for large scale production of clinical grade cells. Low-cost, robust, scalable culture methods using chemically defined materials need to be developed to address this need. This study describes the use of a xeno-free synthetic peptide acrylate surface, the Corning® Synthemax® Surface, for culture of hMSCs in serum-free, defined medium. Cell performance on the Corning Synthemax Surface was compared to cells cultured on biological extracellular matrix (ECM) coatings in xeno-free defined medium and in traditional conditions on tissue culture treated (TCT) plastic in fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented medium. Our results show successful maintenance of hMSCs on Corning Synthemax Surface for eight passages, with cell expansion rate comparable to cells cultured on ECM and significantly higher than for cells in TCT/FBS condition. Importantly, on the Corning Synthemax Surface, cells maintained elongated, spindle-like morphology, typical hMSC marker profile and in vitro multilineage differentiation potential. We believe the Corning Synthemax Surface, in combination with defined media, provides a complete synthetic, xeno-free, cell culture system for scalable production of hMSCs.
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11
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Gutpell K, McGirr R, Hoffman L. Molecular imaging to target transplanted muscle progenitor cells. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 23568004 DOI: 10.3791/50119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration. In patients, the ability of resident muscle satellite cells (SCs) to regenerate damaged myofibers becomes increasingly inefficient. Therefore, transplantation of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs)/myoblasts from healthy subjects is a promising therapeutic approach to DMD. A major limitation to the use of stem cell therapy, however, is a lack of reliable imaging technologies for long-term monitoring of implanted cells, and for evaluating its effectiveness. Here, we describe a non-invasive, real-time approach to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation. This method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes (firefly luciferase [fluc], monomeric red fluorescent protein [mrfp] and sr39 thymidine kinase [sr39tk]) whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities. A variety of imaging modalities, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging, and high frequency 3D-ultrasound are now available, each with unique advantages and limitations. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) studies, for example, have the advantage of being relatively low cost and high-throughput. It is for this reason that, in this study, we make use of the firefly luciferase (fluc) reporter gene sequence contained within the fusion gene and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) for the short-term localization of viable C2C12 myoblasts following implantation into a mouse model of DMD (muscular dystrophy on the X chromosome [mdx] mouse). Importantly, BLI provides us with a means to examine the kinetics of labeled MPCs post-implantation, and will be useful to track cells repeatedly over time and following migration. Our reporter gene approach further allows us to merge multiple imaging modalities in a single living subject; given the tomographic nature, fine spatial resolution and ability to scale up to larger animals and humans, PET will form the basis of future work that we suggest may facilitate rapid translation of methods developed in cells to preclinical models and to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Gutpell
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, USA
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Gu Y, Chen P, Yang Y, Shi K, Wang Y, Zhu W, Zhu G. Chondrogenesis of myoblasts in biodegradable poly-lactide-co-glycolide scaffolds. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:1003-9. [PMID: 23255123 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblasts are considered to be an alternative cell source for cell-based meniscal repair due to their multiple differentiation potentials. This study addresses the chondrogenic differentiation of myoblasts seeded into poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) scaffolds following implantation in a subcutaneous pocket of nude mice. Canine myoblasts isolated from a Beagle were expanded and seeded into PLGA scaffolds and cultured in cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-2 (CDMP-2) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-containing medium for 2 weeks in vitro. The constructs were implanted into a subcutaneous pocket of 24 combined immunodeficiency mice and harvested after 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the sections of the engineered cartilage at 8 and 12 weeks revealed the regeneration of fibrocartilage. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed a similar distribution of collagen type Ⅱ in the engineered cartilage as the normal meniscus. At 12 weeks, expression of mRNAs for type Ⅰ collagen, type Ⅱ collagen and aggrecan was detected by RT-PCR. The compressive moduli of engineered cartilage reached 85.72% of the normal meniscus at 12 weeks, with a high level of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content (no statistical difference from normal). Myoblast-seeded PLGA scaffolds express a stable chondrogenic phenotype in a heterotopic model of cartilage transplantation and represent a suitable tool for tissue engineering of cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglin Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Jiangsu 214002, PR China
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Tabebordbar M, Wang ET, Wagers AJ. Skeletal muscle degenerative diseases and strategies for therapeutic muscle repair. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2012; 8:441-75. [PMID: 23121053 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011811-132450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly specialized, postmitotic tissue that must withstand chronic mechanical and physiological stress throughout life to maintain proper contractile function. Muscle damage or disease leads to progressive weakness and disability, and manifests in more than 100 different human disorders. Current therapies to treat muscle degenerative diseases are limited mostly to the amelioration of symptoms, although promising new therapeutic directions are emerging. In this review, we discuss the pathological basis for the most common muscle degenerative diseases and highlight new and encouraging experimental and clinical opportunities to prevent or reverse these afflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadsharif Tabebordbar
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Key signalling factors and pathways in the molecular determination of skeletal muscle phenotype. Animal 2012; 1:681-98. [PMID: 22444469 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107702070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis and control of the biochemical and biophysical properties of skeletal muscle, regarded as muscle phenotype, are examined in terms of fibre number, fibre size and fibre types. A host of external factors or stimuli, such as ligand binding and contractile activity, are transduced in muscle into signalling pathways that lead to protein modifications and changes in gene expression which ultimately result in the establishment of the specified phenotype. In skeletal muscle, the key signalling cascades include the Ras-extracellular signal regulated kinase-mitogen activated protein kinase (Erk-MAPK), the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)-Akt1, p38 MAPK, and calcineurin pathways. The molecular effects of external factors on these pathways revealed complex interactions and functional overlap. A major challenge in the manipulation of muscle of farm animals lies in the identification of regulatory and target genes that could effect defined and desirable changes in muscle quality and quantity. To this end, recent advances in functional genomics that involve the use of micro-array technology and proteomics are increasingly breaking new ground in furthering our understanding of the molecular determinants of muscle phenotype.
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Sakaki-Yumoto M, Katsuno Y, Derynck R. TGF-β family signaling in stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2280-96. [PMID: 22959078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diversity of cell types and tissue types that originate throughout development derives from the differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells and somatic stem cells. While the former are pluripotent, and thus can give rise to a full differentiation spectrum, the latter have limited differentiation potential but drive tissue remodeling. Additionally cancer tissues also have a small population of self-renewing cells with stem cell properties. These cancer stem cells may arise through dedifferentiation from non-stem cells in cancer tissues, illustrating their plasticity, and may greatly contribute to the resistance of cancers to chemotherapies. SCOPE OF REVIEW The capacity of the different types of stem cells for self-renewal, the establishment and maintenance of their differentiation potential, and the selection of differentiation programs are greatly defined by the interplay of signaling molecules provided by both the stem cells themselves, and their microenvironment, the niche. Here we discuss common and divergent roles of TGF-β family signaling in the regulation of embryonic, reprogrammed pluripotent, somatic, and cancer stem cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Increasing evidence highlights the similarities between responses of normal and cancer stem cells to signaling molecules, provided or activated by their microenvironment. While TGF-β family signaling regulates stemness of normal and cancer stem cells, its effects are diverse and depend on the cell types and physiological state of the cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Further mechanistic studies will provide a better understanding of the roles of TGF-β family signaling in the regulation of stem cells. These basic studies may lead to the development of a new therapeutic or prognostic strategies for the treatment of cancers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Sakaki-Yumoto
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA
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Orbay H, Tobita M, Mizuno H. Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from adipose and other tissues: basic biological properties and clinical applications. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:461718. [PMID: 22666271 PMCID: PMC3361347 DOI: 10.1155/2012/461718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that were initially isolated from bone marrow. However, subsequent research has shown that other adult tissues also contain MSCs. MSCs originate from mesenchyme, which is embryonic tissue derived from the mesoderm. These cells actively proliferate, giving rise to new cells in some tissues, but remain quiescent in others. MSCs are capable of differentiating into multiple cell types including adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and cardiomyocytes. Isolation and induction of these cells could provide a new therapeutic tool for replacing damaged or lost adult tissues. However, the biological properties and use of stem cells in a clinical setting must be well established before significant clinical benefits are obtained. This paper summarizes data on the biological properties of MSCs and discusses current and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Orbay
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Morikuni Tobita
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Self Defense Force Hospital, Yokosuka 237-0071, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuno
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1138421, Japan
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Zhang H, Liu W, Feng X, Wang L, Jiang X, Liu D, Zhang L, Zhu B, Zhou W, Jia W, Li G, Ren C. Identification of ABCG2⁺ cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2011; 27:1177-87. [PMID: 22209971 PMCID: PMC3583611 DOI: 10.3892/or.2011.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor stem cells are a small subset of tumor cells with the ability of self-renewal and differentiation and are regarded as a cause of tumor growth and recurrence. Previously we have shown that stem-like label-retaining cells (LRCs) can be detected in nasopharynx, tongue, esophagus and xenograft tumors formed by nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines (5–8F, 6–10B and TMNE). The present study aimed to identify ABCG2+ cells in 5–8F NPC cells and compare their tumorigenic potential with ABCG2− cells, expecting that we can obtain insight into the mechanism of the differential phenotypes of ABCG2+ and ABCG2− cells. By using magnetic cell sorting (MACS) method, we isolated ABCG2+ cells and ABCG2− cells from 5–8F cells. Among these two subpopulations and unsorted 5–8F cells, the rate of ABCG2+ cells at G1 phase was highest, while the rate of ABCG2− cells at S phase was highest, indicating that ABCG2+ cells were mostly quiescent. However, ABCG2+ cells showed lower cloning efficiency and tumorigenicity than ABCG2− cells. We also used Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 human whole genome expression chip to identify the gene expression profile of ABCG2+ and ABCG2− cells and found that both subpopulations expressed some stem cell associated genes, e.g., PSCA, ABCG2 and ALPI were expressed in ABCG2+ cells, and K19, integrin α6, integrin β4, CD44 and K14 were expressed in ABCG2− cells, suggesting there were stem cells in both ABCG2+ and ABCG2− cells. Our data demonstrated that there exist ABCG2+ cells in NPC cells, but ABCG2 alone is not sufficient for isolating cancer stem cells in 5–8F NPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiang-Ya School of Medicine, Central South University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China
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Yu WY, Sheridan C, Grierson I, Mason S, Kearns V, Lo ACY, Wong D. Progenitors for the corneal endothelium and trabecular meshwork: a potential source for personalized stem cell therapy in corneal endothelial diseases and glaucoma. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:412743. [PMID: 22187525 PMCID: PMC3236530 DOI: 10.1155/2011/412743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several adult stem cell types have been found in different parts of the eye, including the corneal epithelium, conjunctiva, and retina. In addition to these, there have been accumulating evidence that some stem-like cells reside in the transition area between the peripheral corneal endothelium (CE) and the anterior nonfiltering portion of the trabecular meshwork (TM), which is known as the Schwalbe's Ring region. These stem/progenitor cells may supply new cells for the CE and TM. In fact, the CE and TM share certain similarities in terms of their embryonic origin and proliferative capacity in vivo. In this paper, we discuss the putative stem cell source which has the potential for replacement of lost and nonfunctional cells in CE diseases and glaucoma. The future development of personalized stem cell therapies for the CE and TM may reduce the requirement of corneal grafts and surgical treatments in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan Yu
- Eye Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Carl Sheridan
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, University Clinical Departments Building, The Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Ian Grierson
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, University Clinical Departments Building, The Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Sharon Mason
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, University Clinical Departments Building, The Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Victoria Kearns
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, University Clinical Departments Building, The Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Eye Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - David Wong
- Eye Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
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Gu Y, Zhu W, Hao Y, Lu L, Chen Y, Wang Y. Repair of meniscal defect using an induced myoblast-loaded polyglycolic acid mesh in a canine model. Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:293-298. [PMID: 22969884 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects of the meniscus greatly alter knee function and predispose the joint to degenerative changes. The purpose of this study was to test a recently developed cell-scaffold combination for the repair of a critical-size defect in the canine medial meniscus. A bilateral, complete resection of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was performed in 18 Beagle canines. A PLGA scaffold was implanted into the defect of one knee of 6 canines and the contralateral defect was left untreated. Scaffolds loaded with autologous myoblasts and cultured in a chondrogenic medium for 14 days were implanted in a second series of 12 canines. Empty scaffolds were implanted in the contralateral knees. Menisci were harvested at 12 weeks. Untreated defects had a muted fibrous healing response. Defects treated with cell-free implants also showed predominantly fibrous tissue, whereas fibrocartilage was present in several scaffolds. The thickness of the repair tissue after treatment with cell-free scaffolds was significantly greater compared to the controls (p<0.05). Pre-cultured implants integrated with the host tissue, and 9 of 12 contained meniscus-like fibrocartilage when compared to 2 of the 12 controls (p<0.05). The thickness of the pre-cultured implant repair tissue was greater compared to the controls (p<0.05). This study demonstrates the repair of a critical size meniscal defect using a stem cell and scaffold-based tissue engineering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglin Gu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
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White JD, Grounds MD. Harnessing the therapeutic potential of myogenic stem cells. Cytotechnology 2011; 41:153-64. [PMID: 19002952 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024830924103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential clinical use of stem cells for cell transplantation therapies to replace defective genes in myopathies is an area of intense investigation. Precursor cells derived from non-muscle tissue with myogenic potential have been identified in many tissues, including bone marrow and dermis, although the status of these putative stem cells requires clarification. The incorporation of circulating bone-marrow derived stem cells into regenerating adult skeletal muscle has been demonstrated in mice but the contribution of donor cells is so minimal that it would appear clinically irrelevant at this stage. The possibility of a true stem cell subpopulation within skeletal muscle that replenishes the satellite cells (conventional muscle precursors on the surface of myofibres) is also very attractive as a superior source of myoblasts for muscle construction. A full understanding of the intrinsic factors (i.e. gene expression within the stem cell) and extrinsic factors (i.e. signals from the external environment) which control the commitment of stem cells to the myogenic lineage, and the conditions which favour stem cell expansion in vivo is required before stem cells can be seriously considered for clinical cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D White
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Author for correspondence; E-mail,
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Li B, Zheng YW, Sano Y, Taniguchi H. Evidence for mesenchymal-epithelial transition associated with mouse hepatic stem cell differentiation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17092. [PMID: 21347296 PMCID: PMC3037942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal−epithelial transition events are related to embryonic development, tissue construction, and wound healing. Stem cells are involved in all of these processes, at least in part. However, the direct evidence of mesenchymal−epithelial transition associated with stem cells is unclear. To determine whether mesenchymal−epithelial transition occurs in liver development and/or the differentiation process of hepatic stem cells in vitro, we analyzed a variety of murine liver tissues from embryonic day 11.5 to adults and the colonies derived from hepatic stem/progenitor cells isolated with flow cytometry. The results of gene expression, immunohistochemistry and Western blot showed that as liver develops, the expression of epithelial markers such as Cytokeratin18 and E-cadherin increase, while expression of mesenchymal markers such as vimentin and N-cadherin decreased. On the other hand, in freshly isolated hepatic stem cells, the majority of cells (65.0%) co-express epithelial and mesenchymal markers; this proportion is significantly higher than observed in hematopoietic cells, non-hematopoietic cells and non-stem cell fractions. Likewise, in stem cell-derived colonies cultured over time, upregulation of epithelial genes (Cytokeratin-18 and E-cadherin) occurred simultaneously with downregulation of mesenchymal genes (vimentin and Snail1). Furthermore, in the fetal liver, vimentin-positive cells in the non-hematopoietic fraction had distinct proliferative activity and expressed early the hepatic lineage marker alpha-fetoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuuki Sano
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Human skeletal muscle-derived stem cells retain stem cell properties after expansion in myosphere culture. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:1016-27. [PMID: 21277299 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle contains an accessible adult stem-cell compartment in which differentiated myofibers are maintained and replaced by a self-renewing stem cell pool. Previously, studies using mouse models have established a critical role for resident stem cells in skeletal muscle, but little is known about this paradigm in human muscle. Here, we report the reproducible isolation of a population of cells from human skeletal muscle that is able to proliferate for extended periods of time as floating clusters of rounded cells, termed "myospheres" or myosphere-derived progenitor cells (MDPCs). The phenotypic characteristics and functional properties of these cells were determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Our results showed that these cells are clonogenic, express skeletal progenitor cell markers Pax7, ALDH1, Myod, and Desmin and the stem cell markers Nanog, Sox2, and Oct3/4 significantly elevated over controls. They could be maintained proliferatively active in vitro for more than 20 weeks and passaged at least 18 times, despite an average donor-age of 63 years. Individual clones (4.2%) derived from single cells were successfully expanded showing clonogenic potential and sustained proliferation of a subpopulation in the myospheres. Myosphere-derived cells were capable of spontaneous differentiation into myotubes in differentiation media and into other mesodermal cell lineages in induction media. We demonstrate here that direct culture and expansion of stem cells from human skeletal muscle is straightforward and reproducible with the appropriate technique. These cells may provide a viable resource of adult stem cells for future therapies of disease affecting skeletal muscle or mesenchymal lineage derived cell types.
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Servetto N, Cremonezzi D, Simes JC, Moya M, Soriano F, Palma JA, Campana VR. Evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers associated with oxidative stress and histological assessment of low-level laser therapy in experimental myopathy. Lasers Surg Med 2010; 42:577-83. [PMID: 20662035 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The objective of the present work was to study the effect of helium-neon (He-Ne) and gallium-arsenide (Ga-As) laser upon inflammatory biomarkers associated with oxidative stress: fibrinogen, nitric oxide (NO), L-citrulline, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). These were evaluated through histological assessment, in rats with experimental myopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The groups studied were: (A) control, (B) injured, (C) injured and treated with He-Ne laser, (D) injured and treated with Ga-As laser, (E) irradiated with He-Ne; and (F) irradiated with Ga-As laser. Myopathy was induced by injecting 0.05 mg/rat/day of adrenaline in the left posterior limb muscle at the same point on 5 consecutive days, in groups B, C, and D. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) was applied with 9.5 J/cm(2) daily for 7 consecutive days with each laser. The determination of the biomarkers was made by spectrophotometry. The muscles (5/8, single blinded) were stained with Gomori Trichrome and examined by optic microscopy. The quantitative variables were statistically analyzed by the Fisher's test and categorical data by the Axionvision 4.8 program. Pearson's chi-squared test was applied, setting significant difference at P < 0.05 for all cases. RESULTS In group B, the biomarkers were significantly increased compared to the other groups (P < 0.001), except for NO which in group B decreased significantly (P < 0.001). In group B, there was a higher inflammatory infiltration level (80.67%) in relation to destroyed fibers. CONCLUSIONS LLLT caused significant changes in inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress: decreased levels of fibrinogen, L-citrulline and SOD as opposed to the increase of NO in rats with experimental myopathies and significant muscle recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Servetto
- Cátedra de Física Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
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Sepúlveda DE, Andrews BA, Papoutsakis ET, Asenjo JA. Metabolic flux analysis of embryonic stem cells using three distinct differentiation protocols and comparison to gene expression patterns. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1222-9. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lu SH, Yang AH, Wei CF, Chiang HS, Chancellor MB. Multi-potent differentiation of human purified muscle-derived cells: potential for tissue regeneration. BJU Int 2009; 105:1174-80. [PMID: 19712114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether CD34+ purified human muscle-derived cells (hMDCs) are capable of multiple lineage differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hMDCs were isolated from human skeletal muscle and purified using a CD34+ cell selection system (Dynal Biotech, Oslo, Norway). Adherent populations of cells were expanded in culture and cell differentiation was induced using different kinds of growth factors and different differentiation-conditional media. The immunohistochemical properties of CD34+ hMDCs were examined after varying periods in culture. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to investigate the gene expression of the undifferentiated and differentiated hMDCs. RESULTS Using special differentiation conditions the CD34+ hMDCs could be differentiated into myogenic cells, adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes. The differentiation was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR and Western blotting showed multiple-lineage gene-level expression in the different cultivation periods of the differentiated cells. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed the multi-lineage capacity of a population of stem cells, termed CD34+ hMDCs. Our findings showed that CD34+ hMDCs are capable of multiple mesodermal-lineage differentiation, as shown by the expression of several lineage-specific genes. They can be differentiated toward the myogenic, osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages. These cells might have potential for use in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hwa Lu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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26
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Lu SH, Wei CF, Yang AH, Chancellor MB, Wang LS, Chen KK. Isolation and characterization of human muscle-derived cells. Urology 2009; 74:440-5. [PMID: 19362337 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To isolate and characterize human muscle-derived cells (MDCs) for future management applications on lower urinary tract symptoms, including stress urinary incontinence and bladder reconstitution. The development of muscle stem cells for transplantation or gene transfer in patients with muscle disorders has become more attractive and challenging recently. METHODS Human MDCs were isolated from the skeletal muscles of the limbs. The muscle tissues were minced, digested at 37 degrees C by 0.2% collagenase, trypsinized, filtered, and cultured in F12 medium with 15% fetal bovine serum at 37 degrees C. Human MDCs were then isolated using a modified preplate technique. After isolation, the MDCs were characterized by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS The growth doubling time of the MDCs was approximately 24 hours. Immunohistochemistry study was performed with the stem cell markers CD34, CD117, vascular cell adhesion molecule, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and the relative stem cell position was identified. Positive immunofluorescence outcomes were found with the stem cell markers, myoblast markers CXCR4, CD56, desmin, and a fibroblast marker AB-1. Flow cytometry analysis identified markers CD34 and CD56 in the isolated MDCs, with a percentage of 5.12% and 10.34%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The isolation and characterization of human MDCs was successfully achieved. Human MDCs might have the potential to be a novel tool for the management of stress urinary incontinence and bladder reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hwa Lu
- Department of Urology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Trovato-Salinaro A, Belluardo N, Frinchi M, von Maltzahn J, Willecke K, Condorelli DF, Mudò G. Regulation of connexin gene expression during skeletal muscle regeneration in the adult rat. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C593-606. [PMID: 19129462 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00458.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the adult skeletal muscle, various kinds of trauma promote proliferation of satellite cells that differentiate into myoblasts forming new myofibers or to repair the damaged one. The aim of present work was to perform a comparative spatial and temporal analysis of connexin (Cx) 37, Cx39, Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45 expression in the adult regenerating skeletal muscle in response to crush injury. Within 24 h from injury, Cx37 expression was upregulated in the endothelial cells of blood vessels, and, 5 days after injury, Cx37-expressing cells were found inside the area of lesion and formed clusters generating new blood vessels with endothelial cells expressing Cx37. Three days after injury, Cx39 mRNA was selectively expressed in myogenin-positive cells, forming rows of closely apposed cell nuclei fusing in myotubes. Cx40 mRNA-labeled cells were observed within 24 h from injury in the endothelium of blood vessels, and, 5 days after lesion, Cx40-labeled cells were found inside the area of lesion-forming rows of myogenin-positive, closely apposed cells coexpressing Cx39. Within 24 h from lesion, both Cx43 and Cx45 mRNAs were upregulated in individual cells, and some of them were positive for M-cadherin. Three days after injury, a large number of both Cx43 and Cx45 mRNA-labeled and myogenin-positive cells were found inside the area of lesion. Taken together, these results show that at least four Cxs, out of five expressed in regenerating skeletal muscle, can be differentially involved in communication of myogenic cells during the process of cell proliferation, aggregation, and fusion to form new myotubes or to repair damaged myofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trovato-Salinaro
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Univ. of Palermo, corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
While cultured embryonic stem (ES) cells can be harvested in abundance and appear to be the most versatile of cells for regenerative medicine, adult stem cells also hold promise, but the identity and subsequent isolation of these comparatively rare cells remains problematic in most tissues, perhaps with the notable exception of the bone marrow. The ability to continuously self-renew and produce the differentiated progeny of the tissue of their location are their defining properties. Identifying surface molecules (markers) that would aid in stem cell isolation is a major goal. Considerable overlap exists between different putative organ-specific stem cells in their repertoire of gene expression, often related to self-renewal, cell survival and cell adhesion. More robust tests of 'stemness' are now being employed, using lineage-specific genetic marking and tracking to show production of long-lived clones and multipotentiality in vivo. Moreover, the characterization of normal stem cells in specific tissues may provide a dividend for the treatment of cancer. The successful treatment of neoplastic disease may well require the specific targeting of neoplastic stem cells, cells that may well have many of the characteristics of their normal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Alison
- Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, St. Bartholomew's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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29
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Endo T. Stem cells and plasticity of skeletal muscle cell differentiation: potential application to cell therapy for degenerative muscular diseases. Regen Med 2009; 2:243-56. [PMID: 17511561 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.2.3.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative muscular diseases, such as muscular dystrophies, have been the representative targets of regenerative cell therapy. Although satellite cells play central roles in skeletal muscle regeneration that intrinsically occurs after muscle injury, their application to cell therapy is confronted by difficulties. Other stem cells expected to be applicable to cell therapy include muscle-resident stem cells and nonmuscle-resident stem cells. Moreover, dedifferentiated cells of skeletal muscle might provide unique system for cell therapy. Terminally differentiated myotubes have plasticity of differentiation and dedifferentiate under certain experimental conditions, including the expression of SV40 large T antigen or the homeobox gene Msx1. The dedifferentiated cells exhibit multipotency to transdifferentiate into multiple mesenchymal origin cells. In addition, fibroblasts or undifferentiated myoblasts treated with a drug acquire multipotency. These cells may open new doors in cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Endo
- Chiba University, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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Sepulveda DE, Andrews BA, Asenjo JA, Papoutsakis ET. Comparative transcriptional analysis of embryoid body versus two-dimensional differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 14:1603-14. [PMID: 18433312 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the process of ex vivo embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation is important for generating higher yields of desirable cell types or lineages and for understanding fundamental aspects of ES differentiation. We used DNA microarray analysis to investigate the differentiation of mouse ES cells cultured under three differentiation conditions. Embryoid body (EB) formation was compared to differentiation on surfaces coated with either gelatin (GEL) or matrigel (MAT). Based on the transcriptional patterns of a list of literature-based "stemness" genes, ES cell differentiation on the two coated surfaces appeared similar but not identical to EB differentiation. A notable difference was the GEL and MAT upregulation but EB downregulation of nine such stemness genes, which are related to cell adhesion and epithelial differentiation. Further, GEL and MAT differentiation showed higher expression of bone formation-related genes (Spp1, Csf1, Gsn, Bmp8b, Crlf1). Gene ontology analysis shows an increase in the expression of genes related to migration and cell structure in all three conditions. Overall, GEL and MAT conditions resulted in a more similar to each other transcriptional profile than to the EB condition, and such differences are apparently related to higher nutrient and metabolite gradients and limitations in the EB versus the GEL or MAT cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario E Sepulveda
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology (ICDB), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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31
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Wu Z, Sofronic-Milosavljevic L, Nagano I, Takahashi Y. Trichinella spiralis: nurse cell formation with emphasis on analogy to muscle cell repair. Parasit Vectors 2008; 1:27. [PMID: 18710582 PMCID: PMC2538513 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-1-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella infection results in formation of a capsule in infected muscles. The capsule is a residence of the parasite which is composed of the nurse cell and fibrous wall. The process of nurse cell formation is complex and includes infected muscle cell response (de-differentiation, cell cycle re-entry and arrest) and satellite cell responses (activation, proliferation and differentiation). Some events that occur during the nurse cell formation are analogous to those occurring during muscle cell regeneration/repair. This article reviews capsule formation with emphasis on this analogy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
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32
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Sepúlveda DE, Andrews BA, Asenjo JA, Papoutsakis ET. Comparative Transcriptional Analysis of Embryoid Body Versus Two-Dimensional Differentiation of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/tea.2007.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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33
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Abstract
Stem cell research is currently focused on totipotent stem cells and their therapeutic potential, however adult stem cells, while restricted to differentiation within their tissue or origin, also have therapeutic utility. Transplantation with bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) has been used for curative therapy for decades. More recently, alternative sources of HSC, particularly those induced to exit marrow or mobilize to peripheral blood by G-CSF, have become the most widely used hematopoietic graft and show significant superiority to marrow HSC. The chemokine/chemokine receptor axis also mobilizes HSC that occurs more rapidly than with G-CSF. In mice, the HSC and progenitor cells (HPC) mobilized by the CXCR2 receptor agonist GRObeta can be harvested within minutes of administration and show significantly lower levels of apoptosis, enhanced homing to marrow, expression of more activated integrin receptors and superior repopulation kinetics and more competitive engraftment than the equivalent cells mobilized by G-CSF. These characteristics suggest that chemokine axis-mobilized HSC represent a population of adult stem cells distinct from those mobilized by G-CSF, with superior therapeutic potential. It remains to be determined if the chemokine mobilization axis can be harnessed to mobilize other populations of unique adult stem cells with clinical utility.
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34
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Price FD, Kuroda K, Rudnicki MA. Stem cell based therapies to treat muscular dystrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1772:272-83. [PMID: 17034994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies comprise a heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders, characterized by progressive muscle wasting, for which no satisfactory treatment exists. Multiple stem cell populations, both of adult or embryonic origin, display myogenic potential and have been assayed for their ability to correct the dystrophic phenotype. To date, many of these described methods have failed, underlying the need to identify the mechanisms controlling myogenic potential, homing of donor populations to the musculature, and avoidance of the immune response. Recent results focus on the fresh isolation of satellite cells and the use of multiple growth factors to promote mesangioblast migration, both of which promote muscle regeneration. Throughout this chapter, various stem cell based therapies will be introduced and evaluated based on their potential to treat muscular dystrophy in an effective and efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Price
- Molecular Medicine Program and Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
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35
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Schäfer R, Knauf U, Zweyer M, Högemeier O, de Guarrini F, Liu X, Eichhorn HJ, Koch FW, Mundegar RR, Erzen I, Wernig A. Age dependence of the human skeletal muscle stem cell in forming muscle tissue. Artif Organs 2006; 30:130-40. [PMID: 16480387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2006.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle stem cells from healthy donors aged 2-82 years (n = 13) and from three children suffering from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) were implanted into soleus muscles of immunoincompetent mice and were also expanded in vitro until senescence. Growth of implanted cells was quantified by structural features and by the amount of human DNA present in a muscle. Proliferative capacity in vitro and in vivo was inversely related to age of the donor. In vitro, a decline of about two mean population doublings (MPDs) per 10 years of donor's age was observed. Muscle stem cells from DMD children were prematurely aged. In general, cell preparations with low or decreasing content in desmin-positive cells produced more MPDs than age-matched high-desmin preparations and upon implantation more human DNA and more nonmyogenic than myogenic tissue. Thus, a "Desmin Factor" was derived which predicts "quality" of the human muscle tissue growing in vivo. This factor may serve as a prognostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schäfer
- Department of Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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36
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Anderson JE. The satellite cell as a companion in skeletal muscle plasticity: currency, conveyance, clue, connector and colander. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 209:2276-92. [PMID: 16731804 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells are companions to voluntary muscle fibres, and are named for their intimate positional or ;satellite' relationship, as if revolving around fibres, like a satellite moon around the earth. Studies on the nature of at least some satellite cells, including their capabilities for self-renewal and for giving rise to multiple lineages in a stem cell-like function, are exploring the molecular basis of phenotypes described by markers of specialized function and gene expression in normal development, neuromuscular disease and aging. In adult skeletal muscle, the self-renewing capacity of satellite cells contributes to muscle growth, adaptation and regeneration. Muscle remodeling, such as demonstrated by changes in myofibre cross-sectional area and length, nerve and tendon junctions, and fibre-type distribution, occur in the absence of injury and provide broad functional and structural diversity among skeletal muscles. Those contributions to plasticity involve the satellite cell in at least five distinct roles, here described using metaphors for behaviour or the investigator's perspective. Satellite cells are the 'currency' of muscle; have a 'conveyance' role in adaptation by domains of cytoplasm along a myofibre; serve researchers, through a marker role, as 'clues' to various activities of muscle; are 'connectors' that physically, and through signalling and cell-fibre communications, bridge myofibres to the intra- and extra-muscular environment; and are equipped as metabolic and genetic filters or 'colanders' that can rectify or modulate particular signals. While all these roles are still under exploration, each contributes to the plasticity of skeletal muscle and thence to the overall biology and function of an organism. The use of metaphor for describing these roles helps to clarify and scrutinize the definitions that form the basis of our understanding of satellite cell biology: the metaphors provide the construct for various approaches to detect or test the nature of satellite cell functions in skeletal muscle plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy E Anderson
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada.
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37
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is one of the few adult tissues that possesses the capacity for regeneration (restoration of lost functional tissue) as opposed to repair. This capacity is due to the presence of 'muscle stem cells' known as satellite cells. Detailed investigation of these cells over the past 50 years has revealed that both these and other cells within the skeletal muscle complex are capable of regenerating both muscle and other cell types as well. Here, we review this information, and suggest that skeletal muscle is an exciting reservoir of cells for regenerating skeletal muscle itself, as well as other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C M Sinanan
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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38
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Mesenchymal stem cells for bone, cartilage, tendon and skeletal muscle repair. Bone 2006; 39:678-83. [PMID: 16765663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Literature data concerning the biology and differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become huge in less than 10 years, although some of these data still remain contradictory. MSCs seem to be a very promising tool for cell therapy because of their peculiar characteristics, which mimic partially those of embryonic stem cells, but with some advantages in terms of availability, expandability, transplantability, and ethical implications. We discuss here the potential use of MSCs in degenerative or inflammatory diseases involving bone, cartilage, tendon and muscle tissues, on the basis of the experimental evidence.
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39
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Sarig R, Baruchi Z, Fuchs O, Nudel U, Yaffe D. Regeneration and transdifferentiation potential of muscle-derived stem cells propagated as myospheres. Stem Cells 2006; 24:1769-78. [PMID: 16574751 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated from mouse skeletal muscle a subpopulation of slow adherent myogenic cells that can proliferate for at least several months as suspended clusters of cells (myospheres). In the appropriate conditions, the myospheres adhere to the plate, spread out, and form a monolayer of MyoD(+) cells. Unlike previously described myogenic cell lines, most of the myosphere cells differentiate, without cell fusion, into thin mononucleated contractile fibers, which express myogenin and skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain. The presence of Pax-7 in a significant proportion of these cells suggests that they originate from satellite cells. The addition of leukemia inhibitory factor to the growth medium of the myospheres enhances proliferation and dramatically increases the proportion of cells expressing Sca-1, which is expressed by several types of stem cells. The capacity of myosphere cells to transdifferentiate to other mesodermal cell lineages was examined. Exposure of cloned myosphere cells to bone morphogenetic protein resulted in suppression of myogenic differentiation and induction of osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. These cells also sporadically differentiated to adipocytes. Myosphere cells could not, so far, be induced to transdifferentiate to hematopoietic cells. When inoculated into injured muscle, myosphere-derived cells participated in regeneration, forming multinucleated cross-striated mature fibers. This suggests a potential medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sarig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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40
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Christiansen SP, McLoon LK. The effect of resection on satellite cell activity in rabbit extraocular muscle. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:605-13. [PMID: 16431957 PMCID: PMC1780261 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A common treatment for motility disorders of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) is a resection procedure in which there is surgical shortening of the muscle. This procedure results in rotation of the globe toward the resected muscle, increased resting tension across the agonist-antagonist pair, and stretching of the elastic components of the muscles. In the rabbit, due to orbital constraints and limited rotation, resection results in more significant stretch of the surgically treated muscle than the antagonist. This surgical preparation allows for the examination of the effects of surgical shortening of one rectus muscle and passive stretch of its ipsilateral antagonist. METHODS The insertional 6 mm of the superior rectus muscles of adult rabbits were resected and reattached to the original insertion site. After 7 and 14 days, the animals were injected intraperitoneally with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) every 2 hours for 12 hours, followed by a 24-hour BrdU-free period. All superior and inferior rectus muscles from both globes were examined for BrdU incorporation, MyoD expression, neonatal and developmental myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, and myofiber cross-sectional area alterations. RESULTS In the resected muscle and in the passively stretched antagonist muscle, there was a dramatic increase in the number of myofibers positive for neonatal MyHC and in the number of BrdU- and MyoD-positive satellite cells. The addition of BrdU-positive myonuclei increased from 1 per 1000 myofibers in cross sections of control muscles to 2 to 3 per 100 myofibers in the resected muscles. Single myofiber reconstructions showed that multiple BrdU-positive myonuclei were added to individual myofibers. Addition of new myonuclei occurred in random locations along the myofiber length of single fibers. There was no correlation between myofibers with BrdU-positive myonuclei and neonatal MyHC isoform expression. CONCLUSIONS Both active and passive stretch of the rectus muscles produced by strabismus surgery dramatically upregulated the processes of satellite cell activation, integration of new myonuclei into existing myofibers, and concomitant upregulation of immature myosin heavy chain isoforms. Understanding the effects of strabismus surgery on muscle cell biological reactions and myofiber remodeling may suggest new approaches for improving surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda K. McLoon
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology
- Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Corresponding author: Linda K. McLoon, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Room 374 Lions Research Building, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
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41
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Cao B, Deasy BM, Pollett J, Huard J. Cell Therapy for Muscle Regeneration and Repair. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2005; 16:889-907, viii. [PMID: 16214050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2005.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Growth and Development Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4100 Rangos Research Center, 3460 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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42
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Kadi F, Charifi N, Denis C, Lexell J, Andersen JL, Schjerling P, Olsen S, Kjaer M. The behaviour of satellite cells in response to exercise: what have we learned from human studies? Pflugers Arch 2005; 451:319-27. [PMID: 16091958 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-005-1406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complex role played by satellite cells in the adaptive response to exercise in human skeletal muscle has just begun. The development of reliable markers for the identification of satellite cell status (quiescence/activation/proliferation) is an important step towards the understanding of satellite cell behaviour in exercised human muscles. It is hypothesised currently that exercise in humans can induce (1) the activation of satellite cells without proliferation, (2) proliferation and withdrawal from differentiation, (3) proliferation and differentiation to provide myonuclei and (4) proliferation and differentiation to generate new muscle fibres or to repair segmental fibre injuries. In humans, the satellite cell pool can increase as early as 4 days following a single bout of exercise and is maintained at higher level following several weeks of training. Cessation of training is associated with a gradual reduction of the previously enhanced satellite cell pool. In the elderly, training counteracts the normal decline in satellite cell number seen with ageing. When the transcriptional activity of existing myonuclei reaches its maximum, daughter cells generated by satellite cell proliferation are involved in protein synthesis by enhancing the number of nuclear domains. Clearly, delineating the events and the mechanisms behind the activation of satellite cells both under physiological and pathological conditions in human skeletal muscles remains an important challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzi Kadi
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden.
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43
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Conconi MT, De Coppi P, Bellini S, Zara G, Sabatti M, Marzaro M, Zanon GF, Gamba PG, Parnigotto PP, Nussdorfer GG. Homologous muscle acellular matrix seeded with autologous myoblasts as a tissue-engineering approach to abdominal wall-defect repair. Biomaterials 2005; 26:2567-74. [PMID: 15585259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Myoblasts were obtained by culturing in vitro, single muscle fibers, isolated by enzymatic digestion from rat flexor digitorum brevis, and their phenotype was confirmed by myogenic differentiation factor, myogenic factor-5, myogenin and desmin. Cultured myoblasts were harvested and seeded on patches of homologous acellular matrix, obtained by detergent-enzymatic treatment of abdominal muscle fragments. Myoblast-seeded patches were inserted between obliqui abdominis muscles on the right side of 1-month-old rats, while non-seeded patches were implanted on the left side. Thirty days after surgery, non-seeded patches were completely replaced by fibrous tissue, while the structure of myoblast-seeded patches was well preserved until the 2nd month. Seeded patches displayed abundant blood vessels and myoblasts, and electromyography evidenced in them single motor-unit potentials, sometimes grouped into arithmic discharges. Ninty days after implantation, the thickness of myoblast-seeded patches and their electric activity decreased, suggesting a loss of contractile muscle fibers. In conclusion, the present results indicate that autologous myoblast-homologous acellular muscle matrix constructs are a promising tool for body-wall defect repair, and studies are under way to identify strategies able to improve and maintain the structural and functional integrity of implants for longer periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Conconi
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 65, I-35121 Padova, Italy
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44
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Washabaugh CH, Ontell MP, Ontell M. Nonmuscle stem cells fail to significantly contribute to regeneration of normal muscle. Gene Ther 2005; 11:1724-8. [PMID: 15385949 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Whole, normal extensor digitorum longus muscles (EDL) were orthtopically transplanted into transgenic mice, expressing nuclear localing beta-galactosidase (nlsbeta-gal) under control of a muscle-specific promoter, in order to determine the extent to which nonmuscle derived, multipotent stem cells (which under experimental conditions exhibit myogenic potential) are spontaneously recruited from distal, nonmuscle organs to participate in the graft's regeneration. The host's contribution to the graft's regeneration was determined by evaluating the number and distribution of beta-gal positive myonuclei in regenerated grafts. Fibers with beta-gal positive nuclei accounted for approximately 1% of the long-term (28- and 56-day) graft's myofibers. All were confined to the graft's periphery, adjacent to host's muscles. Failure to find myofibers with beta-gal positive nuclei across the revascularized graft's girth demonstrated that there was no meaningful recruitment of nonmuscle stem cells from distal host organs, which must arrive at the graft via the circulation. Rather, stem cells residing in the graft at the time of transplantation accounted for approximately 99.9% of the regenerated graft's myonuclei, with a minor contribution from the surrounding host muscles' myosatellite cells (that occurred when the epimysia of graft or host muscles were damaged during transplantation). The significance of these findings to gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Washabaugh
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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45
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Olguin HC, Olwin BB. Pax-7 up-regulation inhibits myogenesis and cell cycle progression in satellite cells: a potential mechanism for self-renewal. Dev Biol 2005; 275:375-88. [PMID: 15501225 PMCID: PMC3322464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells are myogenic precursors responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration. Satellite cells are absent in the Pax-7-/- mouse, suggesting that this transcription factor is crucial for satellite cell specification [Seale, P., Sabourin, L.A., Girgis-Gabardo, A., Mansouri, A., Gruss, P., Rudnicki, M.A., 2000. Pax7 is required for the specification of myogenic satellite cells. Cell 102, 777-786]. Analysis of Pax-7 expression in activated satellite cells unexpectedly revealed substantial heterogeneity within individual clones. Further analyses show that Pax-7 and myogenin expression are mutually exclusive during differentiation, where Pax-7 appears to be up-regulated in cells that escape differentiation and exit the cell cycle, suggesting a regulatory relationship between these two transcription factors. Indeed, overexpression of Pax-7 down-regulates MyoD, prevents myogenin induction, and blocks MyoD-induced myogenic conversion of 10T1/2 cells. Overexpression of Pax-7 also promotes cell cycle exit even in proliferation conditions. Together, these results suggest that Pax-7 may play a crucial role in allowing activated satellite cells to reacquire a quiescent, undifferentiated state. These data support the concept that satellite cell self-renewal may be a primary mechanism for replenishment of the satellite cell compartment during skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley B. Olwin
- Corresponding author. Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Porter Biosci Building, 347UCB, Boulder, CO 80309. Fax: +1 303 492 1587. (B.B. Olwin)
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Urish K, Kanda Y, Huard J. Initial failure in myoblast transplantation therapy has led the way toward the isolation of muscle stem cells: potential for tissue regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2005; 68:263-80. [PMID: 16125002 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(05)68009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Myoblast transfer therapy can restore dystrophin expressing myofibers in mdx mice and patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, the effectiveness of this technique is hindered by numerous limitations, including minimal distribution of cells after injection, immune rejection, and poor cell survival. Initial studies revealed that only a small population of cells was responsible for muscle regeneration. Compared with myoblast transplantation, the injection of a population of myogenic cells purified with the pre-plate technique results in a superior regeneration of dystrophin-expressing myofibers. These postnatal muscle-derived stem cells (MDSC) undergo self-renewal, display long-term proliferation, and differentiate into multiple lineages. This review examines the initial obstacles encountered in myoblast transplantation, the regenerative properties of MDSC, and the potential use of these stem cells not only for DMD therapy but also for multiple applications, including bone repair and blood reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Urish
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh and Growth and Development Laboratory, Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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47
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Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by their potential immortality and are capable of self-renewal and differentiation. Stem cells are proposed to provide the potential to cure degenerative diseases and to give important clues regarding human development and aging. However, stem cell research has evoked enthusiasm and passionate debate regarding the ethics of their use in medicine and reproduction. In this article, the current understanding of the biology of stem cells, their application in urology, and some of the controversies regarding their use are discussed. Although the clinical application of stem cell technologies to urologic practice is likely to be well in the future, advances in this field hold great promise for the correction of a number of illnesses. Nevertheless, scientists and ethicists will continue to struggle with their ethical responsibilities to the patient and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk C Lo
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Alkek N 730, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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48
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Abstract
A population of myogenic progenitors termed satellite cells undertakes postnatal development and repair of skeletal muscle. Studies have indicated that atypical myogenic precursors can also participate in muscle regeneration. The source of this regenerative capacity has been attributed to "adult stem cells" that represent poorly understood multipotent cell lineages, believed to reside in all adult tissue populations. Here we review the origin and location of muscle satellite cells and stem cells, as well as the mechanisms by which they may be specified. We discuss how the experimental models utilized raise important questions regarding the validity of extrapolating these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain W McKinnell
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6 Canada
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49
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Robinson DA, Bremner SN, Sethi K, Shah SB, Sirsi SR, Lutz GJ. In vivo expression of myosin essential light chain using plasmid expression vectors in regenerating frog skeletal muscle. Gene Ther 2004; 12:347-57. [PMID: 15538392 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that mutations in specific structural elements of the motor protein myosin are directly linked to debilitating diseases involving malfunctioning striated muscle cells. A potential way to study the relationship between myosin structure and function is to express exogenous myosin in vivo and determine contractile properties of the transgenic muscle cells. However, in vivo expression of functional levels of contractile proteins using transient transgenesis in skeletal muscle has not been demonstrated. Presently, we used in vivo gene transfer to express high levels of full-length myosin light chain (MLC) in skeletal muscle fibers of Rana pipiens. Anterior tibialis (AT) muscles were injected with cardiotoxin to cause degeneration and then injected at various stages of regeneration with plasmid expression vectors encoding full-length MLC1(f). In fibers from the most robustly transfected muscles 3 weeks after plasmid injections, trans-MLC1(f) expression averaged 22-43% of the endogenous MLC1(f). Trans-MLC1(f) expression was the same whether a small epitope tag was placed on the C- or N-terminus and was highly variable along individual fibers. Confocal microscopy of skinned fibers showed correct sarcomeric incorporation of trans-MLC1(f). The expression profile of myosin heavy chain isoforms 21 days after transfection was similar to normal AT muscle. These data demonstrate the feasibility of using in vivo gene transfer to probe the structural basis of contractile protein function in skeletal muscle. Based on these promising results, we discuss how further improvements in the level and consistency of myosin transgene expression may be achieved in future studies, and the therapeutic potential of plasmid gene transfer in regenerating muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Robinson
- University of California San Diego and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
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50
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Abstract
Stem cells are considered a possible alternative treatment for degenerative diseases. Parkinson's disease and diabetes mellitus may become curable using stem cells. The term "stem cell" is used very broadly, although it has been well defined. Undifferentiated cells (stem cells and progenitor cells) are isolated from prenatal and postnatal tissues. This review provides an overview of embryonic and adult stem cells and describes potential applications in the field of tissue engineering in urology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bartsch
- Abteilung für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Urologische Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik, Ulm.
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