1
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Parameswaran N, Luo L, Zhang L, Chen J, DiFilippo FP, Androjna C, Fox DA, Ondrejka SL, Hsi ED, Jagadeesh D, Lindner DJ, Lin F. CD6-targeted antibody-drug conjugate as a new therapeutic agent for T cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2023; 37:2050-2057. [PMID: 37573404 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
T cell lymphomas (TCL) are heterogeneous, aggressive, and have few available targeted therapeutics. In this study, we determined that CD6, an established T cell marker, was expressed at high levels on almost all examined TCL patient specimens, suggesting that CD6 could be a new therapeutic target for this life-threatening blood cancer. We prepared a CD6-targeted antibody-drug conjugate (CD6-ADC) by conjugating monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an FDA-approved mitotic toxin, to a high-affinity anti-human CD6 monoclonal antibody (mAb). In contrast to both the unconjugated anti-CD6 mAb, and the non-binding control ADC, CD6-ADC potently and selectively killed TCL cells in vitro in both time- and concentration-dependent manners. It also prevented the development of tumors in vivo in a preclinical model of TCL. More importantly, systemic or local administration of the CD6-ADC or its humanized version, but not the controls, significantly shrank established tumors in the preclinical mouse model of TCL. These results suggest that CD6 is a novel therapeutic target in TCLs and provide a strong rationale for the further development of CD6-ADC as a promising therapy for patients with these potentially fatal lymphoid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetha Parameswaran
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Liping Luo
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lingjun Zhang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joel Chen
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Frank P DiFilippo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Charlie Androjna
- Small Animal Imaging, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David A Fox
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah L Ondrejka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eric D Hsi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Deepa Jagadeesh
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel J Lindner
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Küppers R, Budeus B, Hartmann S, Hansmann ML. Clonal composition and differentiation stage of human CD30 + B cells in reactive lymph nodes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1208610. [PMID: 37559724 PMCID: PMC10407394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Normal CD30+ B cells represent a distinct B-cell differentiation stage with features of strong activation. We lack an in depth understanding of these cells, because they are not present in peripheral blood and are typically very rare in reactive lymphoid organs. CD30+ B cells have been discussed as a potential precursor population for the malignant CD30+ Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. As CD30+ B cells can be more numerous in some cases of reactive lymphadenitis, we aimed to characterize these CD30+ B cells in terms of their differentiation stage and clonal composition, also as a means to clarify whether such CD30+ B-cell populations may represent potential precursor lesions of Hodgkin lymphoma. Methods We microdissected single CD30+ B cells from tissue sections of eight reactive lymph nodes with substantial numbers of such cells and sequenced their rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain V region (IGHV) genes. Results The CD30+ B cells were polyclonal B cells in all instances, and they not only encompass post-germinal center (GC) B cells with mutated IGHV genes, but also include a substantial fraction of pre-germinal center B cells with unmutated IGHV genes. In five of the lymph nodes, mostly small clonal expansions were detected among the CD30+ B cells. Most of the expanded clones carried somatically mutated IGHV genes and about half of the mutated clones showed intraclonal diversity. Discussion We conclude that in human reactive lymph nodes with relatively many CD30+ B cells, these cells are a heterogenous population of polyclonal B cells encompassing activated pre-GC B cells as well as GC and post-GC B cells, with some clonal expansions. Because of their polyclonality and frequent pre-GC differentiation stage, there is no indication that such cell-rich CD30+ B-cell populations represent precursor lesions of Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Hartmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Martin-Leo Hansmann
- Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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3
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Zhou Y, Gao X, Yuan M, Yang B, He Q, Cao J. Targeting Myc Interacting Proteins as a Winding Path in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:748852. [PMID: 34658888 PMCID: PMC8511624 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.748852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC, as a well-known oncogene, plays essential roles in promoting tumor occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis in many kinds of solid tumors and hematologic neoplasms. In tumors, the low expression and the short half-life of Myc are reversed, cause tumorigenesis. And proteins that directly interact with different Myc domains have exerted a significant impact in the process of Myc-driven carcinogenesis. Apart from affecting the transcription of Myc target genes, Myc interaction proteins also regulate the stability of Myc through acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and other post-translational modifications, as well as competitive combination with Myc. In this review, we summarize a series of Myc interacting proteins and recent advances in the related inhibitors, hoping that can provide new opportunities for Myc-driven cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Zhou
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Gao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Steiniger BS, Raimer L, Ecke A, Stuck BA, Cetin Y. Plasma cells, plasmablasts, and AID +/CD30 + B lymphoblasts inside and outside germinal centres: details of the basal light zone and the outer zone in human palatine tonsils. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:55-75. [PMID: 32172287 PMCID: PMC7343761 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) in human palatine tonsils are predominantly located in the germinal centres (GCs), in the subepithelial space and near the deep connective tissue septa surrounding each crypt. We analysed the location, phenotype, and proliferation of GC PCs by immunohistology comparing them to PCs in the other two locations. Most PCs in GCs were strongly positive for CD38, CD138, CD27, IRF4, and intracellular (ic) IgG. They often accumulated in the basal light zone, but could also be found scattered in the entire light zone. In addition, rows of PCs occurred at the surface of the GC bordering the mantle zone, i.e., in the outer zone, and at the surface of the dark zone. The latter cells were often continuous with PCs in the extrafollicular area. The vast majority of GC PCs were negative for Ki-67. Only a few Ki-67+ plasmablasts, predominantly icIgG+ or icIgM+, were found inside GCs. In certain GCs PCs accumulated around capillaries and the adjacent perikarya of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Newly formed PCs might migrate from the basal to the superficial part of the light zone and then back to the dark zone surface to leave the GC. This guarantees an even distribution of secreted Ig for exchange with immune complexes on FDCs. The surface of the dark zone may also be an exit site for Ki-67+CD30+ B lymphoblasts, which seed perifollicular and extrafollicular sites. We speculate that these cells tend to downmodulate CD20 and activation-induced deaminase and further up-regulate CD30 when developing into pre-plasmablasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte S Steiniger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Linda Raimer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anja Ecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Marburg, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Boris A Stuck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Marburg, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yalcin Cetin
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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5
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Im I, Son YS, Jung KB, Kang I, Teh BE, Lee KB, Son MY, Kim J. Reply to Cattoretti: Specificity of anti-MYC antibodies. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:299-300. [PMID: 31924672 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rl119.011997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilkyun Im
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahag-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seul Son
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahag-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Bo Jung
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahag-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Boon-Eng Teh
- Fluidigm Corp., South San Francisco, California 94080-7603
| | - Kyung-Bok Lee
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahag-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahag-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cattoretti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universita' di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
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7
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Chronic CD30 signaling in B cells results in lymphomagenesis by driving the expansion of plasmablasts and B1 cells. Blood 2019; 133:2597-2609. [PMID: 30962205 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018880138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD30 is expressed on a variety of B-cell lymphomas, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma subgroup. In normal tissues, CD30 is expressed on some activated B and T lymphocytes. However, the physiological function of CD30 signaling and its contribution to the generation of CD30+ lymphomas are still poorly understood. To gain a better understanding of CD30 signaling in B cells, we studied the expression of CD30 in different murine B-cell populations. We show that B1 cells expressed higher levels of CD30 than B2 cells and that CD30 was upregulated in IRF4+ plasmablasts (PBs). Furthermore, we generated and analyzed mice expressing a constitutively active CD30 receptor in B lymphocytes. These mice displayed an increase in B1 cells in the peritoneal cavity (PerC) and secondary lymphoid organs as well as increased numbers of plasma cells (PCs). TI-2 immunization resulted in a further expansion of B1 cells and PCs. We provide evidence that the expanded B1 population in the spleen included a fraction of PBs. CD30 signals seemed to enhance PC differentiation by increasing activation of NF-κB and promoting higher levels of phosphorylated STAT3 and STAT6 and nuclear IRF4. In addition, chronic CD30 signaling led to B-cell lymphomagenesis in aged mice. These lymphomas were localized in the spleen and PerC and had a B1-like/plasmablastic phenotype. We conclude that our mouse model mirrors chronic B-cell activation with increased numbers of CD30+ lymphocytes and provides experimental proof that chronic CD30 signaling increases the risk of B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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8
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Weniger MA, Tiacci E, Schneider S, Arnolds J, Rüschenbaum S, Duppach J, Seifert M, Döring C, Hansmann ML, Küppers R. Human CD30+ B cells represent a unique subset related to Hodgkin lymphoma cells. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2996-3007. [PMID: 29889102 DOI: 10.1172/jci95993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Very few B cells in germinal centers (GCs) and extrafollicular (EF) regions of lymph nodes express CD30. Their specific features and relationship to CD30-expressing Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg (HRS) cells of Hodgkin lymphoma are unclear but highly relevant, because numerous patients with lymphoma are currently treated with an anti-CD30 immunotoxin. We performed a comprehensive analysis of human CD30+ B cells. Phenotypic and IgV gene analyses indicated that CD30+ GC B lymphocytes represent typical GC B cells, and that CD30+ EF B cells are mostly post-GC B cells. The transcriptomes of CD30+ GC and EF B cells largely overlapped, sharing a strong MYC signature, but were strikingly different from conventional GC B cells and memory B and plasma cells, respectively. CD30+ GC B cells represent MYC+ centrocytes redifferentiating into centroblasts; CD30+ EF B cells represent active, proliferating memory B cells. HRS cells shared typical transcriptome patterns with CD30+ B cells, suggesting that they originate from these lymphocytes or acquire their characteristic features during lymphomagenesis. By comparing HRS to normal CD30+ B cells we redefined aberrant and disease-specific features of HRS cells. A remarkable downregulation of genes regulating genomic stability and cytokinesis in HRS cells may explain their genomic instability and multinuclearity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Judith Arnolds
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), and
| | - Claudia Döring
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt/Main, Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin-Leo Hansmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt/Main, Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), and
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9
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Nguyen L, Papenhausen P, Shao H. The Role of c-MYC in B-Cell Lymphomas: Diagnostic and Molecular Aspects. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8040116. [PMID: 28379189 PMCID: PMC5406863 DOI: 10.3390/genes8040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
c-MYC is one of the most essential transcriptional factors, regulating a diverse array of cellular functions, including proliferation, growth, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of c-MYC is essential in the pathogenesis of a number of B-cell lymphomas, but is rarely reported in T-cell lymphomas. c-MYC dysregulation induces lymphomagenesis by loss of the tight control of c-MYC expression, leading to overexpression of intact c-MYC protein, in contrast to the somatic mutations or fusion proteins seen in many other oncogenes. Dysregulation of c-MYC in B-cell lymphomas occurs either as a primary event in Burkitt lymphoma, or secondarily in aggressive lymphomas such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, or double-hit lymphoma. Secondary c-MYC changes include gene translocation and gene amplification, occurring against a background of complex karyotype, and most often confer aggressive clinical behavior, as evidenced in the double-hit lymphomas. In low-grade B-cell lymphomas, acquisition of c-MYC rearrangement usually results in transformation into highly aggressive lymphomas, with some exceptions. In this review, we discuss the role that c-MYC plays in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas, the molecular alterations that lead to c-MYC dysregulation, and their effect on prognosis and diagnosis in specific types of B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynh Nguyen
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Peter Papenhausen
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Laboratory Corporation of America, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Haipeng Shao
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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10
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Curran KM, Schaffer PA, Frank CB, Lana SE, Hamil LE, Burton JH, Labadie J, Ehrhart EJ, Avery PR. BCL2 and MYC are expressed at high levels in canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma but are not predictive for outcome in dogs treated with CHOP chemotherapy. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1269-1279. [PMID: 27514648 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common haematopoietic malignancy in dogs. Recently, MYC and BCL2 expression levels determined with immunohistochemistry (IHC) were found to be prognostic in people with DLBCL. We hypothesized that canine DLBCL can be similarly subdivided into prognostic subtypes based on expression of MYC and BCL2. Cases of canine DLBCL treated with CHOP chemotherapy were retrospectively collected and 43 dogs had available histologic tissue and complete clinical follow-up. Median values of percent immunoreactive versus immunonegative cells were used to determine positive or negative expression status. Completion of CHOP was significantly associated with a positive outcome. Compared with human patients, our canine DLBCL patients had high IHC expression of both MYC and BCL2, and relative expression levels of one or both markers were not associated with clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Curran
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - P A Schaffer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C B Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - S E Lana
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - L E Hamil
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J H Burton
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J Labadie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - E J Ehrhart
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - P R Avery
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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11
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Baker AM, Van Noorden S, Rodriguez-Justo M, Cohen P, Wright NA, Lampert IA. Distribution of the c-MYC gene product in colorectal neoplasia. Histopathology 2016; 69:222-9. [PMID: 26826706 PMCID: PMC4949543 DOI: 10.1111/his.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recent attempts to study MYC distribution in human samples have been confounded by a lack of agreement in immunohistochemical staining between antibodies targeting the N-terminus and those targeting the C-terminus of the MYC protein. The aim of this study was to use a novel in-situ hybridization (ISH) approach to detect MYC mRNA in clinically relevant samples, and thereby determine the reliability of MYC-targeting antibodies. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed immunohistochemistry on human formalin-fixed paraffin embedded normal colon (n = 15), hyperplastic polyp (n = 4) and neoplastic colon samples (n = 55), using the N-terminally directed antibody Y69, and the C-terminally directed antibody 9E10. The MYC protein distributions were then compared with the location of MYC mRNA, determined by ISH. We found that the localization of MYC mRNA correlated well with the protein distribution determined with the N-terminally directed antibody Y69, and was also associated with expression of the proliferation marker Ki67. The protein distribution determined with the C-terminally directed antibody 9E10 was not always associated with MYC mRNA, Y69, or Ki67, and indeed often showed a reciprocal pattern of expression, with staining being strongest in non-proliferating cells. CONCLUSIONS The observed discrepancy between the staining patterns suggests that the significance of 9E10 in immunohistochemical staining is currently uncertain, and therefore should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Baker
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Susan Van Noorden
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Patrizia Cohen
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Clarence Memorial Wing, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nicholas A Wright
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Irvin A Lampert
- Department of Histopathology, West Middlesex University Hospital, Isleworth, UK
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12
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The FOXO1 Transcription Factor Instructs the Germinal Center Dark Zone Program. Immunity 2015; 43:1064-74. [PMID: 26620759 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathways regulating formation of the germinal center (GC) dark zone (DZ) and light zone (LZ) are unknown. In this study we show that FOXO1 transcription factor expression was restricted to the GC DZ and was required for DZ formation, since its absence in mice led to the loss of DZ gene programs and the formation of LZ-only GCs. FOXO1-negative GC B cells displayed normal somatic hypermutation but defective affinity maturation and class switch recombination. The function of FOXO1 in sustaining the DZ program involved the trans-activation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, and cooperation with the BCL6 transcription factor in the trans-repression of genes involved in immune activation, DNA repair, and plasma cell differentiation. These results also have implications for the role of FOXO1 in lymphomagenesis because they suggest that constitutive FOXO1 activity might be required for the oncogenic activity of deregulated BCL6 expression.
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13
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Abstract
A large variety of lymphoma types may develop as primary intestinal neoplasms in the small intestines or, less often, in the colorectum. Among these are a few entities such as enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma or immunoproliferative small intestinal disease that, essentially, do not arise elsewhere than in the gastrointestinal tract. In most instances the primary intestinal lymphomas belong to entities that also occur in lymph nodes or other mucosal sites, and may show some peculiar features. In the case of follicular lymphoma, important differences exist between the classical nodal cases and the intestinal cases, considered as a variant of the disease. It is likely that the local intestinal mucosal microenvironment is a determinant in influencing the pathobiological features of the disease. In this review we will present an update on the clinical, pathological and molecular features of the lymphoid neoplasms that most commonly involve the intestines, incorporating recent developments with respect to their pathobiology and classification. We will emphasize and discuss the major differential diagnostic problems encountered in practice, including the benign reactive or atypical lymphoid hyperplasias, indolent lymphoproliferative disorders of T or natural killer (NK) cells, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphoproliferations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periklis G Foukas
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center and Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Pathology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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MYC in pancreatic cancer: novel mechanistic insights and their translation into therapeutic strategies. Oncogene 2015; 35:1609-18. [PMID: 26119937 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its aggressiveness, late detection and marginal therapeutic accessibility, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a most challenging malignant disease. Despite scientific progress in the understanding of the mechanisms that underly PDAC initiation and progression, the successful translation of experimental findings into effective new therapeutic strategies remains a largely unmet need. The oncogene MYC is activated in many PDAC cases and is a master regulator of vital cellular processes. Excellent recent studies have shed new light on the tremendous functions of MYC in cancer and identified inhibition of MYC as a likewise beneficial and demanding effort. This review will focus on mechanisms that contribute to deregulation of MYC expression in pancreatic carcinogenesis and progression and will summarize novel biological findings from recent in vivo models. Finally, we provide a perspective, how regulation of MYC in PDAC may contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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15
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Fowler T, Garruss AS, Ghosh A, De S, Becker KG, Wood WH, Weirauch MT, Smale ST, Aronow B, Sen R, Roy AL. Divergence of transcriptional landscape occurs early in B cell activation. Epigenetics Chromatin 2015; 8:20. [PMID: 25987903 PMCID: PMC4434543 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-015-0012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Signaling via B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) results in activation of B cells with distinct physiological outcomes, but transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that drive activation and distinguish these pathways remain unknown. Results Two hours after ligand exposure RNA-seq, ChIP-seq and computational methods reveal that BCR- or TLR-mediated activation of primary resting B cells proceeds via a large set of shared and a smaller subset of distinct signal-selective transcriptional responses. BCR stimulation resulted in increased global recruitment of RNA Pol II to promoters that appear to transit slowly to downstream regions. Conversely, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation involved an enhanced RNA Pol II transition from initiating to elongating mode accompanied by greater H3K4me3 activation markings compared to BCR stimulation. These rapidly diverging transcriptomic landscapes also show distinct repressing (H3K27me3) histone signatures, mutually exclusive transcription factor binding in promoters, and unique miRNA profiles. Conclusions Upon examination of genome-wide transcription and regulatory elements, we conclude that the B cell commitment to different activation states occurs much earlier than previously thought and involves a multi-faceted receptor-specific transcriptional landscape. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-015-0012-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent Fowler
- Department of Developmental, Chemical and Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Alexander S Garruss
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Amalendu Ghosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Supriyo De
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA ; Gene Expression Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Kevin G Becker
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA ; Gene Expression Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - William H Wood
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA ; Gene Expression Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE) and Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE) and Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Ranjan Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Ananda L Roy
- Department of Developmental, Chemical and Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
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16
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Li KD, Miles R, Tripp SR, Glenn MJ, Perkins SL, Salama M. Clinicopathologic evaluation of MYC expression in primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 143:598-604. [PMID: 25780014 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpkug0uqo0hmdj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Based on previous molecular studies, a small fraction of primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) demonstrates MYC alterations. However, no studies have evaluated MYC protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with follow-up fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. We aim to evaluate the clinicopathologic importance of MYC IHC expression in PMBL. METHODS Three pathologists independently evaluated MYC IHC expression in 32 cases of PMBL for percent tumor positivity and nuclear intensity. FISH analysis for MYC rearrangement was performed on cases with high MYC IHC expression. Clinical data including treatment, follow-up, and outcome were also reviewed in a subset of cases. RESULTS Variable MYC protein expression by IHC was detected in 30 (94%) of 32 cases of PMBL. One-third of the positive cases (10/30) showed high MYC IHC expression of at least 30% nuclear positivity. FISH analyses for MYC rearrangement on these 10 cases were negative. Review of clinical data on a subset of cases with high and low MYC IHC expression showed no differences in clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS MYC protein expression by IHC is present in most PMBLs. Increased MYC protein expression can be seen in one-third of the cases; however, it does not correlate with genetic abnormalities by FISH. There is also no significant impact of MYC protein expression on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. David Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Rodney Miles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Sheryl R. Tripp
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Sherrie L. Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT
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17
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Ott G. Impact of MYC on malignant behavior. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2014; 2014:100-106. [PMID: 25696841 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
MYC, a member of the helix-loop-helix leucine zipper family of nuclear transcription factors, is a potent proto-oncogene primarily identified as the target of the t(8;14)(q24;q32) chromosome translocation in Burkitt lymphoma. Activation of the MYC gene in normal cells both results in enhanced cellular proliferation and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic pathways, reflecting the tight regulation of the molecule in the normal cellular system. In the process of transformation, these secondary inhibitory functions of the MYC molecule have to be overcome through secondary mutations of the MYC gene itself and/or by abrogating the inhibitory effects of physiological regulators and/or repressors of proliferation such as BCL2, BCL6, BLIMP1, or others. Most aggressive lymphomas, therefore, harbor additional oncogenic alterations that cooperate with MYC deregulation, with different alterations identified in human solid or hematological tumors. These alterations are likely to counteract the pro-apoptotic function of MYC. MYC gene alterations in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and in B-cell lymphomas, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma are frequently associated with BCL2 or/and BCL6 translocations conferring a very aggressive behavior. This review summarizes inherent factors of the biology and function of MYC important in the process of transformation, especially taking account the interdependence of MYC on various cellular networks that have to be co-deregulated to achieve the full malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
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18
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Genome-wide copy-number analyses reveal genomic abnormalities involved in transformation of follicular lymphoma. Blood 2013; 123:1681-90. [PMID: 24037725 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-05-500595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL), the second most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the western world, is characterized by the t(14;18) translocation, which is present in up to 90% of cases. We studied 277 lymphoma samples (198 FL and 79 transformed FL [tFL]) using a single-nucleotide polymorphism array to identify the secondary chromosomal abnormalities that drive the development of FL and its transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Common recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in FL included gains of 2, 5, 7, 6p, 8, 12, 17q, 18, 21, and X and losses on 6q and 17p. We also observed many frequent small abnormalities, including losses of 1p36.33-p36.31, 6q23.3-q24.1, and 10q23.1-q25.1 and gains of 2p16.1-p15, 8q24.13-q24.3, and 12q12-q13.13, and identified candidate genes that may be driving this selection. Recurrent abnormalities more frequent in tFL samples included gains of 3q27.3-q28 and chromosome 11 and losses of 9p21.3 and 15q. Four abnormalities, gain of X or Xp and losses of 6q23.2-24.1 or 6q13-15, predicted overall survival. Abnormalities associated with transformation of the disease likely impair immune surveillance, activate the nuclear factor-κB pathway, and deregulate p53 and B-cell transcription factors.
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Understanding MYC-driven aggressive B-cell lymphomas: pathogenesis and classification. Blood 2013; 122:3884-91. [PMID: 24009228 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-05-498329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is a potent oncogene initially identified as the target of the t(8;14)(q24;q32) chromosome translocation in Burkitt lymphoma. MYC gene alterations have been identified in other mature B-cell neoplasms that are usually associated with an aggressive clinical behavior. Most of these tumors originate in cells that do not normally express MYC protein. The oncogenic events leading to MYC up-regulation seem to overcome the inhibitory effect of physiological repressors such as BCL6 or BLIMP1. Aggressive lymphomas frequently carry additional oncogenic alterations that cooperate with MYC dysregulation, likely counteracting its proapoptotic function. The development of FISH probes and new reliable antibodies have facilitated the study of MYC gene alterations and protein expression in large series of patients, providing new clinical and biological perspectives regarding MYC dysregulation in aggressive lymphomas. MYC gene alterations in large B-cell lymphomas are frequently associated with BCL2 or BCL6 translocations conferring a very aggressive behavior. Conversely, MYC protein up-regulation may occur in tumors without apparent gene alterations, and its association with BCL2 overexpression also confers a poor prognosis. In this review, we integrate all of this new information and discuss perspectives, challenges, and open questions for the diagnosis and management of patients with MYC-driven aggressive B-cell lymphomas.
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Ott G, Rosenwald A, Campo E. Understanding MYC-driven aggressive B-cell lymphomas: pathogenesis and classification. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2013; 2013:575-583. [PMID: 24319234 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
MYC is a potent oncogene initially identified as the target of the t(8;14)(q24;q32) chromosome translocation in Burkitt lymphoma. MYC gene alterations have been identified in other mature B-cell neoplasms that are usually associated with an aggressive clinical behavior. Most of these tumors originate in cells that do not normally express MYC protein. The oncogenic events leading to MYC up-regulation seem to overcome the inhibitory effect of physiological repressors such as BCL6 or BLIMP1. Aggressive lymphomas frequently carry additional oncogenic alterations that cooperate with MYC dysregulation, likely counteracting its proapoptotic function. The development of FISH probes and new reliable antibodies have facilitated the study of MYC gene alterations and protein expression in large series of patients, providing new clinical and biological perspectives regarding MYC dysregulation in aggressive lymphomas. MYC gene alterations in large B-cell lymphomas are frequently associated with BCL2 or BCL6 translocations conferring a very aggressive behavior. Conversely, MYC protein up-regulation may occur in tumors without apparent gene alterations, and its association with BCL2 overexpression also confers a poor prognosis. In this review, we integrate all of this new information and discuss perspectives, challenges, and open questions for the diagnosis and management of patients with MYC-driven aggressive B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Ott
- 1Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
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