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Morales E, Olson M, Iglesias F, Dahiya S, Luetkens T, Atanackovic D. Role of immunotherapy in Ewing sarcoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000653. [PMID: 33293354 PMCID: PMC7725096 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is thought to arise from mesenchymal stem cells and is the second most common bone sarcoma in pediatric patients and young adults. Given the dismal overall outcomes and very intensive therapies used, there is an urgent need to explore and develop alternative treatment modalities including immunotherapies. In this article, we provide an overview of ES biology, features of ES tumor microenvironment (TME) and review various tumor-associated antigens that can be targeted with immune-based approaches including cancer vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, T cell receptor-transduced T cells, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. We highlight key reasons for the limited efficacy of various immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of ES to date. These factors include absence of human leukocyte antigen class I molecules from the tumor tissue, lack of an ideal surface antigen, and immunosuppressive TME due to the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, F2 fibrocytes, and M2-like macrophages. Lastly, we offer insights into strategies for novel therapeutics development in ES. These strategies include the development of gene-modified T cell receptor T cells against cancer–testis antigen such as XAGE-1, surface target discovery through detailed profiling of ES surface proteome, and combinatorial approaches. In summary, we provide state-of-the-art science in ES tumor immunology and immunotherapy, with rationale and recommendations for future therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Morales
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael Olson
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fiorella Iglesias
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Saurabh Dahiya
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Cancer Immunotherapy, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Djordje Atanackovic
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA .,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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2
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Yuan C, Wu C, Xue R, Jin C, Zheng C. Suppression of human colon tumor by EERAC through regulating Notch/DLL4/Hes pathway inhibiting angiogenesis in vivo. J Cancer 2021; 12:5914-5922. [PMID: 34476005 PMCID: PMC8408117 DOI: 10.7150/jca.61581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ethanol extracted from radix of Actinidia chinensis (EERAC) has been proved to be effective to inhibit colorectal cancer (CRC). Notch signaling pathway and angiogenesis in tumors are closely related with the progression of CRC. However, if EERAC could influence CRC through Notch signaling pathway and angiogenesis remains unclear. Methods: Flow cytometry, transwell, wound healing methods were used to measure cell apoptosis, invasion, migration, and proliferation. Protein and mRNA expression were detected using qRT-PCR and western blotting. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to detect the expression of target protein in the tissues. Results: The invasion, migration, and proliferation of CRC cells were remarkably suppressed by ERRAC. Significant promotion of cell apoptosis and cell ration in S stage were observed after EERAC treatment. The Notch1/DLL4/Hes1 signaling pathway and angiogenesis were suppressed by EERAC. Overexpression of LIM domain-binding 2 (LDB2) remarkably weakened the influence of ERRAC on the viability of CRC cells. Conclusions: EERAC might suppress CRC through targeting Notch/DLL4/Hes1 pathway and inhibiting angiogenesis in tumors. This study might provide novel thought for the prevention and therapy of CRC through targeting Notch/DLL4/Hes1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Yuan
- Department of Coloproctology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, P.R. China
| | - Chenchen Wu
- Department of Coloproctology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, P.R. China
| | - Rong Xue
- Department of Coloproctology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, P.R. China
| | - Chun Jin
- Department of Coloproctology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, P.R. China
| | - Chenguo Zheng
- Department of Coloproctology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, P.R. China
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3
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Bosma SE, van Driel PB, Hogendoorn PC, Dijkstra PS, Sier CF. Introducing fluorescence guided surgery into orthopedic oncology: A systematic review of candidate protein targets for Ewing sarcoma. J Surg Oncol 2018; 118:906-914. [PMID: 30212597 PMCID: PMC6220824 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES), an aggressive bone and soft‐tissue tumor, is treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Intra‐operative distinction between healthy and tumorous tissue is of paramount importance but challenging, especially after chemotherapy and at complex anatomical locations. Near infrared (NIR) fluorescence‐guided surgery (FGS) is able to facilitate the determination of tumor boundaries intra‐operatively, improving complete resection and therefore survival. This review evaluates potential ES‐specific proteins from the literature as targets for NIR FGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Bosma
- Department of Orthopedics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Pd Sander Dijkstra
- Department of Orthopedics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Fm Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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4
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Lu Q, Lu M, Li D, Zhang S. MicroRNA‑34b promotes proliferation, migration and invasion of Ewing's sarcoma cells by downregulating Notch1. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3577-3588. [PMID: 30106161 PMCID: PMC6131584 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is the second most frequent bone and soft tissue sarcoma, which is commonly driven by the Ewing's sarcoma breakpoint region 1-friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor (EWS-FLI1) fusion gene. Since microRNAs (miRs) can act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes in human cancer, and miR-34b has been reported to act as a tumor suppressor, the role of miR-34b in Ewing's sarcoma was investigated in the present study. The results demonstrated that miR-34b expression levels were higher in tumor samples compared within normal tissue samples. Notably, miR-34b expression levels were significantly higher in EWS-FLI1-positive samples compared within EWS-FLI1-negative samples. The effects of miR-34b expression on cell proliferation, migration and invasion were also examined. miR-34b expression was inhibited using small interfering (si)RNA targeting the fusion gene. Transfection of a miR-34b precursor sequence into siRNA-treated tumor cells resulted in a significant increase in cell growth, migration and invasion compared within the control group. In addition, the adhesive ability was increased in the Ewing's sarcoma cell line RD-ES, but not A673, following miR-34b upregulation. Conversely, downregulation of miR-34b expression led to a significant decrease in cell growth, migration and invasion. Notch has previously been reported to serve either oncogenic or tumor suppressive roles in human cancer. The results indicated that Notch1 and its target genes, Hes family BHLH transcription factor 1 and Hes-related family BHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1, were suppressed by miR-34b directly In conclusion, EWS-FLI1 may modulate miR-34b expression directly or indirectly, and miR-34b potentially has an oncogenic role in Ewing's sarcoma by downregulating Notch1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunshan Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Mei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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5
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Li X, Cao Y, Li M, Jin F. Upregulation of HES1 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Invasion in Breast Cancer as a Prognosis Marker and Therapy Target via the AKT Pathway and EMT Process. J Cancer 2018; 9:757-766. [PMID: 29556333 PMCID: PMC5858497 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HES1 is a transcriptional repressor involved in cell differentiation and proliferation as well as in various cancer developments, but its expression pattern and biological roles in breast cancer have not been examined. In this study, we assessed HES1 expression in breast cancer tissues using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses and investigated HES1 function using MTT and Matrigel invasion assays. Significant relationships were observed between HES1 upregulation and advanced TNM stage (p=0.011), node metastasis (p=0.043), negative oestrogen receptor expression (p=0.001) and triple-negative status (p=0.001). HES1 overexpression was correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients (p<0.05). The MTT and Matrigel invasion assays showed that silencing HES1 in MDA-MB-231 cells decreased cell proliferation and invasion, whereas overexpression of HES1 in MCF-7 cells enhanced its proliferation and invasion. Further analyses showed that silencing HES1 downregulated p-AKT and impeded epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas overexpression of HES1 upregulated AKT phosphorylation and induced EMT. Our study demonstrated that HES1 upregulation is a predictor of poor prognosis in human breast cancers and might be a critical contributor to the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells. Moreover, the proportion of cells with overexpression of HES1 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) samples was significantly higher. Thus, HES1 might be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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6
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von Heyking K, Calzada-Wack J, Göllner S, Neff F, Schmidt O, Hensel T, Schirmer D, Fasan A, Esposito I, Müller-Tidow C, Sorensen PH, Burdach S, Richter GHS. The endochondral bone protein CHM1 sustains an undifferentiated, invasive phenotype, promoting lung metastasis in Ewing sarcoma. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1288-1301. [PMID: 28319320 PMCID: PMC5579336 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcomas (ES) are highly malignant, osteolytic bone or soft tissue tumors, which are characterized by EWS–ETS translocations and early metastasis to lung and bone. In this study, we investigated the role of the BRICHOS chaperone domain‐containing endochondral bone protein chondromodulin I (CHM1) in ES pathogenesis. CHM1 is significantly overexpressed in ES, and chromosome immunoprecipitation (ChIP) data demonstrate CHM1 to be directly bound by an EWS–ETS translocation, EWS‐FLI1. Using RNA interference, we observed that CHM1 promoted chondrogenic differentiation capacity of ES cells but decreased the expression of osteolytic genes such as HIF1A,IL6,JAG1, and VEGF. This was in line with the induction of the number of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP+)‐stained osteoclasts in an orthotopic model of local tumor growth after CHM1 knockdown, indicating that CHM1‐mediated inhibition of osteomimicry might play a role in homing, colonization, and invasion into bone tissues. We further demonstrate that CHM1 enhanced the invasive potential of ES cells in vitro. This invasiveness was in part mediated via CHM1‐regulated matrix metallopeptidase 9 expression and correlated with the observation that, in an xenograft mouse model, CHM1 was essential for the establishment of lung metastases. This finding is in line with the observed increase in CHM1 expression in patient specimens with ES lung metastases. Our results suggest that CHM1 seems to have pleiotropic functions in ES, which need to be further investigated, but appears to be essential for the invasive and metastatic capacities of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina von Heyking
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Göllner
- Department of Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Halle, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oxana Schmidt
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Hensel
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - David Schirmer
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Fasan
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Halle, Germany.,Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Günther H S Richter
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
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7
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Li X, Cao Y, Li M, Jin F. HES1 overexpression promotes cell proliferation and invasion in breast cancer and predicts poor survival. Tumour Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317718134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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8
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Gawdat RM, Hammam AA, Ezzat DA. Correlation of Notch1/Hes1 Genes Expression Levels in Egyptian Paediatric Patients with Newly Diagnosed and Persistent Primary Immune(Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2016; 32:362-7. [PMID: 27429531 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-015-0570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signalling is involved in the development of several autoimmune diseases, one of such diseases is ITP. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the expression levels of Notch1 receptor and its target Hes1 gene in Egyptian paediatric ITP patients. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse the expression levels of Notch1 and Hes1 in 42 children with primary ITP (22 newly diagnosed and 20 persistent) cases. Twenty age and sex matched non-ITP controls were included. The expression levels of Notch1 were higher in newly diagnosed and persistent cases than controls with high statistical significant difference (P value < 0.001, P < 0.001) respectively, similarly as regards the expression levels of HES1 (P value < 0.001, P < 0.007) respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between Notch1 and Hes1 expression levels in newly diagnosed cases (r = 0.587, P value = 0.004). There was an association between levels of both genes in most of ITP patients but Hes1 was markedly elevated than Notch1 in few cases. High expression levels of Notch1/Hes1 indicated the important role of Notch signalling in both newly diagnosed and persistent ITP. High expression levels of Hes1 than Notch1 may shed light on its value as a therapeutic target for future research in ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Mohsen Gawdat
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Amira Ahmed Hammam
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Dina Ahmed Ezzat
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
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9
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Wang WQ, Wang FH, Qin WX, Liu HY, Lu B, Chung C, Zhu J, Gu Q, Shi W, Wen C, Wu F, Zhang K, Sun XD. Joint Antiangiogenic Effect of ATN-161 and Anti-VEGF Antibody in a Rat Model of Early Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2881-90. [PMID: 27089240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The wet form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness among elderly Americans and is characterized by abnormal vessel growth, termed choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Integrin α5β1 is a transmembrane receptor that binds matrix macromolecules and proteinases to stimulate angiogenesis. We recently demonstrated that integrin α5β1 plays a critical role in the development of choroidal neovascularization. In this study, we determined the role and underlying mechanisms of integrin α5β1 in angiogenesis in human choroidal endothelial cells and evaluated the antiangiogenic effects of delivering a combination therapy of ATN-161, an integrin α5β1 inhibitor, and an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody to rats with laser-induced CNV. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a signaling protein that stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis through a pathway that is distinct from the integrin α5β1 signaling pathway. Our results indicate that fibronectin binds to integrin α5β1 and synergizes VEGF-induced angiogenesis via two independent signaling pathways, FN/integrin α5β1/FAK/ERK1/2 and FN/integrin α5β1/FAK/AKT. Integrin α5 knockdown by shRNA inhibits endothelial cell migration, tube formation, and proliferation, while ATN-161 only partially decreases integrin α5 function. Treatment with ATN-161 combined with anti-VEGF antibody showed joint effects in attenuating angiogenesis. In summary, our results provide the first evidence for the mechanisms by which integrin α5β1 is involved in ocular pathological neovascularization in vivo, suggesting that dual inhibition of integrin α5β1 and VEGF may be a promising novel therapeutic strategy for CNV in wet AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Feng-Hua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Wen-Xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hai-Yun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Christopher Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Qing Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease and Eye Research Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai 200080, China
| | - William Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Cindy Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Frances Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China.,Veterans Administration Healthcare System , San Diego, California 92161, United States
| | - Xiao-Dong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease and Eye Research Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai 200080, China
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10
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Toegel S, Weinmann D, André S, Walzer SM, Bilban M, Schmidt S, Chiari C, Windhager R, Krall C, Bennani-Baiti IM, Gabius HJ. Galectin-1 Couples Glycobiology to Inflammation in Osteoarthritis through the Activation of an NF-κB-Regulated Gene Network. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1910-21. [PMID: 26792806 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that ranks among the leading causes of adult disability. Mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis pathogenesis are not yet fully elucidated, putting limits to current disease management and treatment. Based on the phenomenological evidence for dysregulation within the glycome of chondrocytes and the network of a family of adhesion/growth-regulatory lectins, that is, galectins, we tested the hypothesis that Galectin-1 is relevant for causing degeneration. Immunohistochemical analysis substantiated that Galectin-1 upregulation is associated with osteoarthritic cartilage and subchondral bone histopathology and severity of degeneration (p < 0.0001, n = 29 patients). In vitro, the lectin was secreted and it bound to osteoarthritic chondrocytes inhibitable by cognate sugar. Glycan-dependent Galectin-1 binding induced a set of disease markers, including matrix metalloproteinases and activated NF-κB, hereby switching on an inflammatory gene signature (p < 10(-16)). Inhibition of distinct components of the NF-κB pathway using dedicated inhibitors led to dose-dependent impairment of Galectin-1-mediated transcriptional activation. Enhanced secretion of effectors of degeneration such as three matrix metalloproteinases underscores the data's pathophysiological relevance. This study thus identifies Galectin-1 as a master regulator of clinically relevant inflammatory-response genes, working via NF-κB. Because inflammation is critical to cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis, this report reveals an intimate relation of glycobiology to osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Daniela Weinmann
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja M Walzer
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Core Facility Genomics, Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Catharina Chiari
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Krall
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
| | | | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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11
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Ventura S, Aryee DNT, Felicetti F, De Feo A, Mancarella C, Manara MC, Picci P, Colombo MP, Kovar H, Carè A, Scotlandi K. CD99 regulates neural differentiation of Ewing sarcoma cells through miR-34a-Notch-mediated control of NF-κB signaling. Oncogene 2015; 35:3944-54. [PMID: 26616853 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are mesenchymal tumors characterized by blocked differentiation process. In Ewing sarcoma (EWS) both CD99 and EWS-FLI1 concur to oncogenesis and inhibition of differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that uncoupling CD99 from EWS-FLI1 by silencing the former, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling is inhibited and the neural differentiation program is re-established. NF-κB inhibition passes through miR-34a-mediated repression of Notch pathway. CD99 counteracts EWS-FLI1 in controlling NF-κB signaling through the miR-34a, which is increased and secreted into exosomes released by CD99-silenced EWS cells. Delivery of exosomes from CD99-silenced cells was sufficient to induce neural differentiation in recipient EWS cells through miR-34a inhibition of Notch-NF-κB signaling. Notably, even the partial delivery of CD99 small interfering RNA may have a broad effect on the entire tumor cell population owing to the spread operated by their miR-34a-enriched exosomes, a feature opening to a new therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ventura
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Rizzoli Istituto Ortopedico, Bologna, Italy
| | - D N T Aryee
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Felicetti
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A De Feo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Mancarella
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Rizzoli Istituto Ortopedico, Bologna, Italy
| | - M C Manara
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Rizzoli Istituto Ortopedico, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Picci
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Rizzoli Istituto Ortopedico, Bologna, Italy
| | - M P Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS 'Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori', Milan, Italy
| | - H Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Carè
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - K Scotlandi
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Rizzoli Istituto Ortopedico, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Bennani-Baiti N, Bennani-Baiti IM. Cancer Bioinformatic Methods to Infer Meaningful Data From Small-Size Cohorts. Cancer Inform 2015; 14:131-9. [PMID: 26568679 PMCID: PMC4631160 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s32696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome analyses have uncovered that most cancer-relevant genes cluster into 12 signaling pathways. Knowledge of the signaling pathways and associated gene signatures not only allows us to understand the mechanisms of oncogenesis inherent to specific cancers but also provides us with drug targets, molecular diagnostic and prognosis factors, as well as biomarkers for patient risk stratification and treatment. Publicly available genomic data sets constitute a wealth of gene mining opportunities for hypothesis generation and testing. However, the increasingly recognized genetic and epigenetic inter- and intratumor heterogeneity, combined with the preponderance of small-size cohorts, hamper reliable analysis and discovery. Here, we review two methods that are used to infer meaningful biological events from small-size data sets and discuss some of their applications and limitations.
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13
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Liersch-Löhn B, Slavova N, Buhr HJ, Bennani-Baiti IM. Differential protein expression and oncogenic gene network link tyrosine kinase ephrin B4 receptor to aggressive gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancers. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1220-31. [PMID: 26414866 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane tyrosine-kinase Ephrin receptors promote tumor progression and/or metastasis of several malignancies including leukemia, follicular lymphoma, glioma, malignant pleural mesothelioma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, sarcomas and ovarian, breast, bladder and non-small cell lung cancers. They also drive intestinal stem cell proliferation and positioning, control intestinal tissue boundaries and are involved in liver, pancreatic and colorectal cancers, indicating involvement in additional digestive system malignancies. We investigated the role of Ephrin-B4 receptor (EPHB4), and its ligand EFNB2, in gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancers in patient cohorts through computational, mathematical, molecular and immunohistochemical analyses. We show that EPHB4 is upregulated in preneoplastic gastroesophageal lesions and its expression further increased in gastroesophageal cancers in several independent cohorts. The closely related EPHB6 receptor, which also binds EFNB2, was downregulated in all tested cohorts, consistent with its tumor-suppressive properties in other cancers. EFNB2 expression is induced in esophageal cells by acidity, suggesting that gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may constitute an early triggering event in activating EFNB2-EPHB4 signaling. Association of EPHB4 to both Barrett's esophagus and to advanced tumor stages, and its overexpression at the tumor invasion front and vascular endothelial cells intimate the notion that EPHB4 may be associated with multiple steps of gastroesophageal tumorigenesis. Analysis of oncogenomic signatures uncovered the first EPHB4-associated gene network (false discovery rate: 7 × 10(-90) ) composed of a five-transcription factor interconnected gene network that drives proliferation, angiogenesis and invasiveness. The EPHB4 oncogenomic network provides a molecular basis for its role in tumor progression and points to EPHB4 as a potential tumor aggressiveness biomarker and drug target in gastroesophageal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Liersch-Löhn
- Department of Surgery, Sana Klinikum Lichtenberg Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of General, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadia Slavova
- Department of General, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz J Buhr
- Department of General, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,German Society for General and Visceral Surgery, Haus Der Bundespressekonferenz, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Bennani-Baiti B, Toegel S, Viernstein H, Urban E, Noe CR, Bennani-Baiti IM. Inflammation Modulates RLIP76/RALBP1 Electrophile-Glutathione Conjugate Transporter and Housekeeping Genes in Human Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139101. [PMID: 26406496 PMCID: PMC4583384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are often present at inflammation sites. This is the case of endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of patients afflicted with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, or multiple sclerosis, as well as in cases of bacterial meningitis, trauma, or tumor-associated ischemia. Inflammation is a known modulator of gene expression through the activation of transcription factors, mostly NF-κB. RLIP76 (a.k.a. RALBP1), an ATP-dependent transporter of electrophile-glutathione conjugates, modulates BBB permeability through the regulation of tight junction function, cell adhesion, and exocytosis. Genes and pathways regulated by RLIP76 are transcriptional targets of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) pro-inflammatory molecule, suggesting that RLIP76 may also be an inflammation target. To assess the effects of TNF-α on RLIP76, we faced the problem of choosing reference genes impervious to TNF-α. Since such genes were not known in human BBB endothelial cells, we subjected these to TNF-α, and measured by quantitative RT-PCR the expression of housekeeping genes commonly used as reference genes. We find most to be modulated, and analysis of several inflammation datasets as well as a metaanalysis of more than 5000 human tissue samples encompassing more than 300 cell types and diseases show that no single housekeeping gene may be used as a reference gene. Using three different algorithms, however, we uncovered a reference geneset impervious to TNF-α, and show for the first time that RLIP76 expression is induced by TNF-α and follows the induction kinetics of inflammation markers, suggesting that inflammation can influence RLIP76 expression at the BBB. We also show that MRP1 (a.k.a. ABCC1), another electrophile-glutathione transporter, is not modulated in the same cells and conditions, indicating that RLIP76 regulation by TNF-α is not a general property of glutathione transporters. The reference geneset uncovered herein should aid in future gene expression studies in inflammatory conditions of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bennani-Baiti
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Vienna General Hospital (AKH), Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer-Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Viernstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R. Noe
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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15
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HES1 promotes metastasis and predicts poor survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:169-79. [PMID: 25636905 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hairy enhancer of split-1 (HES1) is a transcriptional target of the Notch pathway, and a high level of HES1 is regarded as a marker of activated Notch. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of HES1 in colorectal cancer progression. We used tissue microarrays to analyze the expression and clinical significance of HES1 in 320 colorectal cancer samples. Stable overexpression and knockdown of HES1 were established in three colorectal cancer cell (CRC) lines (RKO, HCT8 and LOVO). We investigated the differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways in HES1 overexpressing CRC cells by gene expression profiling. Also, the role of HES1 in invasion and migration were examined in vitro and in vivo. We found that high expression of HES1 was significantly correlated with distal metastasis (P = 0.037) at diagnosis, and HES1 could serve as an unfavorable prognostic factor for colorectal cancer patients (P = 0.034). Gene expression profiling and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that HES1 was related to cellular adherens junction loss. In addition, we showed that HES1 overexpression lead to depressed E-cadherin, and elevated N-cadherin, vimentin and Twist-1 levels. Functionally, HES1 enhanced invasiveness and metastasis of CRC cells. HES1 promotes cancer metastasis via inducing epithelial mesenchymal transition and serves as a poor prognosis factor of colorectal cancer patients.
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16
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Ban J, Aryee DNT, Fourtouna A, van der Ent W, Kauer M, Niedan S, Machado I, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Tirado OM, Schwentner R, Picci P, Flanagan AM, Berg V, Strauss SJ, Scotlandi K, Lawlor ER, Snaar-Jagalska E, Llombart-Bosch A, Kovar H. Suppression of deacetylase SIRT1 mediates tumor-suppressive NOTCH response and offers a novel treatment option in metastatic Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6578-88. [PMID: 25281719 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The developmental receptor NOTCH plays an important role in various human cancers as a consequence of oncogenic mutations. Here we describe a novel mechanism of NOTCH-induced tumor suppression involving modulation of the deacetylase SIRT1, providing a rationale for the use of SIRT1 inhibitors to treat cancers where this mechanism is inactivated because of SIRT1 overexpression. In Ewing sarcoma cells, NOTCH signaling is abrogated by the driver oncogene EWS-FLI1. Restoration of NOTCH signaling caused growth arrest due to activation of the NOTCH effector HEY1, directly suppressing SIRT1 and thereby activating p53. This mechanism of tumor suppression was validated in Ewing sarcoma cells, B-cell tumors, and human keratinocytes where NOTCH dysregulation has been implicated pathogenically. Notably, the SIRT1/2 inhibitor Tenovin-6 killed Ewing sarcoma cells in vitro and prohibited tumor growth and spread in an established xenograft model in zebrafish. Using immunohistochemistry to analyze primary tissue specimens, we found that high SIRT1 expression was associated with Ewing sarcoma metastasis and poor prognosis. Our findings suggest a mechanistic rationale for the use of SIRT1 inhibitors being developed to treat metastatic disease in patients with Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Ban
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dave N T Aryee
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria. Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Argyro Fourtouna
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wietske van der Ent
- Institute of Biology and Department of Pathology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Max Kauer
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Niedan
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isidro Machado
- Department of Pathology, University Medical School, València, Spain
| | | | - Oscar M Tirado
- Laboratori d'Oncología Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raphaela Schwentner
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Piero Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Verena Berg
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra J Strauss
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elizabeth R Lawlor
- Translational Oncology Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ewa Snaar-Jagalska
- Institute of Biology and Department of Pathology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Heinrich Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria. Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Dailey DD, Anfinsen KP, Pfaff LE, Ehrhart EJ, Charles JB, Bønsdorff TB, Thamm DH, Powers BE, Jonasdottir TJ, Duval DL. HES1, a target of Notch signaling, is elevated in canine osteosarcoma, but reduced in the most aggressive tumors. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:130. [PMID: 23816051 PMCID: PMC3701487 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1), a basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor, is a downstream target of Notch signaling. Notch signaling and HES1 expression have been linked to growth and survival in a variety of human cancer types and have been associated with increased metastasis and invasiveness in human osteosarcoma cell lines. Osteosarcoma (OSA) is an aggressive cancer demonstrating both high metastatic rate and chemotherapeutic resistance. The current study examined expression of Notch signaling mediators in primary canine OSA tumors and canine and human osteosarcoma cell lines to assess their role in OSA development and progression. RESULTS Reverse transcriptase - quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was utilized to quantify HES1, HEY1, NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 gene expression in matched tumor and normal metaphyseal bone samples taken from dogs treated for appendicular OSA at the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Gene expression was also assessed in tumors from dogs with a disease free interval (DFI) of <100 days compared to those with a DFI > 300 days following treatment with surgical amputation followed by standard chemotherapy. Immunohistochemistry was performed to confirm expression of HES1. Data from RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical (IHC) experiments were analyzed using REST2009 software and survival analysis based on IHC expression employed the Kaplan-Meier method and log rank analysis. Unbiased clustered images were generated from gene array analysis data for Notch/HES1 associated genes. Gene array analysis of Notch/HES1 associated genes suggested alterations in the Notch signaling pathway may contribute to the development of canine OSA. HES1 mRNA expression was elevated in tumor samples relative to normal bone, but decreased in tumor samples from dogs with a DFI < 100 days relative to those with a DFI > 300 days. NOTCH2 and HEY1 mRNA expression was also elevated in tumors relative to normal bone, but was not differentially expressed between the DFI tumor groups. Survival analysis confirmed an association between decreased HES1 immunosignal and shorter DFI. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that activation of Notch signaling occurs and may contribute to the development of canine OSA. However, association of low HES1 expression and shorter DFI suggests that mechanisms that do not alter HES1 expression may drive the most aggressive tumors.
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18
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Rota R, Ciarapica R, Miele L, Locatelli F. Notch signaling in pediatric soft tissue sarcomas. BMC Med 2012; 10:141. [PMID: 23158439 PMCID: PMC3520771 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric soft tissue sarcomas are rare tumors of childhood, frequently characterized by specific chromosome translocations. Despite improvements in treatment, their clinical management is often challenging due to the low responsiveness of metastatic forms and aggressive variants to conventional therapeutic approaches, which leads to poor overall survival. It is widely thought that soft tissue sarcomas derive from mesenchymal progenitor cells that, during embryonic life, have developed chromosomal aberrations with de-regulation of the main pathways governing tissue morphogenesis. The Notch signaling pathway is one of the most important molecular networks involved in differentiation processes. Emerging evidence highlights the role of Notch signaling de-regulation in the biology of these pediatric sarcomas. In this review, we present an outline of recently gathered evidence on the role of Notch signaling in soft tissue sarcomas, highlighting its importance in tumor cell biology. The potential challenges and opportunities of targeting Notch signaling in the treatment of pediatric soft tissue sarcomas are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Rota
- Department of Oncohematology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, Roma, 00165, Italy.
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19
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Bennani-Baiti IM, Machado I, Llombart-Bosch A, Kovar H. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A/AOF2/BHC110) is expressed and is an epigenetic drug target in chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1300-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas are an uncommon and diverse group of more than 50 mesenchymal malignancies. The pathogenesis of many of these is poorly understood, but others have begun to reveal the secrets of their underlying mechanisms. With considerable effort over recent years, soft tissue sarcomas have increasingly been classified on the basis of underlying molecular alterations. In turn, this has allowed the development and application of targeted agents in several specific, molecularly defined, sarcoma subtypes. This review will focus on the rationale for targeted therapy in sarcoma, with emphasis on the relevance of specific molecular factors and pathways in both translocation-associated sarcomas and in genetically complex tumors. In addition, we will address some of the early successes in sarcoma-targeted therapy as well as a few challenges and disappointments in this field. Finally, we will discuss several possible opportunities represented by poorly understood, but potentially promising new therapeutic targets, as well as several novel biological agents currently in preclinical and early phase I/II trials. This will provide the reader with the context for understanding the current state of this field and a sense of where it may be headed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Demicco
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030-4009, USA
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21
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Andolfo I, Liguori L, De Antonellis P, Cusanelli E, Marinaro F, Pistollato F, Garzia L, De Vita G, Petrosino G, Accordi B, Migliorati R, Basso G, Iolascon A, Cinalli G, Zollo M. The micro-RNA 199b-5p regulatory circuit involves Hes1, CD15, and epigenetic modifications in medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:596-612. [PMID: 22411914 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-RNA (miR) 199b-5p targets Hes1 in medulloblastoma, one of the downstream effectors of both the canonical Notch and noncanonical Sonic Hedgehog pathways. In medulloblastoma patients, expression of miR-199b-5p is significantly decreased in metastatic cases, thus suggesting a downregulation mechanism. We studied this mechanism, which is mediated mostly by Hes1 and epigenetic promoter modifications. The miR-199b-5p promoter region was characterized, which identified a Hes1 binding site, thus demonstrating a negative feedback loop of regulation. MiR-199b-5p was shown to be downregulated in several medulloblastoma cell lines and in tumors by epigenetic methylation of a cytosine-phosphate-guanine island upstream of the miR-199b-5p promoter. Furthermore, the cluster of differention (CD) carbohydrate antigen CD15, a marker of medulloblastoma tumor-propagating cells, is an additional direct target of miR-199b-5p. Most importantly, regulation of miR-199b-5p expression in these CD15+/CD133+ tumor-propagating cells was influenced by only Hes1 expression and not by any epigenetic mechanism of regulation. Moreover, reverse-phase protein array analysis showed both the Akt and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathways as being mainly negatively regulated by miR-199b-5p expression in several medulloblastoma cell lines and in primary cell cultures. We present here the finely tuned regulation of miR-199b-5p in medulloblastoma, underlining its crucial role by its additional targeting of CD15.
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22
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Kovar H, Alonso J, Aman P, Aryee DNT, Ban J, Burchill SA, Burdach S, De Alava E, Delattre O, Dirksen U, Fourtouna A, Fulda S, Helman LJ, Herrero-Martin D, Hogendoorn PCW, Kontny U, Lawlor ER, Lessnick SL, Llombart-Bosch A, Metzler M, Moriggl R, Niedan S, Potratz J, Redini F, Richter GHS, Riedmann LT, Rossig C, Schäfer BW, Schwentner R, Scotlandi K, Sorensen PH, Staege MS, Tirode F, Toretsky J, Ventura S, Eggert A, Ladenstein R. The first European interdisciplinary ewing sarcoma research summit. Front Oncol 2012; 2:54. [PMID: 22662320 PMCID: PMC3361960 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Network for Cancer Research in Children and Adolescents (ENCCA) provides an interaction platform for stakeholders in research and care of children with cancer. Among ENCCA objectives is the establishment of biology-based prioritization mechanisms for the selection of innovative targets, drugs, and prognostic markers for validation in clinical trials. Specifically for sarcomas, there is a burning need for novel treatment options, since current chemotherapeutic treatment protocols have met their limits. This is most obvious for metastatic Ewing sarcoma (ES), where long term survival rates are still below 20%. Despite significant progress in our understanding of ES biology, clinical translation of promising laboratory results has not yet taken place due to fragmentation of research and lack of an institutionalized discussion forum. To fill this gap, ENCCA assembled 30 European expert scientists and five North American opinion leaders in December 2011 to exchange thoughts and discuss the state of the art in ES research and latest results from the bench, and to propose biological studies and novel promising therapeutics for the upcoming European EWING2008 and EWING2012 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Kovar
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical UniversityVienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Heinrich Kovar, Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung and Medical University, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria. e-mail:
| | - Javier Alonso
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMajadahonda, Spain
| | - Pierre Aman
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dave N. T. Aryee
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical UniversityVienna, Austria
| | - Jozef Ban
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Burdach
- Children’s Cancer Research Center and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Enrique De Alava
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Cancer Research Center-IBMCC, University of Salamanca-CSICSalamanca, Spain
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM, U830 Génétique et Biologie des CancersInstitut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Uta Dirksen
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Argyro Fourtouna
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lee J. Helman
- Molecular Oncology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Herrero-Martin
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | | | - Udo Kontny
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s HospitalFreiburg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth R. Lawlor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Oncological Sciences, Center for Children’s Cancer Research at Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer ResearchVienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Niedan
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | - Jenny Potratz
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Françoise Redini
- INSERM, UMR 957, LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives EA3822Nantes, France
| | - Günther H. S. Richter
- Children’s Cancer Research Center and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Lucia T. Riedmann
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Beat W. Schäfer
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s HospitalZurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphaela Schwentner
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli InstituteBologna, Italy
| | - Poul H. Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin S. Staege
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Centre, Martin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Franck Tirode
- INSERM, U830 Génétique et Biologie des CancersInstitut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey Toretsky
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown UniversityWashington, DC, USA
| | - Selena Ventura
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s HospitalZurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s HospitalEssen, Germany
| | - Ruth Ladenstein
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical UniversityVienna, Austria
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