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Meng Q, Sun H, Wu S, Familiari G, Relucenti M, Aschner M, Li X, Chen R. Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded MicroRNA-BART18-3p Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression by Targeting De Novo Lipogenesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202116. [PMID: 36307872 PMCID: PMC9762317 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome encodes a cluster of 22 viral microRNAs, called miR-BamHI-A rightward transcripts (miR-BARTs), which are shown to promote the development of cancer. Here, this study reports that EBV-miR-BART18-3p is highly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and is closely associated with the pathological and advanced clinical stages of CRC. Ectopic expression of EBV-miR-BART18-3p leads to increased migration and invasion capacities of CRC cells in vitro and causes tumor metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, EBV-miR-BART18-3p activates the hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha/lactate dehydrogenase A axis by targeting Sirtuin, which promotes lactate accumulation and acetyl-CoA production in CRC cells under hypoxic condition. Increased acetyl-CoA utilization subsequently leads to histone acetylation of fatty acid synthase and fatty acid synthase-dependent fat synthesis, which in turn drives de novo lipogenesis. The oncogenic role of EBV-miR-BART18-3p is confirmed in the patient-derived tumor xenograft mouse model. Altogether, the findings define a novel mechanism of EBV-miR-BART18-3p in CRC development through the lipogenesis pathway and provide a potential clinical intervention target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public HealthCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069P. R. China
- Department of OncologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069P. R. China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Occupational HealthSchool of Public HealthShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine EngineeringMinistry of EducationSchool of Public HealthSoutheast UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Shenshen Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public HealthCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069P. R. China
| | - Giuseppe Familiari
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy “Pietro Motta”SAIMLAL DepartmentFaculty of Pharmacy and MedicineSapienza University of Romevia Alfonso Borelli 50Rome00161Italy
| | - Michela Relucenti
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy “Pietro Motta”SAIMLAL DepartmentFaculty of Pharmacy and MedicineSapienza University of Romevia Alfonso Borelli 50Rome00161Italy
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineForchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park AvenueBronxNY10461USA
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public HealthCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine EngineeringMinistry of EducationSchool of Public HealthSoutheast UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public HealthCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069P. R. China
- Department of OncologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069P. R. China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069P. R. China
- Institute for Chemical CarcinogenesisGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou511436P. R. China
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Yang T, You C, Meng S, Lai Z, Ai W, Zhang J. EBV Infection and Its Regulated Metabolic Reprogramming in Nasopharyngeal Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:935205. [PMID: 35846746 PMCID: PMC9283984 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.935205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral oncogenes may drive cellular metabolic reprogramming to modulate the normal epithelia cell malignant transformation. Understanding the viral oncogene–mediated signaling transduction dysregulation that involves in metabolic reprogramming may provide new therapeutic targets for virus-associated cancer treatment. Latent EBV infection and expression of viral oncogenes, including latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LMP1/2), and EBV-encoded BamH I-A rightward transcripts (BART) microRNAs (miR-BARTs), have been demonstrated to play fundamental roles in altering host cell metabolism to support nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) pathogenesis. Yet, how do EBV infection and its encoded oncogenes facilitated the metabolic shifting and their roles in NPC carcinogenesis remains unclear. In this review, we will focus on delineating how EBV infection and its encoded oncoproteins altered the metabolic reprograming of infected cells to support their malignances. Furthermore, based on the understanding of the host’s metabolic signaling alterations induced by EBV, we will provide a new perspective on the interplay between EBV infection and these metabolic pathways and offering a potential therapeutic intervention strategy in the treatment of EBV-associated malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chanping You
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuhui Meng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengquan Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weipeng Ai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zhang, ; Weipeng Ai,
| | - Jun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zhang, ; Weipeng Ai,
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3
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Zhou J, Zhang B, Zhang X, Wang C, Xu Y. Identification of a 3-miRNA Signature Associated With the Prediction of Prognosis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 11:823603. [PMID: 35155213 PMCID: PMC8828644 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.823603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor caused by an infection of the epithelial cells of the nasopharynx, which is highly metastatic and aggressive. Due to the deep anatomical site and atypical early symptoms, the majority of NPC patients are diagnosed at terminal stages. There is growing evidence that microRNAs offer options for early detection, accurate diagnosis, and prediction of malignancy treatment response. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to identify microRNAs that predict the prognosis of patients with NPC by integrating biological information analysis. In this study, we utilized the GSE36682 dataset rooted in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data bank, including 62 cases of NPC tissues and six cases of non-cancerous tissues. The miRNAs were subjected to weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and hub miRNAs were screened for differentially upregulated miRNAs from modules highly correlated with tumor progression. We took a lot of time to calculate the risk scores of miRNA markers for 62 NPC patients, and incidentally combined the clinical survival information of patients to finally identify the three key miRNAs, and then divided the patients into low- and high-risk groups. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed that the overall survival of patients in the high-risk group was obviously shorter than that of the low-risk group. Subsequently, the target genes of the three miRNAs were predicted and analyzed for functional enrichment. In summary, a prognostic predictive risk model based on three miRNA profiles may increase prognostic predictive value and provide reference information for the precise treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Teaching and Research Section of Otolaryngology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
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Zhao M, Tang Z, Wang Y, Ding J, Guo Y, Gao T. A direct negative feedback loop of miR-4721/FOXA1/Nanog promotes nasopharyngeal cell stem cell enrichment and metastasis. J Transl Med 2021; 19:387. [PMID: 34503528 PMCID: PMC8428129 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The recurrence and metastasis of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) may be mainly attributed to the persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs); however, the linkage mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. Methods The levels of miR-4721, FOXA1, and Nanog expression in NPC were detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In vivo and in vitro metastasis assays confirmed miR-4721 promotes cell migration and invasion. Tumor spheroid formation assay, side population (SP) assay, and ALDEFLUOR assay verified miR-4721 regulates cancer stem cell-like properties. Luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-4721 directly regulates FOXA1 and FOXA1 effects the promoter activity of miR-4721 and Nanog. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis and electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed that FOXA1 combined the promoter region of human miR-4721 and Nanog and the possible mechanism was also analyzed. Results In this study, a new mechanism of NPC tumorigenesis related to miR-4721 was verified. We found that miR-4721, FOXA1 and Nanog control their expressions through a negative feedback loop and then activate the downstream regulator of stem cell signaling to promote the enrichment and metastasis of NPC stem cells. Conclusion These findings elucidate that the feedback loop of miR-4721/FOXA1/Nanog can regulate stemness and metastasis in NPC and may provide an experimental theoretical basis for metastasis and treatment resistance in NPC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03059-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Zibo Tang
- Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ding
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Tianhui Gao
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
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Luo WJ, He SW, Zou WQ, Zhao Y, He QM, Yang XJ, Guo R, Mao YP. Epstein-Barr virus microRNA BART10-3p promotes dedifferentiation and proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting ALK7. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2618-2629. [PMID: 34424090 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211037261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the major subtype of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, is characterized by low differentiation and a close relation to Epstein-Barr virus infection, which indicates a link between Epstein-Barr virus oncogenesis and loss of differentiation, and raises our interest in investigating the involvement of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma dedifferentiation. Our previous study showed abundant expression of an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNA, BART10-3p, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues, but the association between BART10-3p and nasopharyngeal carcinoma differentiation remains unknown. Here, we examined the expression and prognostic value of BART10-3p, and undertook bioinformatics analysis and functional assays to investigate the influence of BART10-3p on nasopharyngeal carcinoma differentiation and proliferation and the underpinning mechanism. Microarray analysis identified BART10-3p as the most significantly upregulated Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues and the upregulation was confirmed in two public datasets. The expression of BART10-3p was an independent unfavorable prognosticator in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its integration with the clinical stage showed improved prognosis predictive performance. Bioinformatics analysis suggested a potential role of BART10-3p in tumor differentiation and progression. Functional assays demonstrated that BART10-3p could promote nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell dedifferentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and proliferation in vitro, and tumorigenicity in vivo. Mechanistically, BART10-3p directly targeted the 3'UTR of ALK7 and suppressed its expression. Reconstitution of ALK7 rescued BART10-3p-induced malignant phenotypes. Overall, our study demonstrates that BART10-3p promotes dedifferentiation and proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting ALK7, suggesting a promising therapeutic opportunity to reverse the malignant phenotypes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shi-Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wen-Qing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qing-Mei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yan-Ping Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Prinz C, Mese K, Weber D. MicroRNA Changes in Gastric Carcinogenesis: Differential Dysregulation during Helicobacter pylori and EBV Infection. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040597. [PMID: 33921696 PMCID: PMC8073778 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite medical advances, gastric-cancer (GC) mortality remains high in Europe. Bacterial infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and viral infection with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) are associated with the development of both distal and proximal gastric cancer. Therefore, the detection of these infections and the prediction of further cancer development could be clinically significant. To this end, microRNAs (miRNAs) could serve as promising new tools. MiRNAs are highly conserved noncoding RNAs that play an important role in gene silencing, mainly acting via translational repression and the degradation of mRNA targets. Recent reports demonstrate the downregulation of numerous miRNAs in GC, especially miR-22, miR-145, miR-206, miR-375, and miR-490, and these changes seem to promote cancer-cell invasion and tumor spreading. The dysregulation of miR-106b, miR-146a, miR-155, and the Let-7b/c complex seems to be of particular importance during H. pylori infection or gastric carcinogenesis. In contrast, many reports describe changes in host miRNA expression and outline the effects of bamHI-A region rightward transcript (BART) miRNA in EBV-infected tissue. The differential regulation of these miRNA, acting alone or in close interaction when both infections coexist, may therefore enable us to detect cancer earlier. In this review, we focus on the two different etiologies of gastric cancer and outline the molecular pathways through which H. pylori- or EBV-induced changes might synergistically act via miR-155 dysregulation to potentiate cancer risk. The three markers, namely, H. pylori presence, EBV infection, and miR-155 expression, may be checked in routine biopsies to evaluate the risk of developing gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Prinz
- Medizinische Klinik 2, Helios Universitätsklinikum Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Lehrstuhl Innere Medizin 1, University of Witten/Herdecke gGmbH, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-202-896-2243; Fax: +49-202-896-2740
| | - Kemal Mese
- Lehrstuhl Innere Medizin 1, University of Witten/Herdecke gGmbH, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Institute of Virology, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Weber
- Medizinische Klinik 2, Helios Universitätsklinikum Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Lehrstuhl Innere Medizin 1, University of Witten/Herdecke gGmbH, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
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Kryst P, Poletajew S, Wyczałkowska-Tomasik A, Gonczar S, Wysocki M, Kapuścińska R, Krajewski W, Zgliczyński W, Pączek L. Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Adenovirus Viremia in Renal Tumors Is Associated with Histological Features of Malignancy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103195. [PMID: 33023077 PMCID: PMC7601937 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is growing evidence that viral infections may impact the risk and clinical course of malignancies, including solid tumors. The aim of this study was to assess the possible association of selected chronic/latent viral infections with the clinical course of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: In this prospective study we enrolled 27 patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy due to the histologically confirmed RCC and followed them up for one year post-operation. Isolation of the nucleic acids was performed using the NucleoSpin Tissue Kit (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) from tumor tissue and using the EZ1 Virus Mini Kit v2.0 from plasma. The number of viral copies of human adenovirus (ADV), herpes simplex virus HSV-1 and HSV-2, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), BK virus (BKV) and John Cunningham virus (JCV) in the tissue and plasma was assessed with real-time PCR. Results: Viral infections were diagnosed in ten patients (37.0%), including three ADV cases (11.1%) and eight EBV cases (29.6%). Infected patients tended to be significantly older (71.3 vs. 57.6 years, p < 0.05), more commonly presented with chronic renal disease (OR 2.4, p < 0.05), diabetes (OR 4.2, p < 0.05) and overweight (OR 2.0, p < 0.05). Regarding oncological data, infected patients were found to have a higher rate of high-grade cancers (OR 5.0, p < 0.05) and a higher rate of papillary RCCs (OR 8.3, p < 0.05). Status of viral infections had no influence on the clinical cancer stage, surgical procedure or survival. Conclusions: EBV and ADV infections are common in renal cancer patients and increase the risk of high-grade RCC presence. While there is no significant impact on short term survival, further studies are needed to assess the relevance of these findings in a long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kryst
- Second Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Sławomir Poletajew
- Second Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-569-0148; Fax: +48-22-569-0150
| | - Aleksandra Wyczałkowska-Tomasik
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.-T.); (L.P.)
| | - Stefan Gonczar
- Second Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Maciej Wysocki
- Department of Pathology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Renata Kapuścińska
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (R.K.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wojciech Krajewski
- Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Zgliczyński
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (R.K.); (W.Z.)
| | - Leszek Pączek
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.-T.); (L.P.)
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Chu YL, Li H, Ng PLA, Kong ST, Zhang H, Lin Y, Tai WCS, Yu ACS, Yim AKY, Tsang HF, Cho WCS, Wong SCC. The potential of circulating exosomal RNA biomarkers in cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:665-678. [PMID: 32188269 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1745064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are great potentials of using exosomal RNAs (exoRNA) as biomarkers in cancers. The isolation of exoRNA requires the use of ultracentrifugation to isolate cell-free RNA followed by detection using real-time PCR, microarray, next-generation sequencing, or Nanostring nCounter system. The use of exoRNA enrichment panels has largely increased the detection sensitivity and specificity when compared to traditional diagnostic tests. Moreover, using exoRNA as biomarkers can assist the early detection of chemo and radioresistance cancer, and in turn opens up the possibility of personalized treatment to patients. Finally, exoRNA can be detected at an early stage of cancer recurrence to improve the survival rate. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors summarized the detection methods of exoRNA as well as its potential as a biomarker in cancer diagnosis and chemo and radioresistance. EXPERT OPINION The application of exoRNAs in clinical diagnosis is still in its infancy. Further researches on extracellular vesicles isolation, detection protocols, exoRNA classes and subclasses, and the regulatory biological pathways have to be performed before exoRNA can be applied translationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Lam Chu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Harriet Li
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Pik Lan Amanda Ng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Siu Ting Kong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yusheng Lin
- Department of Immunotherapy and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - William Chi Shing Tai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , Kowloon, China
| | | | | | - Hin Fung Tsang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Hau PM, Lung HL, Wu M, Tsang CM, Wong KL, Mak NK, Lo KW. Targeting Epstein-Barr Virus in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:600. [PMID: 32528868 PMCID: PMC7247807 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in regions in which it is endemic, including Southern China and Southeast Asia. The high mortality rates of NPC patients with advanced and recurrent disease highlight the urgent need for effective treatments. While recent genomic studies have revealed few druggable targets, the unique interaction between the EBV infection and host cells in NPC strongly implies that targeting EBV may be an efficient approach to cure this virus-associated cancer. Key features of EBV-associated NPC are the persistence of an episomal EBV genome and the requirement for multiple viral latent gene products to enable malignant transformation. Many translational studies have been conducted to exploit these unique features to develop pharmaceutical agents and therapeutic strategies that target EBV latent proteins and induce lytic reactivation in NPC. In particular, inhibitors of the EBV latent protein EBNA1 have been intensively explored, because of this protein's essential roles in maintaining EBV latency and viral genome replication in NPC cells. In addition, recent advances in chemical bioengineering are driving the development of therapeutic agents targeting the critical functional regions of EBNA1. Promising therapeutic effects of the resulting EBNA1-specific inhibitors have been shown in EBV-positive NPC tumors. The efficacy of multiple classes of EBV lytic inducers for NPC cytolytic therapy has also been long investigated. However, the lytic-induction efficiency of these compounds varies among different EBV-positive NPC models in a cell-context-dependent manner. In each tumor, NPC cells can evolve and acquire somatic changes to maintain EBV latency during cancer progression. Unfortunately, the poor understanding of the cellular mechanisms regulating EBV latency-to-lytic switching in NPC cells limits the clinical application of EBV cytolytic treatment. In this review, we discuss the potential approaches for improvement of the above-mentioned EBV-targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pok Man Hau
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nai Ki Mak
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Jiang C, Li L, Xiang YQ, Lung ML, Zeng T, Lu J, Tsao SW, Zeng MS, Yun JP, Kwong DLW, Guan XY. Epstein-Barr Virus miRNA BART2-5p Promotes Metastasis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Suppressing RND3. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1957-1969. [PMID: 32060148 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related malignancy. Recently, we found that the EBV-encoded miRNA BART2-5p was increased in the serum of patients with preclinical nasopharyngeal carcinoma and that the copy number positively correlated with disease progression. In this study, we established its role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression and explored underlying mechanisms and clinical significance. BART2-5p was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for progression-free survival and its circulating abundance positively associated with distant metastasis. Ectopic expression of BART2-5p promoted migration and invasion of EBV-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, whereas genetic downregulation of BART2-5p in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells decreased aggressiveness. Mechanistically, BART2-5p targeted RND3, a negative regulator of Rho signaling. Downregulation of RND3 phenocopied the effect of BART2-5p and reconstitution of RND3 rescued the phenotype. By suppressing RND3, BART2-5p activated Rho signaling to enhance cell motility. These findings suggest a novel role for EBV miRNA BART2-5p in promoting nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis and its potential value as a prognostic indicator or therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that EBV-encoded BART2-5p miRNA suppresses expression of the RND3 Rho family GTPase, consequently promoting ROCK signaling, cell motility, and metastatic behavior of NPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan-Qun Xiang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiabin Lu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Ping Yun
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dora L W Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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11
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Huang J, Qin Y, Yang C, Wan C, Dai X, Sun Y, Meng J, Lu Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wu B, Xu S, Jin H, Yang K. Downregulation of ABI2 expression by EBV-miR-BART13-3p induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through upregulation of c-JUN/SLUG signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:340-358. [PMID: 31907338 PMCID: PMC6977665 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Existing evidence has shown that circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-miR-BART13-3p is highly expressed in plasma of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients, especially among patients with advanced diseases. However, the exact role that EBV-miR-BART13-3p plays in the development of NPC remains poorly understood. Here we show that up-regulated expression of EBV-miR-BART13-3p leads to increased capacity in migration and invasion of NPC cells in vitro and causes tumor metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, we find that EBV-miR-BART13-3p directly targets ABI2, known as a tumor suppressor and a cell migration inhibitor, drives epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by activating c-JUN/SLUG signaling pathway. Silencing ABI2 shows similar effects to overexpression of EBV-miR-BART13-3p, whereas reconstitution of ABI2 resulted in a phenotypic reversion, highlighting the role of ABI2 in EBV-miR-BART13-3p-driven metastasis in NPC. Besides, expression levels of ABI2 in NPC tissue samples correlate with N stages of NPC patients. Taken together, these results suggest a novel mechanism by which ABI2 downregulation by EBV-miR-BART13-3p promotes EMT and metastasis of NPC via upregulating c-JUN/SLUG signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - You Qin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chensu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chao Wan
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaomeng Dai
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingshu Meng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanwei Lu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yan Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhanjie Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bian Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shuangbing Xu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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12
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Murata T, Okuno Y, Sato Y, Watanabe T, Kimura H. Oncogenesis of CAEBV revealed: Intragenic deletions in the viral genome and leaky expression of lytic genes. Rev Med Virol 2019; 30:e2095. [PMID: 31845495 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and several malignancies involving lymphocytes and epithelial cells. We recently reported genomic analyses of chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV), a proliferative disorder of T and/or NK cells, as well as other lymphoid malignancies. We found that T and/or NK cells undergoing clonal expansion in CAEBV patients gain somatic driver mutations as the disorder progresses. Investigation of the viral genome revealed viral genomes harboring intragenic deletions in the BamHI-rightward transcripts (BART) region and in essential lytic genes. Interestingly, we observed that these deletions resulted in leaky expression of viral lytic genes. This increased expression of viral lytic genes is reminiscent of the "pre-latent abortive lytic" state, in which a substantial number of lytic genes are produced for weeks in the absence of progeny production, which contributes to cell survival upon de novo infection. It has been known that EBV can choose either latent or lytic state, but this dualistic concept may need to be reconsidered, as our data suggest the presence of the third, intermediate state; leaky expression of lytic genes that does not lead to completion of the full lytic amplification cycle. Leaky expression of lytic genes likely contributes to the formation and maintenance of several types of EBV-associated tumors. We also presented significant circumstantial evidence suggesting that EBV infects lymphoid progenitor cells in CAEBV before differentiation into T and NK cells. Taken together, our new data shed light on oncogenesis of CAEBV and other EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Limam S, Missaoui N, Mestiri S, Yacoubi M, Krifa H, Selmi B, Mokni M. Epstein-Barr virus infection in gliomas. Curr Res Transl Med 2019; 67:129-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Liu Y, Jiang Q, Liu X, Lin X, Tang Z, Liu C, Zhou J, Zhao M, Li X, Cheng Z, Li L, Xie Y, Liu Z, Fang W. Cinobufotalin powerfully reversed EBV-miR-BART22-induced cisplatin resistance via stimulating MAP2K4 to antagonize non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA/glycogen synthase 3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:386-404. [PMID: 31594754 PMCID: PMC6838365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related tumor. The role of EBV-encoding miR-BART22 is still unclear in NPC. This study aimed to identify the detailed mechanisms by which EBV-miR-BART22 functions as a tumor-promoting factor and evaluate the action of cinobufotalin in treating EBV-miR-BART22-overexpressing NPC cells. Methods Using real-time PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and In situ hybridization, we detected the expression of miR-BART22 and MAP2K4 in tissues and cells, as well as evaluated their clinical relevance in NPC patients. The effects of miR-BART22 on cell metastasis, stemness and DDP chemoresistance were examined by sphere formation assay, side population analysis, transwell, boyden, in vivo xenograft tumor mouse model et al. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, luciferase reporter assay, ChIP, EMSA and Co-IP assay et al. were performed to explore the detailed molecular mechanism of EBV-miR-BART22 in NPC. Finally, we estimated the effects and molecular basis of Cinobufotalin on EBV-miR-BART22-overexpressing NPC cells in vitro and in vivo assays. Findings We observed that EBV-miR-BART22 not only promoted tumor stemness and metastasis, but also enhanced the resistance to Cisplatin (DDP) in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic analysis indicated that EBV-miR-BART22 directly targeted the MAP2K4 and upregulated non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (MYH9) expression by PI3K/AKT/c-Jun-induced transcription. Further, MYH9 interacted with glycogen synthase 3β(GSK3β) protein and induced its ubiquitin degradation by activating PI3K/AKT/c-Jun-induced ubiquitin transcription and the latter combined with increased TRAF6 E3 ligase, which further bound to GSK3β protein. Reductions in the GSK3β protein thus promoted β-catenin expression and nuclear translocation, which induced tumor stemness and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signals. Furthermore, we observed that cinobufotalin, a new chemically synthesized compound, significantly suppressed EBV-miR-BART22-induced DDP chemoresistance by upregulating MAP2K4 to suppress MYH9/GSK3β/β-catenin and its downstream tumor stemness and EMT signals in NPC. Finally, clinical data revealed that increased miR-BART22 and reduced MAP2K4 expression caused the poor prognoses of NPC patients. Interpretation Our study provides a novel mechanism that cinobufotalin reversed the DDP chemoresistance and EMT induced by EBV-miR-BART22 in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Jiang
- Cancer Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- Cancer Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Lin
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZiBo Tang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyang Zhao
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, the Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhao Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, the Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libo Li
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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EBV encoded miRNA BART8-3p promotes radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by regulating ATM/ATR signaling pathway. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190415. [PMID: 31471531 PMCID: PMC6744588 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to radiotherapy is one of the main causes of treatment failure in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is an important factor in the pathogenesis of NPC, and EBV-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) promote NPC progression. However, the role of EBV-encoded miRNAs in the radiosensitivity of NPC remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of EBV-miR-BART8-3p on radiotherapy resistance in NPC cells in vitro and in vivo, and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)/ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) (KU60019 and AZD6738, respectively) were used to examine radiotherapy resistance. We proved that EBV-miR-BART8-3p promoted NPC cell proliferation in response to irradiation in vitro and associated with the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, which was a positive factor for the DNA repair after radiation treatment. Besides, EBV-miR-BART8-3p could increase the size of xenograft tumors significantly in nude mice. Treatment with KU60019 or AZD6738 increased the radiosensitivity of NPC by suppressing the expression of p-ATM and p-ATR. The present results indicate that EBV-miR-BART8-3p promotes radioresistance in NPC by modulating the activity of ATM/ATR signaling pathway.
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16
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Zhang X, Ye Y, Fu M, Zheng B, Qiu Q, Huang Z. Implication of viral microRNAs in the genesis and diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus-associated tumors. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:3433-3442. [PMID: 31516561 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is tightly associated with a variety of human tumors, including Burkitt lymphoma and acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related lymphoma of B-cell origin, as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric cancer of epithelial origin. The virus latently infects the host cells and expresses proteins and non-coding RNAs to achieve malignancy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are small RNAs consisting of 19-25 nucleotides, which directly bind to the 3'-untranslated region of mRNAs to promote degradation and inhibit translation of mRNAs. EBV-encoded miRs are generated from two regions of the viral genome, within the apoptosis regulator BHRF1 gene locus and near the BamHI A region in a latency type-dependent manner. In addition, EBV-encoded miRs epigenetically regulate the expression of molecules that are effectors of the cell cycle progression, migration, apoptosis and innate immunity, serving a vital role in supporting viral replication and occurrence of EBV-associated tumors. The feasibility of using such miRs as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of EBV-associated tumors is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chinese-American Collaborative Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology, Dongguan City People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523059, P.R. China
| | - Ming Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Dongguan City People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523059, P.R. China
| | - Biying Zheng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, College of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Qianhui Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Pearl River Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chinese-American Collaborative Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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17
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Efficient Epstein-Barr Virus Progeny Production Mediated by Cancer-Derived LMP1 and Virally-Encoded microRNAs. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7050119. [PMID: 31052238 PMCID: PMC6560388 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes, particularly their latent genes, are heterogeneous among strains. The heterogeneity of EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) raises the question of whether there are functional differences between LMP1 expressed by cancer-associated EBV and that by non-cancerous strains. Here, we used bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-cloned EBV genomes retaining all virally encoded microRNA (miRNA) genes to investigate the functions of cancer-derived LMP1 in the context of the EBV genome. HEK293 cells were stably transfected with EBV-BAC clone DNAs encoding either nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)-derived CAO-LMP1 (LMP1CAO) or LMP1 from a prototype B95-8 strain of EBV (LMP1B95-8). When an EBV-BAC clone DNA encoding LMP1CAO was stably transfected into HEK293 cells, it generated many more stable transformants than the control clone encoding LMP1B95-8. Furthermore, stably transfected HEK293 cells exhibited highly efficient production of progeny virus. Importantly, deletion of the clustered viral miRNA genes compromised the ability to produce progeny viruses. These results indicate that cancer-derived LMP1 and viral miRNAs together are necessary for efficient production of progeny virus, and that the resulting increase in efficiency contributes to EBV-mediated epithelial carcinogenesis.
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18
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Kanda T, Yajima M, Ikuta K. Epstein-Barr virus strain variation and cancer. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1132-1139. [PMID: 30697862 PMCID: PMC6447851 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human tumor virus and is etiologically linked to various malignancies. Certain EBV-associated diseases, such as Burkitt lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas, are endemic and exhibit biased geographic distribution worldwide. Recent advances in deep sequencing technology enabled high-throughput sequencing of the EBV genome from clinical samples. Rapid cloning and sequencing of cancer-derived EBV genomes, followed by reconstitution of infectious virus, have also become possible. These developments have revealed that various EBV strains are differentially distributed throughout the world, and that the behavior of cancer-derived EBV strains is different from that of the prototype EBV strain of non-cancerous origin. In this review, we summarize recent progress and future perspectives regarding the association between EBV strain variation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teru Kanda
- Division of MicrobiologyFaculty of MedicineTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Misako Yajima
- Division of MicrobiologyFaculty of MedicineTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Kazufumi Ikuta
- Division of MicrobiologyFaculty of MedicineTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan
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19
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Fukayama M, Kunita A, Kaneda A. Gastritis-Infection-Cancer Sequence of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:437-457. [PMID: 29896679 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a representative EBV-infected epithelial neoplasm, which is now included as one of the four subtypes of The Cancer Genome Atlas molecular classification of gastric cancer. In this review, we portray a gastritis-infection-cancer sequence of EBVaGC. This virus-associated type of gastric cancer demonstrates clonal growth of EBV-infected epithelial cells within the mucosa of atrophic gastritis. Its core molecular abnormality is the EBV-specific hyper-epigenotype of CpG island promoter methylation, which induces silencing of tumor suppressor genes. This is due to the infection-induced disruption of the balance between DNA methylation and DNA demethylation activities. Abnormalities in the host cell genome, including phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit α (PIK3CA), AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), are associated with the development and progression of EBVaGC. Furthermore, posttranscriptional modulation affects the transformation processes of EBV-infected cells, such as epithelial mesenchymal transition and anti-apoptosis, via cellular and viral microRNAs (miRNAs). Once established, cancer cells of EBVaGC remodel their microenvironment, at least partly, via the delivery of exosomes containing cellular and viral miRNAs. After exosomes are incorporated, these molecules change the functions of stromal cells, tuning the microenvironment for EBVaGC. During this series of events, EBV hijacks and uses cellular machineries, such as DNA methylation and the miRNA delivery system. This portrait of gastritis-infection-cancer sequences highlights the survival strategies of EBV in the stomach epithelial cells and may be useful for the integration of therapeutic modalities against EBV-driven gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akiko Kunita
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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20
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Natural Variations in BRLF1 Promoter Contribute to the Elevated Reactivation Level of Epstein-Barr Virus in Endemic Areas of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:101-109. [PMID: 30420297 PMCID: PMC6286269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a crucial risk factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but the mechanism for its elevated activation level in NPC endemic areas remains unclear. This study aims to identify the EBV natural variations contributed to the different reactivation potential between NPC endemic and non-endemic areas. Methods 1030 subjects were recruited in China, including 303 healthy individuals from two NPC non-endemic areas, 483 healthy people from three endemic areas and 244 NPC patients. Among which, saliva DNA samples from 244 participants were sequenced for the EBV immediate early (IE) genes of BRLF1 and BZLF1, their promoters were included; the rest 786 subjects were used for the validation of significant variations among three different populations. Haplotype and population structure analysis were conducted. Dual-luciferase assay was used to detect the promoter activity. Results A total of 246 distinct variations were detected, 29 showed significant difference in the frequencies between healthy people from NPC endemic area and non-endemic area. Population structure analysis clustered EBV strains into 9 subgroups mostly in accordance with the geographical origin of samples. Interestingly, two EBV genotypes, Rp-V1 and Rp-V2, were identified according to the linkage relationship of the variations in BRLF1 promoter (Rp). Rp-V1 has higher frequency in NPC endemic areas than in non-endemic areas (52.38% vs 18.15%, P = 2.07 × 10−14), and was associated with higher oral EBV DNA levels (adjusted OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.21–2.24, P = .002), suggesting a more powerful activation ability of Rp-V1 than that of the prototype Rp-of the EBV strain; On the contrary, Rp-V2 has higher frequency in NPC non-endemic areas than in endemic areas (18.48% vs 0.38%, P = 1.17 × 10−7), might represent a reduced activation potential of EBV. Further dual-luciferase assay showed Rp-V1 has higher promoter activity while compared with Rp-V2 (P < .0001). Notably, Rp-V1 impaired the transcription repression effect of YY1 while Rp-V2 strengthened the transcription repression effect of EBF1 on Rp. In addition, significant differences of Rta 393–407 CTL epitope which may influence the recognition of Rta by CD8+ T cells were detected between healthy people from NPC endemic area and non-endemic area. Conclusions This study identified natural variations in cis-acting elements (YY1 and EBF1) of EBV Rp altering Rp transcription activities, which may contribute to the elevated EBV activation level in NPC endemic areas than non-endemic areas.
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21
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Stanland LJ, Luftig MA. Molecular features and translational outlook for Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. Future Virol 2018; 13:803-818. [PMID: 34367314 PMCID: PMC8345226 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) was the first discovered human tumor virus and is the etiological agent of B cell lymphomas and also epithelial cancers. Indeed, nearly 10% of gastric cancers worldwide are EBV-positive and display unique molecular, epigenetic, and clinicopathological features. EBV-positive gastric cancers display the highest rate of host genome methylation of all tumor types studied and harbor recurrent mutations activating PI3Kα, silencing ARID1A, and amplifying PD-L1. While EBV infection of B cells can be studied efficiently, de novo epithelial cell infection is much more difficult. We propose that new culture models including 3D-based gastric organoids and xenografts can bring new insight into EBV-induced gastric carcinogenesis and will lead to improved precision medicine-based therapies for patients with EBV-positive gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyla J. Stanland
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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22
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Fan C, Tang Y, Wang J, Xiong F, Guo C, Wang Y, Xiang B, Zhou M, Li X, Wu X, Li Y, Li X, Li G, Xiong W, Zeng Z. The emerging role of Epstein-Barr virus encoded microRNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:2852-2864. [PMID: 30123354 PMCID: PMC6096363 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic herpes virus that is closely associated with the initiation and development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), lymphoma and other malignant tumors. EBV encodes 44 mature miRNAs that regulate viral and host cell gene expression and plays a variety of roles in biological functions and the development of cancer. In this review, we summarized the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNAs (EBV miRNAs) in tumor immune evasion, proliferation, anti-apoptosis, invasion, metastasis and as a potential biomarker for NPC diagnosis and prognosis. The knowledge generated by EBV miRNAs can be used for EBV miRNA-based precision cancer treatments in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Fan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Yong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science,, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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23
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Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a head and neck cancer that represents a major health burden in Southern China and Southeast Asia. Although the close association of NPC with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been demonstrated, its exact role in the pathogenesis of this malignancy is still unclear. The expression of EBV-encoded microRNAs, especially BART miRNAs, which are encoded from the BamHI-A region of the viral genome, is detected at a high level in NPC. miRNAs are small noncoding mRNAs that can positively regulate the virus to ensure accurate expression of viral genomes and to modify the gene expression of host cells by negative regulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that ebv-mir-BARTs play a critical role in host cell survival, immune escape, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and cancer metabolism, promoting the generation of NPC. This review will summarize our current understanding of the nature and function of ebv-mir-BARTs in NPC.
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24
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Zhou Y, Xia L, Lin J, Wang H, Oyang L, Tan S, Tian Y, Su M, Wang H, Cao D, Liao Q. Exosomes in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:767-777. [PMID: 29581754 PMCID: PMC5868140 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized (30-100nm) membrane microvesicles secreted through a complex cellular process. Exosomes contain a variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, microRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), playing an important role in the cell-to-cell substance transportation and signal transduction. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-related exosomes (NPC-Exo) have been identified in circulating blood and contribute to tumor cell proliferation, angiopoiesis, and immune tolerance through remodeling of tumor microenvironment (TME). Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-related exosomes may also induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thus promoting tumor metastasis and chemoradioresistance. Clinically, the exosomes may serve as novel biomarkers for diagnosis and targeted therapies of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This review article updates the understanding of exosomes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jingguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Heran Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yutong Tian
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Min Su
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. 913 N. Rutledge Street, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
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25
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Yuen KS, Wang ZM, Wong NHM, Zhang ZQ, Cheng TF, Lui WY, Chan CP, Jin DY. Suppression of Epstein-Barr virus DNA load in latently infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by CRISPR/Cas9. Virus Res 2018; 244:296-303. [PMID: 28456574 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 90% of the world's adult population. Once established, latent infection of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells with EBV is difficult to eradicate and might lead to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in a small subset of individuals. In this study we explored the anti-EBV potential of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of EBV genome in infected NPC cells. We designed gRNAs to target different regions of the EBV genome and transfected them into C666-1 cells. The levels of EBV DNA in transfected cells were decreased by about 50%. The suppressive effect on EBV DNA load lasted for weeks but could not be further enhanced by re-transfection of gRNA. Suppression of EBV by CRISPR/Cas9 did not affect survival of C666-1 cells but sensitized them to chemotherapeutic killing by cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. Our work provides the proof-of-principle for suppressing EBV DNA load with CRISPR/Cas9 and a potential new strategy to sensitize EBV-infected NPC cells to chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- CRISPR-Associated Protein 9
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Endonucleases/genetics
- Endonucleases/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/virology
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Gene Editing/methods
- Genome, Viral
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Humans
- Nasopharynx/drug effects
- Nasopharynx/pathology
- Nasopharynx/virology
- Plasmids/chemistry
- Plasmids/metabolism
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism
- Viral Load/drug effects
- Virus Latency/genetics
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit-San Yuen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Nok-Hei Mickey Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zhi-Qian Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Tsz-Fung Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wai-Yin Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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26
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Qu S, Guo Y, Huang ST, Zhu XD. Inhibition of STAT1 sensitizes radioresistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE-2R to radiotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 9:8303-8310. [PMID: 29492196 PMCID: PMC5823581 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance remains a major obstacle for clinicians in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Others and we have reported that signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) may be as an important gene for resistance to radiation. However, the relationship between STAT1 and radioresistance is still elusive. In this study, by constitutive silencing STAT1 in human radioresistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2R cell line, we showed that inhibition of STAT1 enhanced radiosensitivity of CNE-2R. Furthermore, knockdown of STAT1 led to growth suppression and apoptosis promotion in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, cells with low STAT1 expression increased G2/M phase and decreased S phase at 2Gy. These result revealed that knockdown of stat1 expression could sensitizes the CNE-2R to radiotherapy, But the exact mechanism needs to be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of High Incidence Tumor Prevention and Treatment Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, PR China
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of High Incidence Tumor Prevention and Treatment Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, PR China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shanxi Province, 710004, PR China
| | - Shi-Ting Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of High Incidence Tumor Prevention and Treatment Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of High Incidence Tumor Prevention and Treatment Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, PR China
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27
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Zhou L, Chen JN, Qiu XM, Pan YH, Zhang ZG, Shao CK. Comparative analysis of 22 Epstein-Barr virus genomes from diseased and healthy individuals. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:96-107. [PMID: 28036243 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects most of the world's population and is causally associated with several human cancers, but little is known about how EBV genetic variations might influence EBV-associated diseases and their geographical patterns. In the present study, 22 EBV whole-genome sequences from diseased and healthy individuals were analysed to explore EBV sequence variations at the whole-genome level. We found that the 22 EBV genomes were generally highly similar to each other at the genome level. However, varying degrees of genetic diversity were detected across the entire genome, especially in the latent genes. In contrast, the sequences of promoters and non-coding RNAs were strictly conserved. These findings suggested that both latent genes and non-coding RNAs play important roles in the EBV life cycle. When we investigated changes in known T-cell epitopes in some latent and lytic proteins, we observed that some T-cell epitopes were changed, while others were conserved. These findings indicate that the effect of EBV variations in protein sequences that seem to have been selected by the host immune system should be considered when conducting EBV-targeted immunotherapy. Taken together, our results provide a global view of EBV genome sequence variation, which not only is important for designing vaccines and immunotherapy for EBV but also adds to the understanding of EBV biology and the relationships between viral sequence variation and EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Jian-Ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Xin-Min Qiu
- DRIGEN Co. Ltd, No. 121-122 Chuangye Yuan, Shenzhen 518100, PR China
| | - Yu-Hang Pan
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Chun-Kui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
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28
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Guo J, Ma J, Zhao G, Li G, Fu Y, Luo Y, Gui R. Long Noncoding RNA LINC0086 Functions as a Tumor Suppressor in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Targeting miR-214. Oncol Res 2017; 25:1189-1197. [PMID: 28245169 PMCID: PMC7841018 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14865126670075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct head and neck cancer, which is occurring at a high frequency in Southern China. Emerging studies have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in carcinogenesis and progression. In this study, we established a comprehensive lncRNA profile in NPC and found that 35 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in NPC. We found that LINC0086 was decreased in NPC patient serum samples and tissues. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that patients with high LINC0086 expression had a higher survival rate than those with low LINC0086 expression. LINC0086 expression was associated with NPC histological grade, lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage. Upregulation of LINC0086 inhibited cancer cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. In addition, upregulation of LINC0086 dramatically decreased the expression of miR-214, an oncogene in several cancers, in C666-1 and HK-1 cells. An miR-214 binding site was found in the 3'-UTR of LINC0086. We also validated that both miR-214 and LINC0086 presented in the RISC complex, demonstrating that LINC0086 could decrease miR-214 expression by directly interacting with miR-214. Furthermore, the suppressive effects of LINC0086 on NPC cell growth were reversed by overexpression of miR-214 in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our study reports a novel mechanism underlying NPC carcinogenesis and provides a potential novel diagnosis and treatment biomarker for NPC.
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29
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Chen R, Zhang M, Li Q, Xiong H, Liu S, Fang W, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Xu X, Jiang Q. The Epstein-Barr Virus-encoded miR-BART22 targets MAP3K5 to promote host cell proliferative and invasive abilities in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Cancer 2017; 8:305-313. [PMID: 28243335 PMCID: PMC5327380 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-BART22, a new discovered Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) miRNA, is abundant in Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). It has been reported that miR-BART22 promoted the tumor development by down-modulating EBV LMP2 expression to evade the host immune response. But its cell target genes have still been obscure. We have reported an inverse correlation between the BART-22 and MAP3K5 protein expression in NPC tissues and NPC cell lines. Meanwhile, MAP3K5 protein expression level was significantly decreased in primary NPC tissues compared with nasopharyngitis when MAP3K5 mRNA expression was consistent in two group tissues. According to our data and target prediction by miRnada, we assume MAP3K5 is an important target gene of NPC. MAP3K5, also named apoptosis signal-regulating kinase1 (ASK1), is an important early answer gene in P38MAPK pathway and an apoptosis-related gene. In present study, MAP3K5 was verified the target gene of miR-BART22 by luciferase assay. miRBART-22 decreased MAP3K5 protein level. Moreover, it also decreased MAP3K5 downstream gene MAP2K4 expression in P38MAPK pathway, and even their activated phosphorylation forms. Additionally, we found stable transfection of miR-BAT22 could improve tumor cells' proliferative and invasive abilities in NPC cell line 5-8F. The data highlight the role of the EBV miR-BART22 in regulating genes involving in apoptosis and some important pathways to promote cancer development. And it also raises the possibility that inhibitors of miR-BART22 can be as a therapeutic strategy for NPC and other EBV-infected tumors treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, PR, China
| | - Minfeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, PR, China
| | - Qiulian Li
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, PR, China;; Department of obstetrics and gynecology, First affiliated hospital, Gannan medical university, Gannan,341000, PR, China
| | - Hanzhen Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, PR, China
| | - Shaoyan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, PR, China
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Qianbing Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, PR, China;; Department of Pathology, Basic school, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou,510000, PR China
| | - Xuehu Xu
- Gastrointestinal Department, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, PR, China
| | - Qingping Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, PR, China
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30
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Zheng XH, Lu LX, Cui C, Chen MY, Li XZ, Jia WH. Epstein-Barr virus mir-bart1-5p detection via nasopharyngeal brush sampling is effective for diagnosing nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4972-80. [PMID: 26701721 PMCID: PMC4826258 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) are highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cases in high-risk areas, and may be involved in tumorigenesis. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we detected four EBV-encoded BamHI A rightward transcript (BART) miRNAs (mir-bart1-5p, mir-bart5, mir-bart6-5p and mir-bart17-5p) exclusively in 53 NPC biopsies as compared to 69 controls. In a larger patient group, that included 215 NPC cases and 209 controls, significantly higher levels of all four EBV miRNAs were detected in tumor cells harvested directly from the nasopharynx using a less invasive nasopharyngeal (NP) brush than in the controls (p < 0.001). One EBV miRNA, mir-bart1-5p, holds particular promise for use as a diagnostic indicator of NPC (with 93.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity), and its relative expression level was reflective of disease progression. Detection of this miRNA was effective for diagnosing early-stage NPC, even in cases that were falsely diagnosed as negative based on histopathological analysis, plasma EBV DNA load, and VCA-IgA and EA-IgA titers. EBV-encoded mir-bart1-5p detection via NP brush sampling could act as an efficient and less invasive method assisting clinical diagnosis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Zheng
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Li-Xia Lu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Cui Cui
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Chen
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xi-Zhao Li
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Hirai N, Wakisaka N, Kondo S, Aga M, Moriyama-Kita M, Ueno T, Nakanishi Y, Endo K, Sugimoto H, Murono S, Sato H, Yoshizaki T. Potential Interest in Circulating miR-BART17-5p As a Post-Treatment Biomarker for Prediction of Recurrence in Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163609. [PMID: 27684719 PMCID: PMC5042478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related micoRNAs (miRNAs), BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BART)-miRNAs, are released in a stable form from viable cells, which are abundant in patients with EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We estimated copy numbers of circulating miR-BART2-5p, miR-BART17-5p, and miR-BART18-5p as well as BamHI-W DNA as biomarkers. Materials and Methods Serums from 31 EBV-positive (confirmed by in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded small RNAs) NPC patients and 40 non-NPC controls were analyzed. Among the 31 NPC patients, serums at the initial diagnosis and three months after treatment were obtained from 20 patients, and serums only at three months after treatment were obtained from 11 patients. Results The sensitivity/specificity of circulating BamHI-W DNA, miR-BART2-5p, miR-BART17-5p, and miR-BART18-5p for the diagnosis of NPC before treatment were 100 / 100, 85 / 85, 60 / 95, and 25 / 100%, respectively. For BamHI-W DNA, NPC patients with stage IV disease had significantly higher copy numbers than those with I-III. Copy numbers decreased significantly post-treatment. In contrast, copy numbers of the three BART-miRNAs showed no significant correlation with the clinical stage at diagnosis or any significant post-treatment change. After treatment, BamHI-W DNA and miR-BART17-5p were detected in 5 and 6 cases out of 11 patients with recurrent or residual tumors, respectively. However, BamHI-W DNA and miR-BART17-5p were absent in all 20 patients without relapse or residual tumors. Conclusion The copy number of circulating BamHI-W DNA is a more useful biomarker for the initial diagnosis of NPC than the three BART-miRNAs examined. Post-treatment detection of miR-BART17-5p is a potential biomarker of a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hirai
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13–1, Kanazawa, 920–8640, Japan
| | - Naohiro Wakisaka
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13–1, Kanazawa, 920–8640, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13–1, Kanazawa, 920–8640, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Aga
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13–1, Kanazawa, 920–8640, Japan
| | - Makiko Moriyama-Kita
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13–1, Kanazawa, 920–8640, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ueno
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13–1, Kanazawa, 920–8640, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakanishi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13–1, Kanazawa, 920–8640, Japan
| | - Kazuhira Endo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13–1, Kanazawa, 920–8640, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sugimoto
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13–1, Kanazawa, 920–8640, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Murono
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13–1, Kanazawa, 920–8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920–1192, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13–1, Kanazawa, 920–8640, Japan
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Cai L, Li J, Zhang X, Lu Y, Wang J, Lyu X, Chen Y, Liu J, Cai H, Wang Y, Li X. Gold nano-particles (AuNPs) carrying anti-EBV-miR-BART7-3p inhibit growth of EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7838-50. [PMID: 25691053 PMCID: PMC4480720 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a major etiological factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Several EBV-encoded BART miRNAs have been associated with viral latency, immune escape, cell survival, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Here, we report that EBV-miR-BART7-3p, an EBV-encoded BART miRNA highly expressed in NPC, was correlated with cell-cycle progression in vitro and increased tumor formation in vivo. This viral miRNA stimulated the PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway and induced c-Myc and c-Jun. Knockdown of PTEN mimicked EBV-miR-BART7-3p-induced tumorigenic phenotype. Based on these results, we conducted a therapeutic experiment by using gold nano-particles (AuNPs) carrying anti-EBV-miR-BART7-3p. Silencing of EBV-miR-BART7-3p reduced tumor growth in animal model. We conclude that EBV-miR-BART7-3p favors carcinogenesis, representing a potential target for miRNA-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longmei Cai
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jinbang Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yaoyong Lu
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaoming Lyu
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Central Medical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jinkun Liu
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hongbing Cai
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xin Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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MicroRNAs serving as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A critical review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 103:1-9. [PMID: 27179594 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant medical advancement, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains one of the most difficult cancers to detect and treat where it continues to prevail especially among the Asian population. miRNAs could act as tumour suppressor genes or oncogenes in NPC. They play important roles in the pathogenesis of NPC by regulating specific target genes which are involved in various cellular processes and pathways. In particular, studies on miRNAs related to the Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein one (LMP1) and EBVmiRNA- BART miRNA confirmed the link between EBV and NPC. Both miRNA and its target genes could potentially be exploited for prognostic and therapeutic strategies. They are also important in predicting the sensitivity of NPC to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The detection of stable circulating miRNAs in plasma of NPC patients has raised the potential of miRNAs as novel diagnostic markers. To conclude, understanding the roles of miRNA in NPC will identify ways to improve the management of patients with NPC.
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Flór TB, Blom B. Pathogens Use and Abuse MicroRNAs to Deceive the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:538. [PMID: 27070595 PMCID: PMC4848994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that microRNAs (miRs) play a role in the survival and amplification of viruses, bacteria and other pathogens. There are various ways in which pathogens can benefit from miR-directed alterations in protein translation and signal transduction. Members of the herpesviridae family have previously been shown to encode multiple miRs, while the production of miRs by viruses like HIV-1 remained controversial. Recently, novel techniques have facilitated the elucidation of true miR targets by establishing miR-argonaute association and the subsequent interactions with their cognate cellular mRNAs. This, in combination with miR reporter assays, has generated physiologically relevant evidence that miRs from the herpesviridae family have the potential to downregulate multiple cellular targets, which are involved in immune activation, cytokine signaling and apoptosis. In addition, viruses and bacteria have also been linked to the induction of host cellular miRs, which have the capacity to mitigate immune activation, cytokine signaling and apoptosis. Interfering with miR expression may be clinically relevant. In the case of hepatitis C infection, the cellular miR-122 is already targeted therapeutically. This not only exemplifies how important miRs can be for the survival of specific viruses, but it also delineates the potential to use miRs as drug targets. In this paper we will review the latest reports on viruses and bacteria that abuse miR regulation for their benefit, which may be of interest in the development of miR-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Flór
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Bianca Blom
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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Blackadar CB. Historical review of the causes of cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2016; 7:54-86. [PMID: 26862491 PMCID: PMC4734938 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v7.i1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early 1900s, numerous seminal publications reported that high rates of cancer occurred in certain occupations. During this period, work with infectious agents produced only meager results which seemed irrelevant to humans. Then in the 1980s ground breaking evidence began to emerge that a variety of viruses also cause cancer in humans. There is now sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans for human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpes virus 8 according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Many other causes of cancer have also been identified by the IARC, which include: Sunlight, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, hormones, alcohol, parasites, fungi, bacteria, salted fish, wood dust, and herbs. The World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research have determined additional causes of cancer, which include beta carotene, red meat, processed meats, low fibre diets, not breast feeding, obesity, increased adult height and sedentary lifestyles. In brief, a historical review of the discoveries of the causes of human cancer is presented with extended discussions of the difficulties encountered in identifying viral causes of cancer.
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Abstract
Over 12 % of all human cancers are caused by oncoviruses, primarily including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). In addition to viral oncoproteins, a variety of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) produced by oncoviruses have been recognized as important cofactors that contribute to the oncogenic events. In this chapter, we will focus on the recent understanding of the long and short noncoding RNAs, as well as microRNAs of the viruses, and discuss their roles in the biology of multistep oncogenesis mediated by established human oncoviruses.
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Abstract
EBV expresses a number of viral noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) during latent infection, many of which have known regulatory functions and can post-transcriptionally regulate viral and/or cellular gene expression. With recent advances in RNA sequencing technologies, the list of identified EBV ncRNAs continues to grow. EBV-encoded RNAs (EBERs) , the BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BARTs) , a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) , and viral microRNAs (miRNAs) are all expressed during EBV infection in a variety of cell types and tumors. Recently, additional novel EBV ncRNAs have been identified. Viral miRNAs, in particular, have been under extensive investigation since their initial identification over ten years ago. High-throughput studies to capture miRNA targets have revealed a number of miRNA-regulated viral and cellular transcripts that tie into important biological networks. Functions for many EBV ncRNAs are still unknown; however, roles for many EBV miRNAs in latency and in tumorigenesis have begun to emerge. Ongoing mechanistic studies to elucidate the functions of EBV ncRNAs should unravel additional roles for ncRNAs in the viral life cycle. In this chapter, we will discuss our current knowledge of the types of ncRNAs expressed by EBV, their potential roles in viral latency, and their potential involvement in viral pathogenesis.
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38
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Guo YQ, Sun HY, Chan CO, Liu BB, Wu JH, Chan SW, Mok DKW, Tse AKW, Yu ZL, Chen SB. Centipeda minima (Ebushicao) extract inhibits PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-1 cells. Chin Med 2015; 10:26. [PMID: 26388933 PMCID: PMC4575463 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Centipeda minima (Ebushicao) has been used for the treatment of various diseases, such as nasal allergies, rhinitis and sinusitis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, cough, and headache. This study aims to investigate the anticancer activities of Centipeda minima ethanol extracts (CME) against nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell CNE-1 and their underlying mechanism. Methods CNE-1 cells were treated with different concentrations (15–50 μg/mL) of CME for different time intervals (24, 48, and 72 h). Cytotoxicity of CME was determined by MTT assay. Cell morphological changes were observed by fluorescence microscopy after HO 33258 staining. Cell cycle status was evaluated by flow cytometry following propidium iodide staining. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry following annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The levels of apoptosis-associated and PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling related proteins were measured by western blotting analysis. Results CME (15–50 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the proliferation of CNE-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P = 0.026 for 15 μg/mL, P < 0.001 for 25, 30, 40, and 50 μg/mL, respectively); the IC50 values (μg/mL) were 41.57 ± 0.17, 30.34 ± 0.06 and 24.98 ± 0.08 for 24, 48 and 72 h treatments, respectively. Significant morphological changes of CNE-1 cells displaying apoptosis were observed after CME treatment. CME showed low cytotoxicity toward normal LO2 cells. CNE-1 cells were arrested in the G2/M phase while treated with 15, 25, 40 μg/mL of CME, respectively (P = 0.032, P = 0.0053, P < 0.001). CME (15, 25, 40 μg/mL) down-regulated Bcl-2 expression (P = 0.032, P = 0.0074, P < 0.001), and up-regulated Bax (P = 0.026, P = 0.0056, P < 0.001) with activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and PARP observed in CNE-1 cells (P = 0.015, P = 0.0067, P < 0.001 for caspase 3; P = 0.210, 0.028, < 0.001 for caspase 8; P = 0.152, 0.082, 0.0080 for caspase 9; P = 0.265, 0.0072, < 0.001 for PARP). CME suppressed the activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway (P = 0.03, 0.0007, 0.004, 0.006, 0.022 for p-PI3K, p-Akt-Ser473, p-Akt-Thr308, p-mTOR-Ser2448, p-mTOR-Ser2481, respectively after 40 μg/mL of CME treated for 24 h). Conclusion CME inhibited the proliferation of CNE-1 cells and activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China ; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China ; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057 People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-On Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057 People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Bei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057 People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Wan Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057 People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel Kam-Wah Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057 People's Republic of China
| | - Anfernee Kai-Wing Tse
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Bao Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China ; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057 People's Republic of China
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Wan XX, Yi H, Qu JQ, He QY, Xiao ZQ. Integrated analysis of the differential cellular and EBV miRNA expression profiles in microdissected nasopharyngeal carcinoma and non-cancerous nasopharyngeal tissues. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2585-601. [PMID: 26330189 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is commonly diagnosed in southern Asia. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Increasing evidence suggests that the dysregulation of miRNAs promotes NPC tumorigenesis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and EBV-encoded miRNAs are also associated with the development of NPC. However, it is unclear how cellular and EBV miRNAs jointly regulate target genes and signaling pathways in NPC. In the present study, we analyzed the differential cellular and EBV miRNA expression profiles in 20 pooled NPC tissues using microarrays. We found that 19 cellular miRNAs and 9 EBV miRNAs were upregulated and 31 cellular miRNAs were downregulated in NPC tissues. Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that the 19 upregulated miRNAs target mainly the p53 signaling pathway in cancer, whereas the downregulated miRNAs regulate pathways related to cancer, focal adhesion and Erb, and MAPK signaling. In contrast, the upregulated EBV miRNAs target primarily the TGF-β and Wnt signaling pathways. Data also suggested that cellular miR-34b, miR-34c, miR-18a, miR‑200a/b, miR-449a, miR-31 and let-7 may be dysregulated in NPCs, and that the aberrant activation of their target genes in the p53 pathway and cell cycle enhance NPC cell survival and proliferation. In addition, EBV-miRNAs such as BART3 and BART5 target genes in the p53, TGF-β and Wnt signaling pathways to modulate NPC apoptosis and transformation. To better elucidate the interaction between miRNAs and target genes, we constructed an anti-correlated cellular and EBV miRNA/target gene regulatory network. The current findings may help dissect the roles played by cellular and EBV miRNAs during NPC tumorigenesis, and also provide useful biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Xun Wan
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Quan Qu
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Yan He
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiao
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Wang L, Li G, Yao ZQ, Moorman JP, Ning S. MicroRNA regulation of viral immunity, latency, and carcinogenesis of selected tumor viruses and HIV. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:320-41. [PMID: 26258805 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as key regulators in immune responses and cancer development. In the contexts of infection with oncogenic viruses, miRNAs are engaged in viral persistence, latency establishment and maintenance, and oncogenesis. In this review, we summarize the potential roles and mechanisms of viral and cellular miRNAs in the host-pathogen interactions during infection with selected tumor viruses and HIV, which include (i) repressing viral replication and facilitating latency establishment by targeting viral transcripts, (ii) evading innate and adaptive immune responses via toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, T-cell receptor, and B-cell receptor pathways by targeting signaling molecules such as TRAF6, IRAK1, IKKε, and MyD88, as well as downstream targets including regulatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, interleukin 10, and transforming growth factor β, (iii) antagonizing intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways by targeting pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic gene transcripts such as the Bcl-2 family and caspase-3, (iv) modulating cell proliferation and survival through regulation of the Wnt, PI3K/Akt, Erk/MAPK, and Jak/STAT signaling pathways, as well as the signaling pathways triggered by viral oncoproteins such as Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1, by targeting Wnt-inhibiting factor 1, SHIP, pTEN, and SOCSs, and (v) regulating cell cycle progression by targeting cell cycle inhibitors such as p21/WAF1 and p27/KIP1. Further elucidation of the interaction between miRNAs and these key biological events will facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis of viral latency and oncogenesis and may lead to the identification of miRNAs as novel targets for developing new therapeutic or preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Guangyu Li
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Lo AKF, Dawson CW, Young LS, Ko CW, Hau PM, Lo KW. Activation of the FGFR1 signalling pathway by the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP1 promotes aerobic glycolysis and transformation of human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. J Pathol 2015; 237:238-48. [PMID: 26096068 DOI: 10.1002/path.4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is believed to play an important role in NPC pathogenesis by virtue of its ability to activate multiple cell signalling pathways which collectively promote cell proliferation, transformation, angiogenesis, and invasiveness, as well as modulation of energy metabolism. In this study, we report that LMP1 increases cellular uptake of glucose and glutamine, enhances LDHA activity and lactate production, but reduces pyruvate kinase activity and pyruvate concentrations. LMP1 also increases the phosphorylation of PKM2, LDHA, and FGFR1, as well as the expression of PDHK1, FGFR1, c-Myc, and HIF-1α, regardless of oxygen availability. Collectively, these findings suggest that LMP1 promotes aerobic glycolysis. With respect to FGFR1 signalling, LMP1 not only increases FGFR1 expression, but also up-regulates FGF2, leading to constitutive activation of the FGFR1 signalling pathway. Furthermore, two inhibitors of FGFR1 (PD161570 and SU5402) attenuate LMP1-mediated aerobic glycolysis, cellular transformation (proliferation and anchorage-independent growth), cell migration, and invasion in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells, identifying FGFR1 signalling as a key pathway in LMP1-mediated growth transformation. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that high levels of phosphorylated FGFR1 are common in primary NPC specimens and that this correlated with the expression of LMP1. In addition, FGFR1 inhibitors suppress cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of NPC cells. Our current findings demonstrate that LMP1-mediated FGFR1 activation contributes to aerobic glycolysis and transformation of epithelial cells, thereby implicating FGF2/FGFR1 signalling activation in the EBV-driven pathogenesis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kwok-Fung Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher W Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Chuen-Wai Ko
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pok-Man Hau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNA BART1 induces tumour metastasis by regulating PTEN-dependent pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7353. [PMID: 26135619 PMCID: PMC4507016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), aetiologically linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), is the first human virus found to encode many miRNAs. However, how these viral miRNAs precisely regulate the tumour metastasis in NPC remains obscure. Here we report that EBV-miR-BART1 is highly expressed in NPC and closely associated with pathological and advanced clinical stages of NPC. Alteration of EBV-miR-BART1 expression results in an increase in migration and invasion of NPC cells in vitro and causes tumour metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, EBV-miR-BART1 directly targets the cellular tumour suppressor PTEN. Reduction of PTEN dosage by EBV-miR-BART1 activates PTEN-dependent pathways including PI3K-Akt, FAK-p130Cas and Shc-MAPK/ERK1/2 signalling, drives EMT, and consequently increases migration, invasion and metastasis of NPC cells. Reconstitution of PTEN rescues all phenotypes generated by EBV-miR-BART1, highlighting the role of PTEN in EBV-miR-BART-driven metastasis in NPC. Our findings provide new insights into the metastasis of NPC regulated by EBV and advocate for developing clinical intervention strategies against NPC. Epstein–Barr virus is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and previous studies have focused on the role of viral proteins in tumour pathology. Here, the authors show that a viral miRNA targets the host protein PTEN and has a critical role in the late stage of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by driving tumour metastasis.
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43
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Tang JF, Yu ZH, Liu T, Lin ZY, Wang YH, Yang LW, He HJ, Cao J, Huang HL, Liu G. Five miRNAs as novel diagnostic biomarker candidates for primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:7575-81. [PMID: 25292031 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an essential role in the development and progression of nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC). Despite advances in the field of cancer molecular biology and biomarker discovery, the development of clinically validated biomarkers for primary NPC has remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the expression and clinical significance of miRNAs as novel primary NPC diagnostic biomarkers. We used an array containing 2, 500 miRNAs to identify 22 significant miRNAs, and these candidate miRNAs were validated using 67 fresh NPC and 25 normal control tissues via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Expression and correlation analyses were performed with various statistical approaches, in addition to logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses to evaluate diagnostic efficacy. qRT-PCR revealed five differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-93-5p, miR-135b-5p, miR-205-5p and miR-183-5p) in NPC tissue samples relative to control samples (p<0.05), with miR-135b-5p and miR-205-5p being of significant diagnostic value (p<0.01). Moreover, comparison of NPC patient clinicopathologic data revealed a negative correlation between miR-93-5p and miR- 183-5p expression levels and lymph node status (p<0.05). These findings display an altered expression of many miRNAs in NPC tissues, thus providing information pertinent to pathophysiological and diagnostic research. Ultimately, miR-135b-5p and miR-205-5p may be implicated as novel NPC candidate biomarkers, while miR- 93-5p, miR-650 and miR-183-5p may find application as relevant clinical pathology and diagnostic candidate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Tang
- Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, ChinaE-mail :
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44
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Cai LM, Lyu XM, Luo WR, Cui XF, Ye YF, Yuan CC, Peng QX, Wu DH, Liu TF, Wang E, Marincola FM, Yao KT, Fang WY, Cai HB, Li X. EBV-miR-BART7-3p promotes the EMT and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by suppressing the tumor suppressor PTEN. Oncogene 2015; 34:2156-66. [PMID: 25347742 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is crucial to cancer progression and metastasis. Although multiple cellular miRNAs have been identified to regulate the EMT and metastasis in cancers, the role of viral miRNAs in cancer progression remains largely unknown. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancy typically characterized by its early metastasis. In the present study, we have discovered the involvement of a viral miRNA, EBV-miR-BART7-3p, in the EMT and metastasis of NPC cells. Initially, we observed that EBV-miR-BART7-3p was highly expressed in NPC and positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and clinical stage of NPC. Subsequently, we demonstrated that EBV-miR-BART7-3p enhanced cell migration/invasion in vitro, cancer metastasis in vivo, and particularly the EMT characterized by loss of epithelial markers and gain of mesenchymal features in NPC cells. Furthermore, mechanistic studies disclosed that EBV-miR-BART7-3p targeted a major human tumor suppressor PTEN, modulating PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling and eventually leading to the high expression and nuclear accumulation of Snail and β-catenin, which favor EMT. Knockdown of PTEN could phenocopy the effect of EBV-miR-BART7-3p, whereas re-expression of PTEN resulted in a phenotypic reversion. Moreover, these findings were supported by an observation of an EBV-positive cell model in which silencing of endogenous EBV-miR-BART7-3p partially attenuated cell migration/invasion and altered EMT protein expression pattern via reverting PI3K/Akt, Snail and β-catenin expression. Thus, this study suggests a novel mechanism by which EBV-miR-BART7-3p modulates the EMT and metastasis of NPC cells, and a clinical implication of EBV-miR-BART7-3p as a potential biomarker or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-M Cai
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X-M Lyu
- 1] Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - W-R Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X-F Cui
- Department of ENT, 463 Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Shenyang, China
| | - Y-F Ye
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - C-C Yuan
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Q-X Peng
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - D-H Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T-F Liu
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - E Wang
- Infectious Diseases and Immunogenetics Section, DTM, Clinical Center, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F-M Marincola
- Infectious Diseases and Immunogenetics Section, DTM, Clinical Center, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K-T Yao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - W-Y Fang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H-B Cai
- School of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Tsang CM, Tsao SW. The role of Epstein-Barr virus infection in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Virol Sin 2015; 30:107-21. [PMID: 25910483 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV episomes are detected in almost all NPC cells. The role of EBV in NPC pathogenesis has long been postulated but remains enigmatic. In contrast to infection of B lymphocytes, EBV infection does not directly transform nasopharyngeal epithelial cells into proliferative clones with malignant potential. EBV infection of normal pharyngeal epithelial cells is predominantly lytic in nature. Genetic alterations in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelium, in combination with inflammatory stimulation in the nasopharyngeal mucosa, presumably play essential roles in the establishment of a latent EBV infection in infected nasopharyngeal epithelial cells during the early development of NPC. Establishment of latent EBV infection in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and expression of latent viral genes, including the BART transcripts and BART-encoded microRNAs, are crucial features of NPC. Expression of EBV genes may drive further malignant transformation of premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells into cancer cells. The difficulties involved in the establishment of NPC cell lines and the progressive loss of EBV epsiomes in NPC cells propagated in culture strongly implicate the contribution of host stromal components to the growth of NPC cells in vivo and maintenance of EBV in infected NPC cells. Defining the growth advantages of EBV-infected NPC cells in vivo will lead to a better understanding of the contribution of EBV infection in NPC pathogenesis, and may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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46
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Xie YJ, Long ZF, He XS. Involvement of EBV-encoded BART-miRNAs and dysregulated cellular miRNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma genesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:5637-44. [PMID: 24289555 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The definite molecular mechanisms underlying the genesis of nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) remain to be completely elucidated. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs which are implicated in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and even carcinogenesis through negatively regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. EBV was the first human virus found to express miRNAs. EBV-encoded BART-miRNAs and dysregulated cellular miRNAs are involved in carcinogenesis of NPC by interfering in the expression of viral and host cell genes related to immune responses and perturbing signal pathways of proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis and even radio-chemo-therapy sensitivity. Additional studies on the roles of EBV-encoded miRNAs and cellular miRNAs will provide new insights concerning the complicated gene regulated network and shed light on novel strategies for the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jie Xie
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China E-mail :
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47
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Clustered microRNAs of the Epstein-Barr virus cooperatively downregulate an epithelial cell-specific metastasis suppressor. J Virol 2014; 89:2684-97. [PMID: 25520514 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03189-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes its own microRNAs (miRNAs); however, their biological roles remain elusive. The commonly used EBV B95-8 strain lacks a 12-kb genomic region, known as BamHI A rightward transcripts (BART) locus, where a number of BART miRNAs are encoded. Here, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technology was used to generate an EBV B95-8 strain in which the 12-kb region was fully restored at its native locus [BART(+) virus]. Epithelial cells were stably infected with either the parental B95-8 virus or the BART(+) virus, and BART miRNA expression was successfully reconstituted in the BART(+) virus-infected cells. Microarray analyses of cellular gene expression identified N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) as a putative target of BART miRNAs. The NDRG1 protein was barely expressed in B cells, highly expressed in epithelial cells, including primary epithelial cells, and strongly downregulated in the BART(+) virus-infected epithelial cells of various origins. Although in vitro reporter assays identified BART22 as being responsible for the NDRG1 downregulation, EBV genetic analyses revealed that BART22 was not solely responsible; rather, the entire BART miRNA cluster 2 was responsible for the downregulation. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the expression level of the NDRG1 protein was downregulated significantly in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma specimens. Considering that NDRG1 encodes an epithelial differentiation marker and a suppressor of metastasis, these data implicate a causative relationship between BART miRNA expression and epithelial carcinogenesis in vivo. IMPORTANCE EBV-related epithelial cancers, such as nasopharyngeal carcinomas and EBV-positive gastric cancers, encompass more than 80% of EBV-related malignancies. Although it is known that they express high levels of virally encoded BART miRNAs, how these miRNAs contribute to EBV-mediated epithelial carcinogenesis remains unknown. Although a number of screenings have been performed to identify targets of viral miRNAs, many targets likely have not been identified, especially in case of epithelial cell infection. This is the first study to use EBV genetics to perform unbiased screens of cellular genes that are differentially expressed in viral miRNA-positive and -negative epithelial cells. The result indicates that multiple EBV-encoded miRNAs cooperatively downregulate NDRG1, an epithelial differentiation marker and suppressor of metastasis. The experimental system described in this study should be useful for further clarifying the mechanism of EBV-mediated epithelial carcinogenesis.
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Yuen KS, Chan CP, Wong NHM, Ho CH, Ho TH, Lei T, Deng W, Tsao SW, Chen H, Kok KH, Jin DY. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing of Epstein-Barr virus in human cells. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:626-636. [PMID: 25502645 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated 9) system is a highly efficient and powerful tool for RNA-guided editing of the cellular genome. Whether CRISPR/Cas9 can also cleave the genome of DNA viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which undergo episomal replication in human cells, remains to be established. Here, we reported on CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of the EBV genome in human cells. Two guide RNAs (gRNAs) were used to direct a targeted deletion of 558 bp in the promoter region of BART (BamHI A rightward transcript) which encodes viral microRNAs (miRNAs). Targeted editing was achieved in several human epithelial cell lines latently infected with EBV, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma C666-1 cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of the EBV genome was efficient. A recombinant virus with the desired deletion was obtained after puromycin selection of cells expressing Cas9 and gRNAs. No off-target cleavage was found by deep sequencing. The loss of BART miRNA expression and activity was verified, supporting the BART promoter as the major promoter of BART RNA. Although CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of the multicopy episome of EBV in infected HEK293 cells was mostly incomplete, viruses could be recovered and introduced into other cells at low m.o.i. Recombinant viruses with an edited genome could be further isolated through single-cell sorting. Finally, a DsRed selectable marker was successfully introduced into the EBV genome during the course of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing. Taken together, our work provided not only the first genetic evidence that the BART promoter drives the expression of the BART transcript, but also a new and efficient method for targeted editing of EBV genome in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit-San Yuen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Chau-Ha Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ting-Hin Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Wen Deng
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a distinct type of head and neck cancer, is prevalent in Southeast Asia and southern China. Ethnic background and environmental factors contribute to the development of NPC, further complicating its pathogenesis. An increasing body of evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the development and progression of NPC, in particular, 32 miRNAs are involved in NPC tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. The causal involvement of miRNAs in NPC and their possible use as biomarkers have been extensively studied with promising results, demonstrating the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of miRNAs in NPC. In this review, we summarize the role of all the known miRNAs involved in the signaling pathway implicated in NPC.
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50
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Abstract
Since its discovery 50 years ago, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to the development of cancers originating from both lymphoid and epithelial cells. Approximately 95% of the world's population sustains an asymptomatic, life-long infection with EBV. The virus persists in the memory B-cell pool of normal healthy individuals, and any disruption of this interaction results in virus-associated B-cell tumors. The association of EBV with epithelial cell tumors, specifically nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and EBV-positive gastric carcinoma (EBV-GC), is less clear and is currently thought to be caused by the aberrant establishment of virus latency in epithelial cells that display premalignant genetic changes. Although the precise role of EBV in the carcinogenic process is currently poorly understood, the presence of the virus in all tumor cells provides opportunities for developing novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. The study of EBV and its role in carcinomas continues to provide insight into the carcinogenic process that is relevant to a broader understanding of tumor pathogenesis and to the development of targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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