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Sasaki E, Matsushita H, Masago K, Hanai N. RAS Mutations in Esophageal Squamous Papilloma. Int J Surg Pathol 2024:10668969231216987. [PMID: 38166486 DOI: 10.1177/10668969231216987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Translational Oncoimmunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsushita
- Division of Translational Oncoimmunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Masago
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Translational Oncoimmunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hanai
- Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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Gallini S, Annusver K, Rahman NT, Gonzalez DG, Yun S, Matte-Martone C, Xin T, Lathrop E, Suozzi KC, Kasper M, Greco V. Injury prevents Ras mutant cell expansion in mosaic skin. Nature 2023; 619:167-175. [PMID: 37344586 PMCID: PMC10322723 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Healthy skin is a mosaic of wild-type and mutant clones1,2. Although injury can cooperate with mutated Ras family proteins to promote tumorigenesis3-12, the consequences in genetically mosaic skin are unknown. Here we show that after injury, wild-type cells suppress aberrant growth induced by oncogenic Ras. HrasG12V/+ and KrasG12D/+ cells outcompete wild-type cells in uninjured, mosaic tissue but their expansion is prevented after injury owing to an increase in the fraction of proliferating wild-type cells. Mechanistically, we show that, unlike HrasG12V/+ cells, wild-type cells respond to autocrine and paracrine secretion of EGFR ligands, and this differential activation of the EGFR pathway explains the competitive switch during injury repair. Inhibition of EGFR signalling via drug or genetic approaches diminishes the proportion of dividing wild-type cells after injury, leading to the expansion of HrasG12V/+ cells. Increased proliferation of wild-type cells via constitutive loss of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 counteracts the expansion of HrasG12V/+ cells even in the absence of injury. Thus, injury has a role in switching the competitive balance between oncogenic and wild-type cells in genetically mosaic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gallini
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karl Annusver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nur-Taz Rahman
- Bioinformatics Support Program, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David G Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sangwon Yun
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Tianchi Xin
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Departments of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Le Roux Ö, Pershing NLK, Kaltenbrun E, Newman NJ, Everitt JI, Baldelli E, Pierobon M, Petricoin EF, Counter CM. Genetically manipulating endogenous Kras levels and oncogenic mutations in vivo influences tissue patterning of murine tumorigenesis. eLife 2022; 11:e75715. [PMID: 36069770 PMCID: PMC9451540 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite multiple possible oncogenic mutations in the proto-oncogene KRAS, unique subsets of these mutations are detected in different cancer types. As KRAS mutations occur early, if not being the initiating event, these mutational biases are ostensibly a product of how normal cells respond to the encoded oncoprotein. Oncogenic mutations can impact not only the level of active oncoprotein, but also engagement with proteins. To attempt to separate these two effects, we generated four novel Cre-inducible (LSL) Kras alleles in mice with the biochemically distinct G12D or Q61R mutations and encoded by native (nat) rare or common (com) codons to produce low or high protein levels. While there were similarities, each allele also induced a distinct transcriptional response shortly after activation in vivo. At one end of the spectrum, activating the KrasLSL-natG12D allele induced transcriptional hallmarks suggestive of an expansion of multipotent cells, while at the other end, activating the KrasLSL-comQ61R allele led to hallmarks of hyperproliferation and oncogenic stress. Evidence suggests that these changes may be a product of signaling differences due to increased protein expression as well as the specific mutation. To determine the impact of these distinct responses on RAS mutational patterning in vivo, all four alleles were globally activated, revealing that hematolymphopoietic lesions were permissive to the level of active oncoprotein, squamous tumors were permissive to the G12D mutant, while carcinomas were permissive to both these features. We suggest that different KRAS mutations impart unique signaling properties that are preferentially capable of inducing tumor initiation in a distinct cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgün Le Roux
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Nicole LK Pershing
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Erin Kaltenbrun
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Nicole J Newman
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Elisa Baldelli
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason UniversityManassasUnited States
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason UniversityManassasUnited States
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason UniversityManassasUnited States
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
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Sasaki E, Masago K, Fujita S, Hanai N, Yatabe Y. Frequent KRAS and HRAS mutations in squamous cell papillomas of the head and neck. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2020; 6:154-159. [PMID: 31960612 PMCID: PMC7164371 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell papilloma (SCP) is a benign neoplasm of the head and neck. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been reported to be a tumourigenic factor for SCP. However, not all SCPs are positive for HPV, suggesting that other possible mechanisms are involved in their development. In this study, we examined the mutational status of 51 SCPs using targeted panel sequencing in addition to HPV status using GP5+/GP6+ PCR. HPV DNA was detected in 6 (12%) SCPs, while KRAS and HRAS mutations were detected in 18 (35%) and 17 (33%) SCPs, respectively. Notably, KRAS mutations, HRAS mutations and HPV infection were mutually exclusive. The larynx and trachea (4/7, 57%) were more preferentially infected by HPV than the other sites (2/44, 5%, p = 0.0019) and HPV was associated with multifocal development (4/5, 80%). In contrast, KRAS and HRAS mutations in SCPs were evenly distributed across the anatomical sites and found only in single SCPs. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that HPV was not frequently involved in SCPs and that RAS mutations were more common alterations. In contrast to inverted sinonasal papillomas and oncocytic sinonasal papillomas, SCP may not be a precursor lesion of carcinoma, because these aetiological events in SCP are distinct from squamous cell carcinoma in the same sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Masago
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiro Fujita
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hanai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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Sasaki E, Nishikawa D, Hanai N, Hasegawa Y, Yatabe Y. Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma and EGFR mutations: a molecular footprint of a benign lesion. Histopathology 2018; 73:953-962. [PMID: 30117182 DOI: 10.1111/his.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Molecular targeted therapy against EGFR kinase domain mutations has been successfully established for lung cancer. These mutations have now also been reported in head and neck tumours, particularly in inverted sinonasal papillomas (ISPs). The aim of this study was to clarify the spectrum of EGFR mutations in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and papillomas. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined EGFR mutations in 288 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and 58 head and neck papillomas or polyps. EGFR mutations were detected in 24 (30%) of 80 sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas (SNSCCs) and in 19 (90%) of 21 ISPs. Notably, 15 (88%) of 17 SNSCCs that developed along with ISPs harboured EGFR mutations in both components, whereas EGFR mutations were detected in nine (14%) of 63 SNSCCs without any papilloma component. Analysis to detect other known driver oncogene mutations - KRAS, BRAF and HER2 - was also performed; none of these mutations was detected in SNSCCs. The other 208 non-sinonasal carcinomas and 37 non-ISP head and neck papillomas or polyps did not harbour EGFR mutations. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with the specific involvement of EGFR mutations in ISP, a molecular benign lesion trail suggests that 26 (33%) of 80 SNSCCs developed in association with an ISP. SNSCCs with EGFR mutations may be biologically distinct among head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nishikawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hanai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Hasegawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Asahi University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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Dahlhoff M, Camera E, Schäfer M, Emrich D, Riethmacher D, Foster A, Paus R, Schneider MR. Sebaceous lipids are essential for water repulsion, protection against UVB-induced apoptosis and ocular integrity in mice. Development 2016; 143:1823-31. [PMID: 26989175 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sebocytes, which are characterized by lipid accumulation that leads to cell disruption, can be found in hair follicle-associated sebaceous glands (SGs) or in free SGs such as the Meibomian glands in the eyelids. Because genetic tools that allow targeting of sebocytes while maintaining intact epidermal lipids are lacking, the relevance of sebaceous lipids in health and disease remains poorly understood. Using Scd3, which is expressed exclusively in mature sebocytes, we established a mouse line with sebocyte-specific expression of Cre recombinase. Both RT-PCR analysis and crossing into Rosa26-lacZ reporter mice and Kras(G12D) mice confirmed Cre activity specifically in SGs, with no activity in other skin compartments. Importantly, loss of SCD3 function did not cause detectable phenotypical alterations, endorsing the usefulness of Scd3-Cre mice for further functional studies. Scd3-Cre-induced, diphtheria chain A toxin-mediated depletion of sebaceous lipids resulted in impaired water repulsion and thermoregulation, increased rates of UVB-induced epidermal apoptosis and caused a severe pathology of the ocular surface resembling Meibomian gland dysfunction. This novel mouse line will be useful for further investigating the roles of sebaceous lipids in skin and eye integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Dahlhoff
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Emanuela Camera
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Matthias Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Emrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Dieter Riethmacher
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - April Foster
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
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Gomes CC, de Sousa SF, de Menezes GHF, Duarte AP, Pereira TDSF, Moreira RG, de Castro WH, Villacis RAR, Rogatto SR, Diniz MG, Gomez RS. Recurrent KRAS G12V pathogenic mutation in adenomatoid odontogenic tumours. Oral Oncol 2016; 56:e3-5. [PMID: 26979257 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cavalieri Gomes
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Ferreira de Sousa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Pires Duarte
- Department of Oral Pathology and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thaís Dos Santos Fontes Pereira
- Department of Oral Pathology and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rennan Garcia Moreira
- Genomics Multi-user Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Wagner Henriques de Castro
- Department of Oral Pathology and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rolando A R Villacis
- International Research Center (CIPE), A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- International Research Center (CIPE), A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Gonçalves Diniz
- Department of Oral Pathology and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Santiago Gomez
- Department of Oral Pathology and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Lei ZG, Ren XH, Wang SS, Liang XH, Tang YL. Immunocompromised and immunocompetent mouse models for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:545-55. [PMID: 26869799 PMCID: PMC4734789 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s95633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models can closely mimic human oral squamous epithelial carcinogenesis, greatly expand the in vivo research possibilities, and play a critical role in the development of diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. With the development of the recent research on the contribution of immunity/inflammation to cancer initiation and progression, mouse models have been divided into two categories, namely, immunocompromised and immunocompetent mouse models. And thus, this paper will review these two kinds of models applied in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to provide a platform to understand the complicated histological, molecular, and genetic changes of oral squamous epithelial tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ge Lei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hua Ren
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Medical Science Academy and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Frede J, Adams DJ, Jones PH. Mutation, clonal fitness and field change in epithelial carcinogenesis. J Pathol 2014; 234:296-301. [PMID: 25046364 DOI: 10.1002/path.4409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developments in lineage tracing in mouse models have revealed how stem cells maintain normal squamous and glandular epithelia. Here we review recent quantitative studies tracing the fate of individual mutant stem cells which have uncovered how common oncogenic mutations alter cell behaviour, creating clones with a growth advantage that may persist long term. In the intestine this occurs by a mutant clone colonizing an entire crypt, whilst in the squamous oesophagus blocking differentiation creates clones that expand to colonize large areas of epithelium, a phenomenon known as field change. We consider the implications of these findings for early cancer evolution and the cancer stem cell hypothesis, and the prospects of targeted cancer prevention by purging mutant clones from normal-appearing epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Frede
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
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Page ME, Lombard P, Ng F, Göttgens B, Jensen KB. The epidermis comprises autonomous compartments maintained by distinct stem cell populations. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13:471-82. [PMID: 23954751 PMCID: PMC3793873 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complex anatomy of the epidermis contains multiple adult stem cell populations, but the extent to which they functionally overlap during homeostasis, wound healing, and tumor initiation remains poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that Lrig1(+ve) cells are highly proliferative epidermal stem cells. Long-term clonal analysis reveals that Lrig1(+ve) cells maintain the upper pilosebaceous unit, containing the infundibulum and sebaceous gland as independent compartments, but contribute to neither the hair follicle nor the interfollicular epidermis, which are maintained by distinct stem cell populations. In contrast, upon wounding, stem cell progeny from multiple compartments acquire lineage plasticity and make permanent contributions to regenerating tissue. We further show that oncogene activation in Lrig1(+ve) cells drives hyperplasia but requires auxiliary stimuli for tumor formation. In summary, our data demonstrate that epidermal stem cells are lineage restricted during homeostasis and suggest that compartmentalization may constitute a conserved mechanism underlying epithelial tissue maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalia E Page
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1QR Cambridge, UK; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 in oral carcinoma cells and gingival fibroblasts. Odontology 2012; 101:150-5. [PMID: 22752732 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-012-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral carcinoma patients with inactivation of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1) expression worsen their prognoses. Although the genetic mutation could be responsible for the inactivation, no information is available at present. In the present study, genomic DNA of oral carcinoma cells (HOC313, TSU, HSC2, HSC3, KOSC2, KOSC3, SCCKN, OSC19, Ca9.22, and Ho1u1 cells) and normal gingival fibroblasts (GF12 cells) derived from a Japanese population were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using primer sets spanning MALT1 exons, and nucleotide substitutions were analyzed by the single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. The substitutions were commonly observed in all cells, which express MALT1 at various levels. The substitutions at exons 1 and 9 were located at the 5' untranslated region and replaced (336)Asp to Asn, respectively, and others were positioned at the introns. Among the intronic substitutions, four were matched with the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) registered at the database. Since all cells were derived from a Japanese population, all substitutions detected are the SNPs. Absence of the carcinoma cell-specific mutation suggests that the inactivation of MALT1 expression but not the mutation promotes oral carcinoma progression.
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