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Rodrigues L, Da Cruz Paula A, Soares P, Vinagre J. Unraveling the Significance of DGCR8 and miRNAs in Thyroid Carcinoma. Cells 2024; 13:561. [PMID: 38607000 PMCID: PMC11011343 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as negative regulators for protein-coding gene expression impacting cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. These miRNAs are frequently dysregulated in cancer and constitute classes of blood-based biomarkers useful for cancer detection and prognosis definition. In thyroid cancer (TC), the miRNA biogenesis pathway plays a pivotal role in thyroid gland formation, ensuring proper follicle development and hormone production. Several alterations in the miRNA biogenesis genes are reported as a causality for miRNA dysregulation. Mutations in microprocessor component genes are linked to an increased risk of developing TC; in particular, a recurrent mutation affecting DGCR8, the E518K. In this review, we explore these novel findings and resume the current state-of-the-art in miRNAs in thyroid carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (A.D.C.P.); (P.S.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Arnaud Da Cruz Paula
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (A.D.C.P.); (P.S.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (A.D.C.P.); (P.S.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Vinagre
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (A.D.C.P.); (P.S.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Rodrigues L, Canberk S, Macedo S, Soares P, Vinagre J. DGCR8 Microprocessor Subunit Mutation and Expression Deregulation in Thyroid Lesions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314812. [PMID: 36499151 PMCID: PMC9740158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
DGCR8 emerged recently as miRNAs biogenesis pathway protein with a highlighted role in thyroid disease. This study aimed to characterize this miRNA biogenesis component, in particular the p.(E518K) mutation and DGCR8 expression in a series of thyroid lesions. The series of thyroid lesions was genotyped for the c.1552G>A p.(E518K) mutation. When frozen tissue was available, DGCR8 mRNA expression was analysed by qPCR. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were studied for DGCR8 immunoexpression. We present for the first time the p.(E518K) mutation in a case of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma and present the deregulation of DGCR8 expression at mRNA level in follicular-patterned tumours. The obtained data solidify DGCR8 as another important player of miRNA-related gene mutations in thyroid tumorigenesis, particularly in follicular-patterned thyroid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Rodrigues
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (I3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sule Canberk
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (I3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Macedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (I3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (I3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Vinagre
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (I3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-22-557-0700
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Vielh P, Balogh Z, Suciu V, Richon C, Job B, Meurice G, Valent A, Lacroix L, Marty V, Motte N, Dessen P, Caillou B, Ghuzlan AA, Bidart JM, Lazar V, Hofman P, Scoazec JY, El-Naggar AK, Schlumberger M. DNA FISH Diagnostic Assay on Cytological Samples of Thyroid Follicular Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092529. [PMID: 32899953 PMCID: PMC7564487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cytopathology cannot distinguish benign from malignant follicular lesions in 20–30% of cases. These indeterminate cases includes the so-called follicular neoplasms (FNs) according to The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Frozen samples from 66 classic follicular adenomas (cFAs) and carcinomas (cFTCs) studied by array-comparative genomic hybridization identified three specific alterations of cFTCs (losses of 1p36.33-35.1 and 22q13.2-13.31, and gain of whole chromosome X) confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in a second independent series of 60 touch preparations from frozen samples of cFAs and cFTCs. In a third independent set of 27 cases of already stained pre-operative fine-needle aspiration cytology samples diagnosed as FNs and histologically verified, FISH analysis using these three markers identified half of cFTCs. Specificity of our assay for identifying cFTCs is higher than 98% which might be comparable with BRAF600E testing in cases of suspicion of classic papillary thyroid carcinomas. Abstract Although fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is helpful in determining whether thyroid nodules are benign or malignant, this distinction remains a cytological challenge in follicular neoplasms. Identification of genomic alterations in cytological specimens with direct and routine techniques would therefore have great clinical value. A series of 153 cases consisting of 72 and 81 histopathologically confirmed classic follicular adenomas (cFAs) and classic follicular thyroid carcinomas (cFTCs), respectively, was studied by means of different molecular techniques in three different cohorts of patients (pts). In the first cohort (training set) of 66 pts, three specific alterations characterized by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) were exclusively found in half of cFTCs. These structural abnormalities corresponded to losses of 1p36.33-35.1 and 22q13.2-13.31, and gain of whole chromosome X. The second independent cohort (validation set) of 60 pts confirmed these data on touch preparations of frozen follicular neoplasms by triple DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization using selected commercially available probes. The third cohort, consisting of 27 archived cytological samples from an equal number of pts that had been obtained for preoperative FNAC and morphologically classified as and histologically verified to be follicular neoplasms, confirmed our previous findings and showed the feasibility of the DNA FISH (DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization) assay. All together, these data suggest that our triple DNA FISH diagnostic assay may detect 50% of cFTCs with a specificity higher than 98% and be useful as a low-cost adjunct to cytomorphology to help further classify follicular neoplasms on already routinely stained cytological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vielh
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Zsofia Balogh
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Voichita Suciu
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Catherine Richon
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Bastien Job
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Guillaume Meurice
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Alexander Valent
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Ludovic Lacroix
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Virginie Marty
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Nelly Motte
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Philippe Dessen
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Bernard Caillou
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Abir Al Ghuzlan
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Jean-Michel Bidart
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Vladimir Lazar
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology and Biobank, Pasteur Hospital, 06002 Nice, France;
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Adel K. El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Martin Schlumberger
- Department of Endocrinology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France;
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Otsubo R, Matsuda K, Mussazhanova Z, Sato A, Matsumoto M, Yano H, Oikawa M, Kondo H, Ito M, Miyauchi A, Hirokawa M, Nagayasu T, Nakashima M. A Novel Diagnostic Method for Thyroid Follicular Tumors Based on Immunofluorescence Analysis of p53-Binding Protein 1 Expression: Detection of Genomic Instability. Thyroid 2019; 29:657-665. [PMID: 30929573 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: The preoperative diagnosis of thyroid follicular carcinomas (FCs) by fine-needle aspiration cytology is almost impossible. It was previously demonstrated that p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) expression, based on immunofluorescence (IF), can serve as a valuable biomarker to estimate the malignant potential of various cancers. 53BP1 belongs to a class of DNA damage response molecules that rapidly localize to the site of DNA double-strand breaks, forming nuclear foci (NF). This study aimed to elucidate the utility of 53BP1 NF expression as a biomarker to differentiate follicular tumors (FTs). Methods: Associations between 53BP1 expression based on IF and histological types of FTs were analyzed using 27 follicular adenomas (FAs), 28 minimally invasive FCs, and 14 widely invasive FCs. Furthermore, the study clarified the relationship between 53BP1 NF and copy number aberrations (CNAs) based on array comparative genomic hybridization, a hallmark of genomic instability (GIN). Results: This study demonstrates differences in 53BP1 NF expression between FA and FC. The incidence of 53BP1 at NF significantly increased with FT progression in the following order: normal follicle < FA < minimally invasive FCs < widely invasive FCs. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in CNAs among the FT samples. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between CNAs and 53BP1 at NF in FTs. Thus, based on a comparison of these two indicators of GIN, 53BP1 NF (by IF) was better able to estimate the malignancy of FTs compared to CNA (by array comparative genomic hybridization). Interestingly, IF revealed a heterogenous distribution of 53BP1 NF, which occurred more frequently in the invasive or subcapsular area than in the center of the tumor, suggesting intratumoral heterogeneity of GIN in FTs. Conclusions: It is proposed that IF analysis of 53BP1 expression could be a novel diagnostic method to estimate the malignant potential of FTs. Because 53BP1 NF reflect DNA double-strand breaks, it is hypothesized that the incidence of 53BP1 at NF can represent the level of GIN in tumor cells. IF analysis of 53BP1 expression will not only be an auxiliary histologic technique to diagnose FTs accurately, but also a novel technique for preoperative diagnosis using fine-needle aspiration cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Otsubo
- 1 Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- 2 Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Matsuda
- 1 Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Zhanna Mussazhanova
- 1 Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ayako Sato
- 1 Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- 2 Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Megumi Matsumoto
- 2 Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- 2 Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oikawa
- 3 Division of Breast Surgery, New-wa-kai Oikawa Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Kondo
- 4 Biostatics Section, Division of Scientific Data Registry, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ito
- 5 Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa
- 7 Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Cytology, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagayasu
- 2 Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- 1 Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Turbat-Herrera EA, Kilpatrick MJ, Chen J, Meram AT, Cotelingam J, Ghali G, Kevil CG, Coppola D, Shackelford RE. Cystathione β-Synthase Is Increased in Thyroid Malignancies. Anticancer Res 2018; 38:6085-6090. [PMID: 30396922 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystathione β-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the conversion of homocysteine and cysteine to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and cystathione, via the trans-sulfuration pathway. CBS protein expression levels are increased in several different human malignancies, with increased protein expression correlating with parameters such as tumor stage, anaplasia, metastases, and chemotherapy resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study employed tissue microarrays to examine CBS expression in benign thyroid tissue, thyroid oncocytomas, thyroid follicular adenomas, and in follicular, papillary, anaplastic, and medullary thyroid carcinomas. RESULTS CBS expression was increased in all thyroid carcinomas types compared to benign thyroid tissue, but not in thyroid follicular adenomas or oncocytomas. A similar pattern was observed for nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) tissue microarray analysis comparing thyroid adenomas and follicular carcinomas. CONCLUSION For the first time, we showed that an H2S-syntheszing enzyme plays a role in thyroid malignancies. Additionally, our data suggest that CBS and NAMPT immunohistochemistry may be useful in differentiating follicular adenomas from follicular carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba A Turbat-Herrera
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Matthew J Kilpatrick
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Andrew T Meram
- Head & Neck Oncologic/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery Department of Oral & Maxillofacial/Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - James Cotelingam
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Ghali Ghali
- Head & Neck Oncologic/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery Department of Oral & Maxillofacial/Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, U.S.A
| | - Rodney E Shackelford
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A.
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Acquaviva G, Visani M, Repaci A, Rhoden KJ, de Biase D, Pession A, Giovanni T. Molecular pathology of thyroid tumours of follicular cells: a review of genetic alterations and their clinicopathological relevance. Histopathology 2018; 72:6-31. [PMID: 29239040 DOI: 10.1111/his.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Knowledge of the molecular pathology of thyroid tumours originating from follicular cells has greatly advanced in the past several years. Common molecular alterations, such as BRAF p.V600E, RAS point mutations, and fusion oncogenes (RET-PTC being the prototypical example), have been, respectively, associated with conventional papillary carcinoma, follicular-patterned tumours (follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, and the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma/non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features), and with papillary carcinomas from young patients and arising after exposure to ionising radiation, respectively. The remarkable correlation between genotype and phenotype shows how specific, mutually exclusive molecular changes can promote tumour development and initiate a multistep tumorigenic process that is characterised by aberrant activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-PTEN-AKT signalling. Molecular alterations are becoming useful biomarkers for diagnosis and risk stratification, and as potential treatment targets for aggressive forms of thyroid carcinoma. What follows is a review of the principal genetic alterations of thyroid tumours originating from follicular cells and of their clinicopathological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Acquaviva
- Anatomical Pathology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Visani
- Anatomical Pathology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Repaci
- Endocrinology Unit, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kerry J Rhoden
- Medical Genetics Unit, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tallini Giovanni
- Anatomical Pathology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Liu Y, Cope L, Sun W, Wang Y, Prasad N, Sangenario L, Talbot K, Somervell H, Westra W, Bishop J, Califano J, Zeiger M, Umbricht C. DNA copy number variations characterize benign and malignant thyroid tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E558-66. [PMID: 23345095 PMCID: PMC3590464 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the best diagnostic tool for preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules but is often inconclusive as a guide for surgical management. OBJECTIVE Our hypothesis was that thyroid tumor subtypes may show characteristic DNA copy number variation (CNV) patterns, which may further improve the preoperative classification. DESIGN Our study cohorts included benign follicular adenomas (FAs), classic papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), and follicular variant PTCs (FVPTCs), the three subtypes most commonly associated with inconclusive preoperative cytopathology. SETTING Tissue and FNA samples were obtained at an academic tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Cases were identified that underwent partial or complete thyroidectomy for malignant or indeterminate thyroid lesions between 2000 and 2008 and had adequate snap-frozen tissue. INTERVENTIONS Pairs of tumor tissue and matching normal thyroid tissue-derived DNA were compared using 550K single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Statistically significant differences in CNV patterns between tumor subtypes were identified. RESULTS Segmental amplifications in chromosomes (Ch) 7 and 12 were more common in FAs than in PTCs or FVPTCs. Additionally, a subset of FAs and FVPTCs showed deletions in Ch22. We identified the 5 CNV-associated genes best at discriminating between FAs and PTCs/FVPTCs, which correctly classified 90% of cases. These 5 Ch12 genes were validated by quantitative genomic PCR and gene expression array analyses on the same patient cohort. The 5-gene signature was then successfully validated against an independent test cohort of benign and malignant tumor samples. Finally, we performed a feasibility study on matched FA-derived intraoperative FNA samples and were able to correctly identify FAs harboring the Ch12 amplification signature, whereas FAs without amplification showed a normal Ch12 signature. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid tumor subtypes possess characteristic genomic profiles that may further our understanding of structural genetic changes in thyroid tumor subtypes and may lead to the development of new diagnostic biomarkers in FNA samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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8
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Chromosomal imbalances in carcinoma showing thymus-like elements (CASTLE). Virchows Arch 2011; 459:221-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Follicular neoplasms of the thyroid gland include benign follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma. Currently, a follicular carcinoma cannot be distinguished from a follicular adenoma based on cytologic, sonographic, or clinical features alone. The pathogenesis of follicular carcinoma may be related to iodine deficiency and various oncogene and/or microRNA activation. Advances in molecular testing for genetic mutations may soon allow for preoperative differentiation of follicular carcinoma from follicular adenoma. Until then, a patient with a follicular neoplasm should undergo a diagnostic thyroid lobectomy and isthmusectomy, which is definitive treatment for a benign follicular adenoma or a minimally invasive follicular cancer. Additional therapy is necessary for invasive follicular carcinoma including completion thyroidectomy, postoperative radioactive iodine ablation, whole body scanning, and thyrotropin suppressive doses of thyroid hormone. Less than 10% of patients with follicular carcinoma will have lymph node metastases, and a compartment-oriented neck dissection is reserved for patients with macroscopic disease. Regular follow-up includes history and physical examination, cervical ultrasound and serum TSH, and thyroglobulin and antithyroglobulin antibody levels. Other imaging studies are reserved for patients with an elevated serum thyroglobulin level and a negative cervical ultrasound. Systemic metastases most commonly involve the lung and bone and less commonly the brain, liver, and skin. Microscopic metastases are treated with high doses of radioactive iodine. Isolated macroscopic metastases can be resected with an improvement in survival. The overall ten-year survival for patients with minimally invasive follicular carcinoma is 98% compared with 80% in patients with invasive follicular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R McHenry
- Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109-1998, USA.
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10
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Sobrinho-Simões M, Eloy C, Magalhães J, Lobo C, Amaro T. Follicular thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2011; 24 Suppl 2:S10-8. [PMID: 21455197 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Follicular thyroid carcinoma is being diagnosed less and less frequently despite the increasing incidence of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas everywhere. This review will discuss the reasons underlying such an observation focusing on the evolution of the morphological and immunohistochemical diagnostic criteria of follicular thyroid tumors. It will address the differential diagnosis between follicular carcinoma and three tumor types--follicular adenoma, follicular variant of papillary carcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma--as well as the problems raised by the newly described categories of follicular tumors: follicular tumor of uncertain malignant potential, well-differentiated tumor of uncertain malignant potential and well-differentiated carcinoma, not otherwise specified. Finally, the prognostic and therapeutic significance of some promising molecular biomarkers will be discussed within the frame of the aforementioned histopathological classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Cytogenetic and molecular events in adenoma and well-differentiated thyroid follicular-cell neoplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 203:21-9. [PMID: 20951315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In spite of its simple organization, the thyroid gland can give rise to a wide spectrum of neoplasms, ranging from innocuous to highly malignant lesions. Approximately 94% of the malignancies is represented by well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma originating from follicular cells. These neoplasms are divided into two main categories, papillary thyroid carcinoma and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Despite their origin from the same type of cells, the two neoplasias show different biological behavior and a different set of genetic features, including specific cytogenetic patterns. Thyroid adenoma is the benign counterpart of follicular carcinoma. No benign counterpart of papillary carcinoma has yet been identified. The chromosomes of thyroid nodules have been investigated since 1965, and different cytogenetic subgroups have been recognized, some of which show structural chromosomal rearrangements. These structural changes lead to the formation of fusion genes RET-PTC, TRK(-T), and BRAF-AKAP9, which originate as a result of intrachromosomal or interchromosomal rearrangements and are found in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Fusion genes involving PPARγ are caused mainly by translocations and are characteristic of follicular neoplastic tissue. Radiation exposure and the particular architectural arrangement of chromatin regions in which the affected genes lie during interphase are thought to favor the formation of fusion genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma and possibly also in follicular thyroid carcinoma.
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12
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Algeciras-Schimnich A, Milosevic D, McIver B, Flynn H, Reddi HV, Eberhardt NL, Grebe SKG. Evaluation of the PAX8/PPARG translocation in follicular thyroid cancer with a 4-color reverse-transcription PCR assay and automated high-resolution fragment analysis. Clin Chem 2010; 56:391-8. [PMID: 20056739 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.134015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular testing of thyroid malignancies, in combination with cytologic and histologic examination, is becoming increasingly attractive as a tool for refining traditional morphologic diagnosis. The molecular changes associated with follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) are point mutations in RAS oncogenes or the presence of PAX8/PPARG (paired box 8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) rearrangement. METHODS We developed and validated a clinical assay for the detection of PAX8/PPARG rearrangements that uses a 4-color reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay and high-resolution fragment analysis. RESULTS The RT-PCR assay is applicable for detecting the various described fusion transcripts of PAX8/PPARG in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thyroid tissue and in fine-needle aspirate biopsy washes from thyroid nodules. The analytical sensitivity of the assay is 1 abnormal cell in a background of 100-10 000 translocation-negative cells. A comparison of the RT-PCR assay with dual-fusion fluorescence in situ hybridization showed an overall concordance of 95%. With this assay, we obtained a prevalence for the PAX8/PPARG rearrangement in FTC of 62% (13 of 21 cases), compared with a 5% prevalence (3 of 55) for other follicular cell-derived neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of this assay into clinical practice could provide useful information for the diagnosis and possibly for the prognosis and treatment of thyroid cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Algeciras-Schimnich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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13
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Pinto AE, Leite V, Soares J. Clinical implications of molecular markers in follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:679-94. [PMID: 19817553 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use/applications of molecular biology techniques have provided new insights on the genetic changes that underlie carcinogenesis and tumor progression in thyroid cancer. Molecular analysis may improve the histopathologic evaluation of follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma, not only elucidating some unresolved problems related to the diagnosis and disease prognosis, but also by improving patient management. Besides increasing our comprehension of cancer biology, either genetic alterations or gene expression profiles implicated in thyroid carcinogenesis shed new light on innovative diagnostic procedures as well as on targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- António E Pinto
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, EPE, Rua Professor Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal.
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14
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Soares P, Preto A, Sobrinho-Simões M. BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a potential target for therapy? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2009; 4:467-480. [PMID: 30736186 DOI: 10.1586/eem.09.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the therapeutic significance of the close genotype-phenotype association in papillary thyroid carcinoma, namely regarding the association between genetic alterations in RET, BRAF or RAS genes and the histopathological variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Based upon the aforementioned review on morphology and molecular pathology, the most recent prognostic and therapeutic data are reviewed and the role of targeted therapies, namely those interfering with BRAF-activated pathways are discussed, which may play a role in the treatment of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma unresponsive to radioactive iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Soares
- a Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-4465 Porto, Portugal and Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Preto
- b Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-4465 Porto, Portugal and Molecular and Environmental Biology Centre (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-4057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- c Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal and Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal and Department of Pathology, Hospital de S. João, Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Slosar M, Vohra P, Prasad M, Fischer A, Quinlan R, Khan A. Insulin-like growth factor mRNA binding protein 3 (IMP3) is differentially expressed in benign and malignant follicular patterned thyroid tumors. Endocr Pathol 2009; 20:149-57. [PMID: 19449140 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-009-9079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor mRNA binding protein 3 (IMP3) is an mRNA-binding protein that regulates transcription of insulin-like growth factor II affecting cell proliferation during embryogenesis. It is highly expressed in carcinomas of the pancreas, stomach, colon, rectum, kidneys, uterine cervix, lung, and ovary. The purpose of our study was to evaluate IMP3 expression in thyroid follicular lesions, to determine whether it has a role in differentiating among these lesions, and to understand their biological relationships. We immunostained 219 thyroid lesions selected from our surgical pathology archives including 14 hyperplastic colloid nodules (CN), 19 Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), two Graves disease (GD), ten Hürthle cell adenoma (HCA), 20 follicular adenoma (FA), 37 conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 60 follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPC), 19 Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC), 32 follicular carcinoma (FC), and six poorly differentiated/anaplastic carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed sections using monoclonal antibody to IMP3. Clinicopathological data were also reviewed. In all cases, residual thyroid tissue, CN, HT, GD, HCA, and FA were completely negative for IMP3 staining. Of the 60 FVPC, 23 tumors (38%) were positive for IMP3, with 13 of these (22%) showing very strong staining (3+). Of the 32 FC, 22 tumors (69%) were positive, with seven (22%) showing very strong staining (3+). Furthermore, 33 out of 37 cases (89%) of PTC were negative for IMP3. In all four PTC cases that did stain positive, staining was weak-moderate (1-2+). Similarly, 15 out of 19 cases (79%) of HCC were negative. No significant correlation was found between pathologic tumor characteristics and IMP3 expression in differentiated follicular pattern thyroid carcinoma. With 100% specificity and 69% sensitivity for FC as compared to FA and 100% specificity for FVPC, again compared to FA, IMP3 has the potential to be diagnostically useful in differentiating malignant and benign follicular pattern thyroid lesions. This study also points to a possible common biological relationship between FC and FVPC that requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Slosar
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Three Biotech, One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Ribeiro FR, Meireles AM, Rocha AS, Teixeira MR. Conventional and molecular cytogenetics of human non-medullary thyroid carcinoma: characterization of eight cell line models and review of the literature on clinical samples. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:371. [PMID: 19087340 PMCID: PMC2651892 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell lines are often poorly characterized from a genetic point of view, reducing their usefulness as tumor models. Our purpose was to assess the genetic background of eight commonly used human thyroid carcinoma models and to compare the findings with those reported for primary tumors of the gland. Methods We used chromosome banding analysis and comparative genomic hybridization to profile eight non-medullary thyroid carcinoma cell lines of papillary (TPC-1, FB2, K1 and B-CPAP), follicular (XTC-1) or anaplastic origin (8505C, C643 and HTH74). To assess the representativeness of the findings, we additionally performed a thorough review of cytogenetic (n = 125) and DNA copy number information (n = 270) available in the literature on clinical samples of thyroid carcinoma. Results The detailed characterization of chromosomal markers specific for each cell line revealed two cases of mistaken identities: FB2 was shown to derive from TPC-1 cells, whereas K1 cells have their origin in cell line GLAG-66. All cellular models displayed genomic aberrations of varying complexity, and recurrent gains at 5p, 5q, 8q, and 20q (6/7 cell lines) and losses at 8p, 13q, 18q, and Xp (4/7 cell lines) were seen. Importantly, the genomic profiles were compatible with those of the respective primary tumors, as seen in the meta-analysis of the existing literature data. Conclusion We provide the genomic background of seven independent thyroid carcinoma models representative of the clinical tumors of the corresponding histotypes, and highlight regions of recurrent aberrations that may guide future studies aimed at identifying target genes. Our findings further support the importance of routinely performing cytogenetic studies on cell lines, to detect cross-contamination mishaps such as those identified here.
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Abstract
There is much interest in the application of genome biology to the field of thyroid neoplasia, despite the relatively low mortality rate associated with thyroid cancer in general. The principal reason for this interest is that the field of thyroid neoplasia stands to benefit from the application of genomic information to address a variety of pathologic and clinical issues. In addition to practical patient care issues, there is an excellent opportunity of expand the basic understanding of thyroid carcinogenesis. In this article, the most relevant genomic work on thyroid tumors performed to date is reviewed along with some general comments about the potential impact of genomic biology on thyroid pathology and the management of patients with thyroid nodules and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, MSRB-2, C570D, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Sobrinho-Simões M, Máximo V, Rocha AS, Trovisco V, Castro P, Preto A, Lima J, Soares P. Intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008; 37:333-62, viii. [PMID: 18502330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The close genotype-phenotype relationship that characterizes thyroid oncology stimulated the authors to address this article by using a mixed, genetic and phenotypic approach. As such, this article addresses the following aspects of intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer: thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins of the stimulatory family mutations in hyperfunctioning tumors; mutations in RAS and other genes and aneuploidy; PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangements; BRAF mutations; mutations in oxidative phosphorylation and Krebs cycle genes in Hürthle cell tumors; mutations in succinate dehydrogenase genes in medullary carcinoma and C-cell hyperplasia; and mutations in TP53 and other genes in poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Kayser K, Görtler J, Giesel F, Kayser G. How to implement grid technology in tissue-based diagnosis: diagnostic surgical pathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2:323-37. [PMID: 23495662 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.3.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue-based diagnosis or diagnostic surgical pathology is a highly accurate, sensitive and specific medical diagnostic technique that has expanded rapidly in using both molecular biology and computer technology. OBJECTIVE The objective is to analyze the present stage and potential influence of distributed data acquisition, analysis and presentation in tissue-based diagnosis by using recently developed standardized network systems such as grids. METHODS Interpretation of medical data is often based upon specialized examination, visual information acquisition and transfer as well as upon data collected from various sources. Efficient and accurate diagnostics require standardized data and transfer modes, which can be provided by a grid environment. The medical requirements, construction of an adequate grid environment, practical experiences in various medical disciplines and potential use in tissue-based diagnosis are described. CONCLUSIONS Grid technology is probably a useful tool to meet the conditions of tissue-based diagnosis in the near future, and will probably play a significant role in its further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Kayser
- UICC-TPCC, Institute of Pathology, Charite, Charite Platz 1, D-10118, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Eszlinger M, Krohn K, Kukulska A, Jarzab B, Paschke R. Perspectives and limitations of microarray-based gene expression profiling of thyroid tumors. Endocr Rev 2007; 28:322-38. [PMID: 17353294 DOI: 10.1210/er.2006-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microarray technology has become a powerful tool to analyze the gene expression of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously. Microarray-based gene expression profiles are available for malignant thyroid tumors (i.e., follicular thyroid carcinoma, and papillary thyroid carcinoma), and for benign thyroid tumors (such as autonomously functioning thyroid nodules and cold thyroid nodules). In general, the two main foci of microarray investigations are improved understanding of the pathophysiology/molecular etiology of thyroid neoplasia and the detection of genetic markers that could improve the differential diagnosis of thyroid tumors. Their results revealed new features, not known from one-gene studies. Simultaneously, the increasing number of microarray analyses of different thyroid pathologies raises the demand to efficiently compare the data. However, the use of different microarray platforms complicates cross-analysis. In addition, there are other important differences between these studies: 1) some studies use intraindividual comparisons, whereas other studies perform interindividual comparisons; 2) the reference tissue is defined as strictly nonnodular healthy tissue or also contains benign lesions such as goiter, follicular adenoma, and hyperplastic nodules in some studies; and 3) the widely used Affymetrix GeneChip platform comprises several GeneChip generations that are only partially compatible. Moreover, the different studies are characterized by strong differences in data analysis methods, which vary from simple empiric filters to sophisticated statistic algorithms. Therefore, this review summarizes and compares the different published reports in the context of their study design. It also illustrates perspectives and solutions for data set integration and meta-analysis, as well as the possibilities to combine array analysis with other genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eszlinger
- III. Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Führer D. Molecular determination of benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2006; 1:763-773. [PMID: 30754153 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.1.6.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent molecular studies have revolutionized our understanding of the pathogenesis of thyroid tumors and particular advances have been made in three areas. First, toxic thyroid nodules, which originate from constitutive activation of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor/Gs α signaling and represent the dominant cause of thyrotoxicosis in regions with iodine deficiency. Second, papillary thyroid cancer, the most frequent thyroid malignancy, which is characterized by a common fingerprint of constitutive mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Importantly, this is caused by distinct genetic alterations in radiation-induced (RET/PTC, NTRK and AKAP9/BRAF rearrangements) and sporadic tumors (BRAF and RAS point mutation) and, recently, there exciting in vitro have emerged explaining the structural basis for this. These findings suggest a scenario in which the fate of a thyroid tumor is determined by the specific genetic defect at the beginning. Third, application of microarray analysis in nodular pathologies in which the oncogenic pathway is less clear, notably follicular neoplasia, has led to the identification of a number of promising genetic markers (TFF-3, Gal-3, PLAB, CCND2 and PCKD2) for the diagnostic distinction of follicular adenoma and carcinoma. In addition to the diagnostic perspective, the identification of molecular fingerprints of thyroid tumors opens novel avenues for an improved therapeutic approach; for example, selective antagonism of cell signaling in treatment-refractory thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Führer
- a University of Leipzig, III. Medical Department, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Abstract
Thyroid cancer is one of the few malignancies that are increasing in incidence. Recent advances have improved our understanding of its pathogenesis; these include the identification of genetic alterations that activate a common effector pathway involving the RET-Ras-BRAF signalling cascade, and other unique chromosomal rearrangements. Some of these have been associated with radiation exposure as a pathogenetic mechanism. Defects in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of adhesion molecules and cell-cycle control elements seem to affect tumour progression. This information can provide powerful ancillary diagnostic tools and can also be used to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kondo
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network and Toronto Medical Laboratories, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
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Castro P, Soares P, Gusmão L, Seruca R, Sobrinho-Simões M. H-RAS 81 polymorphism is significantly associated with aneuploidy in follicular tumors of the thyroid. Oncogene 2006; 25:4620-7. [PMID: 16532025 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Follicular thyroid tumors are often aneuploid. It was advanced that chromosomal instability is closely associated to RAS mutations, but such association remains unproven. H-RAS can be alternatively spliced in two different proteins, p21 and p19, the former being the active protein. In order to investigate the relationship between RAS mutational status and ploidy in thyroid tumors, we analysed RAS genes in a series of 99 follicular lesions (14 nodular goiters, 70 follicular adenomas and 15 follicular carcinomas), eight thyroid carcinoma cell lines and a control group of 102 blood donors, correlating the presence of RAS mutations with the ploidy of the tumors and evaluating the two spliced forms of H-RAS. Overall, 20% of the follicular tumors harbored RAS mutations and 62% of the patients with follicular tumors (and 51% of blood donors) harbored the H-RAS 81T --> C polymorphism. The presence of RAS mutations was not associated with aneuploidy. The H-RAS polymorphism did not seem to confer a higher propensity for neoplastic transformation as it was also found in hyperplastic lesions, but was strongly associated with aneuploidy (P<0.0001). The presence of the H-RAS 81T --> C polymorphism was associated with significantly higher amounts of total H-RAS mRNA expression, higher amounts of p21 isoform and a higher fraction of neoplastic cells in S phase. Our results suggest that the H-RAS 81T --> C polymorphism may induce aneuploidy through overexpression of the active p21 isoform of H-RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Castro
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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25
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Sobrinho-Simões M, Preto A, Rocha AS, Castro P, Máximo V, Fonseca E, Soares P. Molecular pathology of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2005; 447:787-93. [PMID: 16189702 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-005-0065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The newly discovered molecular features of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas derived from follicular cells are reviewed, within the frame of the 2004 WHO classification of thyroid tumours, under the following headings: "Follicular carcinoma", "Papillary carcinoma", "Follicular variant of papillary carcinoma" and "Hürthle cell tumours". A particular emphasis is put on the meaning of PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangements, RAS and BRAF mutations, and deletions and mutations of mitochondrial genes and of nuclear genes encoding for mitochondrial enzymes, for thyroid tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), R. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200, Porto, Portugal.
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