1
|
Tracey N, Creedon H, Kemp AJ, Culley J, Muir M, Klinowska T, Brunton VG. HO-1 drives autophagy as a mechanism of resistance against HER2-targeted therapies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 179:543-555. [PMID: 31705351 PMCID: PMC6997276 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeted therapies have resulted in major advances in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancers. Despite this, up to 70% of patients will develop resistance to treatment within 2 years and new strategies for targeting resistant disease are needed. METHODS To identify potential resistance mechanisms, we used the mouse MMTV-NIC-PTEN+/- spontaneous model of HER2-positive breast cancer and the pan-HER family kinase inhibitor sapatinib. Vehicle and sapatinib-treated tumors were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and proteomic analysis. In vitro studies were carried out to define the role of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and autophagy in resistance to sapatinib and lapatinib, another pan-HER family kinase inhibitor. RESULTS Treatment of tumor-bearing MMTV-NIC-PTEN+/- mice with sapatinib resulted in delayed tumor progression and increased survival. However, tumors eventually progressed on treatment. Proteomic analysis identified proteins associated with cellular iron homeostasis as being upregulated in the sapatinib-treated tumors. This included HO-1 whose overexpression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Overexpression of HO-1 in HER2-expressing SKBR3 breast cancer cells resulted in reduced sensitivity to both pan-HER family kinase inhibitors sapatinib and lapatinib. This was associated with increased autophagy in the HO-1 over-expressing cells. Furthermore, increased autophagy was also seen in the sapatinib-treated tumors. Treatment with autophagy inhibitors was able to increase the sensitivity of the HO-1 over-expressing cells to both lapatinib and sapatinib. CONCLUSION Together these data indicate a role for HO-1-induced autophagy in resistance to pan-HER family kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Tracey
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Helen Creedon
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Alain J Kemp
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jayne Culley
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | | | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gómez-Cuadrado L, Tracey N, Ma R, Qian B, Brunton VG. Mouse models of metastasis: progress and prospects. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1061-1074. [PMID: 28883015 PMCID: PMC5611969 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to distant sites within the body to establish secondary tumors. Although this is an inefficient process, the consequences are devastating as metastatic disease accounts for >90% of cancer-related deaths. The formation of metastases is the result of a series of events that allow cancer cells to escape from the primary site, survive in the lymphatic system or blood vessels, extravasate and grow at distant sites. The metastatic capacity of a tumor is determined by genetic and epigenetic changes within the cancer cells as well as contributions from cells in the tumor microenvironment. Mouse models have proven to be an important tool for unraveling the complex interactions involved in the metastatic cascade and delineating its many stages. Here, we critically appraise the strengths and weaknesses of the current mouse models and highlight the recent advances that have been made using these models in our understanding of metastasis. We also discuss the use of these models for testing potential therapies and the challenges associated with the translation of these findings into the provision of new and effective treatments for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez-Cuadrado
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Natasha Tracey
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Ruoyu Ma
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Binzhi Qian
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Young AIJ, Law AMK, Castillo L, Chong S, Cullen HD, Koehler M, Herzog S, Brummer T, Lee EF, Fairlie WD, Lucas MC, Herrmann D, Allam A, Timpson P, Watkins DN, Millar EKA, O'Toole SA, Gallego-Ortega D, Ormandy CJ, Oakes SR. MCL-1 inhibition provides a new way to suppress breast cancer metastasis and increase sensitivity to dasatinib. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:125. [PMID: 27931239 PMCID: PMC5146841 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic disease is largely resistant to therapy and accounts for almost all cancer deaths. Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1) is an important regulator of cell survival and chemo-resistance in a wide range of malignancies, and thus its inhibition may prove to be therapeutically useful. METHODS To examine whether targeting MCL-1 may provide an effective treatment for breast cancer, we constructed inducible models of BIMs2A expression (a specific MCL-1 inhibitor) in MDA-MB-468 (MDA-MB-468-2A) and MDA-MB-231 (MDA-MB-231-2A) cells. RESULTS MCL-1 inhibition caused apoptosis of basal-like MDA-MB-468-2A cells grown as monolayers, and sensitized them to the BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitor ABT-263, demonstrating that MCL-1 regulated cell survival. In MDA-MB-231-2A cells, grown in an organotypic model, induction of BIMs2A produced an almost complete suppression of invasion. Apoptosis was induced in such a small proportion of these cells that it could not account for the large decrease in invasion, suggesting that MCL-1 was operating via a previously undetected mechanism. MCL-1 antagonism also suppressed local invasion and distant metastasis to the lung in mouse mammary intraductal xenografts. Kinomic profiling revealed that MCL-1 antagonism modulated Src family kinases and their targets, which suggested that MCL-1 might act as an upstream modulator of invasion via this pathway. Inhibition of MCL-1 in combination with dasatinib suppressed invasion in 3D models of invasion and inhibited the establishment of tumors in vivo. CONCLUSION These data provide the first evidence that MCL-1 drives breast cancer cell invasion and suggests that MCL-1 antagonists could be used alone or in combination with drugs targeting Src kinases such as dasatinib to suppress metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide I J Young
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew M K Law
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Lesley Castillo
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Sabrina Chong
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Hayley D Cullen
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Martin Koehler
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA) and Centre for Biological Signallling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine and Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA) and Centre for Biological Signallling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erinna F Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Rd, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Walter D Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Rd, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Amr Allam
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - D Neil Watkins
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ewan K A Millar
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, South Eastern Area Laboratory Service, St George Hospital, Grey St, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Sandra A O'Toole
- Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Fisher Rd, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Department of Tissue, Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, 2050, NSW, Australia
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher J Ormandy
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Samantha R Oakes
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elbediwy A, Vincent-Mistiaen ZI, Spencer-Dene B, Stone RK, Boeing S, Wculek SK, Cordero J, Tan EH, Ridgway R, Brunton VG, Sahai E, Gerhardt H, Behrens A, Malanchi I, Sansom OJ, Thompson BJ. Integrin signalling regulates YAP and TAZ to control skin homeostasis. Development 2016; 143:1674-87. [PMID: 26989177 PMCID: PMC4874484 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a squamous epithelium that is continuously renewed by a population of basal layer stem/progenitor cells and can heal wounds. Here, we show that the transcription regulators YAP and TAZ localise to the nucleus in the basal layer of skin and are elevated upon wound healing. Skin-specific deletion of both YAP and TAZ in adult mice slows proliferation of basal layer cells, leads to hair loss and impairs regeneration after wounding. Contact with the basal extracellular matrix and consequent integrin-Src signalling is a key determinant of the nuclear localisation of YAP/TAZ in basal layer cells and in skin tumours. Contact with the basement membrane is lost in differentiating daughter cells, where YAP and TAZ become mostly cytoplasmic. In other types of squamous epithelia and squamous cell carcinomas, a similar control mechanism is present. By contrast, columnar epithelia differentiate an apical domain that recruits CRB3, Merlin (also known as NF2), KIBRA (also known as WWC1) and SAV1 to induce Hippo signalling and retain YAP/TAZ in the cytoplasm despite contact with the basal layer extracellular matrix. When columnar epithelial tumours lose their apical domain and become invasive, YAP/TAZ becomes nuclear and tumour growth becomes sensitive to the Src inhibitor Dasatinib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elbediwy
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | | | | | - Richard K Stone
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Stefan Boeing
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Stefanie K Wculek
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Julia Cordero
- The Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ee H Tan
- The Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rachel Ridgway
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Val G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Axel Behrens
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ilaria Malanchi
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- The Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Barry J Thompson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smith YE, Vellanki SH, Hopkins AM. Dynamic interplay between adhesion surfaces in carcinomas: Cell-cell and cell-matrix crosstalk. World J Biol Chem 2016; 7:64-77. [PMID: 26981196 PMCID: PMC4768125 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell and cell-matrix signaling and communication between adhesion sites involve mechanisms which are required for cellular functions during normal development and homeostasis; however these cellular functions and mechanisms are often deregulated in cancer. Aberrant signaling at cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion sites often involves downstream mediators including Rho GTPases and tyrosine kinases. This review discusses these molecules as putative mediators of cellular crosstalk between cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion sites, in addition to their attractiveness as therapeutic targets in cancer. Interestingly, inter-junctional crosstalk mechanisms are frequently typified by the way in which bacterial and viral pathogens opportunistically infect or intoxicate mammalian cells. This review therefore also discusses the concept of learning from pathogen-host interaction studies to better understand coordinated communication between cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion sites, in addition to highlighting the potential therapeutic usefulness of exploiting pathogens or their products to tap into inter-junctional crosstalk. Taken together, we feel that increased knowledge around mechanisms of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion site crosstalk and consequently a greater understanding of their therapeutic targeting offers a unique opportunity to contribute to the emerging molecular revolution in cancer biology.
Collapse
|
6
|
Creedon H, Balderstone LA, Muir M, Balla J, Gomez-Cuadrado L, Tracey N, Loane J, Klinowska T, Muller WJ, Brunton VG. Use of a genetically engineered mouse model as a preclinical tool for HER2 breast cancer. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:131-40. [PMID: 26721874 PMCID: PMC4770148 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted therapies presents a major clinical problem. Although preclinical studies have identified a number of possible mechanisms, clinical validation has been difficult. This is most likely to reflect the reliance on cell-line models that do not recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity seen in human tumours. Here, we show the utility of a genetically engineered mouse model of HER2-driven breast cancer (MMTV-NIC) to define mechanisms of resistance to the pan-HER family inhibitor AZD8931. Genetic manipulation of MMTV-NIC mice demonstrated that loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) conferred de novo resistance to AZD8931, and a tumour fragment transplantation model was established to assess mechanisms of acquired resistance. Using this approach, 50% of tumours developed resistance to AZD8931. Analysis of the resistant tumours showed two distinct patterns of resistance: tumours in which reduced membranous HER2 expression was associated with an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and resistant tumours that retained HER2 expression and an epithelial morphology. The plasticity of the EMT phenotype was demonstrated upon re-implantation of resistant tumours that then showed a mixed epithelial and mesenchymal phenotype. Further AZD8931 treatment resulted in the generation of secondary resistant tumours that again had either undergone EMT or retained their original epithelial morphology. The data provide a strong rationale for basing therapeutic decisions on the biology of the individual resistant tumour, which can be very different from that of the primary tumour and will be specific to individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Creedon
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Lucy A Balderstone
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jozef Balla
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Laura Gomez-Cuadrado
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Natasha Tracey
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Joseph Loane
- Pathology Department, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2ZD, UK
| | - Teresa Klinowska
- AstraZeneca Oncology iMed, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - William J Muller
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 1A3
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gomberawalla A, Love S. The 8th international symposium on the breast: Using next-generation science to understand the normal breast and the development of breast cancer- conference report. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 154:617-21. [PMID: 26510852 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation is committed to performing and advancing research that will lead to the discovery of what causes cancer to develop in the human breast. As part of this effort, the Foundation hosted the 8th International Symposium on the Breast in Santa Monica, Calif., Feb. 19 to Feb. 21, 2015. More than 120 forward-thinking clinical researchers, epidemiologists, pathologists, basic scientists, translational investigators, and breast cancer advocates from six countries attended this year's conference, "Using Next Generation Science to Understand the Normal Breast and the Development of Cancer." The highlights from this year's symposium are summarized in this report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Gomberawalla
- Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation, 2811 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 500, Santa Monica, CA, 90403, USA.
| | - Susan Love
- Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation, 2811 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 500, Santa Monica, CA, 90403, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jain S, Wang X, Chang CC, Ibarra-Drendall C, Wang H, Zhang Q, Brady SW, Li P, Zhao H, Dobbs J, Kyrish M, Tkaczyk TS, Ambrose A, Sistrunk C, Arun BK, Richards-Kortum R, Jia W, Seewaldt VL, Yu D. Src Inhibition Blocks c-Myc Translation and Glucose Metabolism to Prevent the Development of Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4863-75. [PMID: 26383165 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preventing breast cancer will require the development of targeted strategies that can effectively block disease progression. Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors are effective in addressing estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) breast cancer development, but estrogen receptor-negative (ER(-)) breast cancer remains an unmet challenge due to gaps in pathobiologic understanding. In this study, we used reverse-phase protein array to identify activation of Src kinase as an early signaling alteration in premalignant breast lesions of women who did not respond to tamoxifen, a widely used ER antagonist for hormonal therapy of breast cancer. Src kinase blockade with the small-molecule inhibitor saracatinib prevented the disorganized three-dimensional growth of ER(-) mammary epithelial cells in vitro and delayed the development of premalignant lesions and tumors in vivo in mouse models developing HER2(+) and ER(-) mammary tumors, extending tumor-free and overall survival. Mechanistic investigations revealed that Src blockade reduced glucose metabolism as a result of an inhibition in ERK1/2-MNK1-eIF4E-mediated cap-dependent translation of c-Myc and transcription of the glucose transporter GLUT1, thereby limiting energy available for cell growth. Taken together, our results provide a sound rationale to target Src pathways in premalignant breast lesions to limit the development of breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Jain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chia-Chi Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Cancer Biology Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Hai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Samuel W Brady
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Cancer Biology Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica Dobbs
- Bioengineering Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Matt Kyrish
- Bioengineering Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Adrian Ambrose
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Banu K Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Wei Jia
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Monoa, Honolulu. Hawaii
| | | | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pajic M, Herrmann D, Vennin C, Conway JR, Chin VT, Johnsson AKE, Welch HC, Timpson P. The dynamics of Rho GTPase signaling and implications for targeting cancer and the tumor microenvironment. Small GTPases 2015; 6:123-33. [PMID: 26103062 PMCID: PMC4601362 DOI: 10.4161/21541248.2014.973749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous large scale genomics studies have demonstrated that cancer is a molecularly heterogeneous disease, characterized by acquired changes in the structure and DNA sequence of tumor genomes. More recently, the role of the equally complex tumor microenvironment in driving the aggressiveness of this disease is increasingly being realized. Tumor cells are surrounded by activated stroma, creating a dynamic environment that promotes cancer development, metastasis and chemoresistance. The Rho family of small GTPases plays an essential role in the regulation of cell shape, cytokinesis, cell adhesion, and cell motility. Importantly, these processes need to be considered in the context of a complex 3-dimensional (3D) environment, with reciprocal feedback and cross-talk taking place between the tumor cells and host environment. Here we discuss the role of molecular networks involving Rho GTPases in cancer, and the therapeutic implications of inhibiting Rho signaling in both cancer cells and the emerging concept of targeting the surrounding stroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pajic
- a The Kinghorn Cancer Center; Cancer Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research ; Sydney , Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grace MS, Lieu T, Darby B, Abogadie FC, Veldhuis N, Bunnett NW, McIntyre P. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor bafetinib inhibits PAR2-induced activation of TRPV4 channels in vitro and pain in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3881-94. [PMID: 24779362 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is expressed on nociceptive neurons, and can sensitize transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels to amplify neurogenic inflammation and pain. The mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully understood. PAR2 causes receptor-operated activation of TRPV4 channels and TRPV4 null mice have attenuated PAR2-stimulated neurogenic inflammation and mechanical hyperalgesia. Here we investigate the intracellular signalling mechanisms underlying PAR2-induced TRPV4 channel activation and pain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Responses of non-transfected and TRPV4-transfected HEK293 cells to agonists of PAR2 (trypsin and SLIGRL) and TRPV4 channels (GSK1016790A) were determined using calcium imaging. Inhibitors of TRPV4 channels (HC067047), sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase (thapsigargin), Gαq (UBO-QIC), tyrosine kinases (bafetinib and dasatinib) or PI3 kinases (wortmannin and LY294002) were used to investigate signalling mechanisms. In vivo effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on PAR2 -induced mechanical hyperalgesia were assessed in mice. KEY RESULTS In non-transfected HEK293 cells, PAR2 activation transiently increased intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+) ]i ). Functional expression of TRPV4 channels caused a sustained increase of [Ca(2+) ]i , inhibited by HC067047, bafetinib and wortmannin; but not by thapsigargin, UBO-QIC, dasatinib or LY294002. Bafetinib but not dasatinib inhibited PAR2-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study supports a role for tyrosine kinases in PAR2-mediated receptor-operated gating of TRPV4 channels, independent of Gαq stimulation. The ability of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor to diminish PAR2-induced activation of TRPV4 channels and consequent mechanical hyperalgesia identifies bafetinib (which is in development in oncology) as a potential novel analgesic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Grace
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yori JL, Lozada KL, Seachrist DD, Mosley JD, Abdul-Karim FW, Booth CN, Flask CA, Keri RA. Combined SFK/mTOR inhibition prevents rapamycin-induced feedback activation of AKT and elicits efficient tumor regression. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4762-71. [PMID: 25023728 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) blockade in breast cancer is often mediated by activation of bypass pathways that sustain growth. Src and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are two intrinsic targets that are downstream of most RTKs. To date, limited clinical efficacy has been observed with either Src or mTOR inhibitors when used as single agents. Resistance to mTOR inhibitors is associated with loss of negative feedback regulation, resulting in phosphorylation and activation of AKT. Herein, we describe a novel role for Src in contributing to rapalog-induced AKT activation. We found that dual activation of Src and the mTOR pathway occurs in nearly half of all breast cancers, suggesting potential cross-talk. As expected, rapamycin inhibition of mTOR results in feedback activation of AKT in breast cancer cell lines. Addition of the Src/c-Abl inhibitor, dasatinib, completely blocks this feedback activation, confirming convergence between Src and the mTOR pathway. Analysis in vivo revealed that dual Src and mTOR inhibition is highly effective in two mouse models of breast cancer. In a luminal disease model, combined dasatinib and rapamycin is more effective at inducing regression than either single agent. Furthermore, the combination of dasatinib and rapamycin delays tumor recurrence following the cessation of treatment. In a model of human EGFR-2-positive (HER2(+)) disease, dasatinib alone is ineffective, but potentiates the efficacy of rapamycin. These data suggest that combining mTOR and Src inhibitors may provide a new approach for treating multiple breast cancer subtypes that may circumvent resistance to targeted RTK therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Yori
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kristen L Lozada
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Darcie D Seachrist
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan D Mosley
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fadi W Abdul-Karim
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Christine N Booth
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chris A Flask
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ruth A Keri
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. Department of Genetics and Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Searleman AC, Iliuk AB, Collier TS, Chodosh LA, Tao WA, Bose R. Tissue phosphoproteomics with PolyMAC identifies potential therapeutic targets in a transgenic mouse model of HER2 positive breast cancer. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3463-9. [PMID: 24723360 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Altered protein phosphorylation is a feature of many human cancers that can be targeted therapeutically. Phosphopeptide enrichment is a critical step for maximizing the depth of phosphoproteome coverage by MS, but remains challenging for tissue specimens because of their high complexity. We describe the first analysis of a tissue phosphoproteome using polymer-based metal ion affinity capture (PolyMAC), a nanopolymer that has excellent yield and specificity for phosphopeptide enrichment, on a transgenic mouse model of HER2-driven breast cancer. By combining phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitation with PolyMAC, 411 unique peptides with 139 phosphotyrosine, 45 phosphoserine, and 29 phosphothreonine sites were identified from five LC-MS/MS runs. Combining reverse phase liquid chromatography fractionation at pH 8.0 with PolyMAC identified 1571 unique peptides with 1279 phosphoserine, 213 phosphothreonine, and 21 phosphotyrosine sites from eight LC-MS/MS runs. Linear motif analysis indicated that many of the phosphosites correspond to well-known phosphorylation motifs. Analysis of the tyrosine phosphoproteome with the Drug Gene Interaction database uncovered a network of potential therapeutic targets centered on Src family kinases with inhibitors that are either FDA-approved or in clinical development. These results demonstrate that PolyMAC is well suited for phosphoproteomic analysis of tissue specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Searleman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|