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Dai Q, Han Y, Xie F, Ma X, Xu Z, Liu X, Zou W, Wang J. A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29608149 DOI: 10.3791/56468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result in a series of bone metabolic diseases, including osteoporosis. To develop pharmaceutical targets for the prevention of pathological bone mass loss, the mechanisms by which osteoclasts differentiate from precursors must be understood. The ability to isolate and culture a large number of osteoclasts in vitro is critical in order to determine the role of specific genes in osteoclast differentiation. Inactivation of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) in osteoclasts can decrease osteoclast number and increase bone mass; however, the underlying mechanisms require further study. In the present study, a RANKL-based protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow and to study the influence of mTORC1 inactivation on osteoclast formation is described. This protocol successfully resulted in a large number of giant osteoclasts, typically within one week. Deletion of Raptor impaired osteoclast formation and decreased the activity of secretory tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, indicating that mTORC1 is critical for osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Dai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology
| | - Yujiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Furong Xie
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology
| | - Xuhui Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
| | - Zhan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology;
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Tevlin R, McArdle A, Chan CKF, Pluvinage J, Walmsley GG, Wearda T, Marecic O, Hu MS, Paik KJ, Senarath-Yapa K, Atashroo DA, Zielins ER, Wan DC, Weissman IL, Longaker MT. Osteoclast derivation from mouse bone marrow. J Vis Exp 2014:e52056. [PMID: 25407120 DOI: 10.3791/52056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are highly specialized cells that are derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of the bone marrow. Their unique ability to resorb both the organic and inorganic matrices of bone means that they play a key role in regulating skeletal remodeling. Together, osteoblasts and osteoclasts are responsible for the dynamic coupling process that involves both bone resorption and bone formation acting together to maintain the normal skeleton during health and disease. As the principal bone-resorbing cell in the body, changes in osteoclast differentiation or function can result in profound effects in the body. Diseases associated with altered osteoclast function can range in severity from lethal neonatal disease due to failure to form a marrow space for hematopoiesis, to more commonly observed pathologies such as osteoporosis, in which excessive osteoclastic bone resorption predisposes to fracture formation. An ability to isolate osteoclasts in high numbers in vitro has allowed for significant advances in the understanding of the bone remodeling cycle and has paved the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies that combat these diseases. Here, we describe a protocol to isolate and cultivate osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow that will yield large numbers of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Tevlin
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Adrian McArdle
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Charles K F Chan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - John Pluvinage
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Graham G Walmsley
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Taylor Wearda
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Owen Marecic
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Michael S Hu
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Kevin J Paik
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Kshemendra Senarath-Yapa
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - David A Atashroo
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Elizabeth R Zielins
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Derrick C Wan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University;
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Batsakis JG, Ordonez NG, Sevidal PA, Baker JR. Osteoclast-type giant cell neoplasms of the parotid gland. J Laryngol Otol 1988; 102:901-4. [PMID: 2462001 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100106772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The parotid gland is added to the list of parenchymal organs, notably the pancreas, in which osteoclast-like cells appear as constituent cells in their neoplasms. The cells' role in the neoplasms is a reactive one or, more rarely, as an integral element in an osteoclast-type giant cell neoplasm or so-called osteoclastoma. Distinctive in histological appearance, the osteoclast-type giant cell neoplasm is a malignant lesion that, to date, has been described only in the pancreas and parotid glands. This report presents examples of each type of giant cell lesion in the parotid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Batsakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston
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Campbell JB, Crocker J, Shenoi PM. S-100 protein localization in minor salivary gland tumours: an aid to diagnosis. J Laryngol Otol 1988; 102:905-8. [PMID: 2848914 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100106784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The clinician is almost entirely dependent on the histopathologist to accurately diagnose minor salivary gland tumours, but in some cases the histological interpretation of the specimen is very difficult. Recently it has been demonstrated using immunohistochemical techniques that S-100 protein is present in some salivary gland tissues and its localization has been used as an aid in the differentiation of major salivary gland tumours. To assess its value in the diagnosis of minor salivary gland tumours it was localized in sections from 15 such tumours using both a standard peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) and a newly developed immunogold-silver staining sequence (IGSS) technique. Strong staining for S-100 protein was seen in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the cellular areas and also in the cells in the chondroid and myxoid areas of pleomorphic adenomas. Generally the staining was more intense and widespread with the IGSS method. No staining was observed in any of the other tumour types. We conclude that S-100 protein localization is a valuable aid in the differentiation of minor salivary gland tumours. Furthermore, the IGSS method enables more sensitive 'reading' of the staining reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Campbell
- Department of Otolaryngology, East Birmingham Hospital
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Kaye M, Henderson J. Nature of mononuclear cells positive for acid phosphatase activity in bone marrow of patients with renal osteodystrophy. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41:277-9. [PMID: 3360955 PMCID: PMC1141423 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.41.3.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fifty two of 63 patients with renal osteodystrophy had one or more mononuclear cells positive for acid phosphatase in the marrow. These cells are also tartrate resistant and non-specific esterase negative, and are believed to be precursors to osteoclasts and other acid phosphatase positive cells resorbing bone on the trabecular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kaye
- Division of Nephrology, Montreal General Hospital, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Classically, the only roles attributed to vitamin D have been regulation of intestinal calcium absorption and maintenance of skeletal homeostasis. This review examines the new evidence describing a regulatory role for vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) in immune cell functions along with research that has linked immune cell functions with skeletal homeostasis. The possible significance of this evidence with respect to the parturient dairy cow is discussed.
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