1
|
Wang L, Feng J, Deng Y, Yang Q, Wei Q, Ye D, Rong X, Guo J. CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Proteins in Fibrosis: Complex Roles Beyond Conventional Understanding. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9891689. [PMID: 36299447 PMCID: PMC9575473 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9891689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of at least six identified transcription factors that contain a highly conserved basic leucine zipper domain and interact selectively with duplex DNA to regulate target gene expression. C/EBPs play important roles in various physiological processes, and their abnormal function can lead to various diseases. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that aberrant C/EBP expression or activity is closely associated with the onset and progression of fibrosis in several organs and tissues. During fibrosis, various C/EBPs can exert distinct functions in the same organ, while the same C/EBP can exert distinct functions in different organs. Modulating C/EBP expression or activity could regulate various molecular processes to alleviate fibrosis in multiple organs; therefore, novel C/EBPs-based therapeutic methods for treating fibrosis have attracted considerable attention. In this review, we will explore the features of C/EBPs and their critical functions in fibrosis in order to highlight new avenues for the development of novel therapies targeting C/EBPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lexun Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Feng
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyue Deng
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quxing Wei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Ye
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianglu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bloomer SA, Brown KE. Hepcidin and Iron Metabolism in Experimental Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1165-1179. [PMID: 33891874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a pivotal role in the regulation of iron metabolism through its ability to sense and respond to iron stores by release of the hormone hepcidin. Under physiologic conditions, regulation of hepcidin expression in response to iron status maintains iron homeostasis. In response to tissue injury, hepcidin expression can be modulated by other factors, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. The resulting dysregulation of hepcidin is proposed to account for alterations in iron homeostasis that are sometimes observed in patients with liver disease. This review describes the effects of experimental forms of liver injury on iron metabolism and hepcidin expression. In general, models of acute liver injury demonstrate increases in hepcidin mRNA and hypoferremia, consistent with hepcidin's role as an acute-phase reactant. Conversely, diverse models of chronic liver injury are associated with decreased hepcidin mRNA but with variable effects on iron status. Elucidating the reasons for the disparate impact of different chronic injuries on iron metabolism is an important research priority, as is a deeper understanding of the interplay among various stimuli, both positive and negative, on hepcidin regulation. Future studies should provide a clearer picture of how dysregulation of hepcidin expression and altered iron homeostasis impact the progression of liver diseases and whether they are a cause or consequence of these pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Bloomer
- Division of Science and Engineering, Penn State Abington, Abington, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle E Brown
- Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa; Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; Program in Free Radical and Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Memon A, Pyao Y, Jung Y, Lee JI, Lee WK. A Modified Protocol of Diethylnitrosamine Administration in Mice to Model Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155461. [PMID: 32751728 PMCID: PMC7432842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to create an animal model for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a short time, a high survival rate, as well as a high incidence of HCC in both males and females than previously reported. The Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) model has an age-related effect. A single dose of DEN treatment is not enough in young mice up to 50 weeks. The same pattern is shown in an adult with multiple-dose trials whether or not there is some promotion agent. In this study, two-week old C57BL6 mice were given a total of eight doses of DEN, initially 20mg/kg body weight, and then 30mg/kg in the third week, followed by 50mg/kg for the last six weeks. The first group is DEN treatment only and the other two groups received thioacetamide (TAA) treatment for four or eight weeks after one week of rest from the last DEN treatment. An autopsy was performed after 24 weeks of the initial dose of DEN in each group. The cellular arrangement of HCC in the entire group was well-differentiated carcinoma and tumor presence with no significant impact on the survival of mice. Increased levels of the biochemical markers in serum, loss of tissue architecture, hepatocyte death, and proliferation were highly activated in all tumor-induced groups. This finding demonstrates an improved strategy to generate an animal model with a high occurrence of tumors combined with cirrhosis in a short time regardless of sex for researchers who want to investigate liver cancer-related.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azra Memon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (A.M.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yuliya Pyao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (A.M.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yerin Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (A.M.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
| | - Woon Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (A.M.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+82-32-860-9882; Fax: +82-32-885-8302
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Borkham-Kamphorst E, Haas U, Van de Leur E, Trevanich A, Weiskirchen R. Chronic Carbon Tetrachloride Applications Induced Hepatocyte Apoptosis in Lipocalin 2 Null Mice Through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155230. [PMID: 32718038 PMCID: PMC7432394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of Lipocalin (LCN2) provokes overwhelming endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses in vitro and in acute toxic liver injury models, resulting in hepatocyte apoptosis. LCN2 is an acute phase protein produced in hepatocytes in response to acute liver injuries. In line with these findings we investigated ER stress responses of Lcn2−/− mice in chronic ER stress using a long-term repetitive carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection model. We found chronic CCl4 application to enhance ER stress and unfolded protein responses (UPR), including phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), increased expression of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94). IRE1α/TRAF2/JNK signaling enhanced mitochondrial apoptotic pathways, and showed slightly higher in Lcn2−/− mice compared to the wild type counterparts, leading to increased hepatocyte apoptosis well evidenced by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Hepatocyte injuries were confirmed by significant high serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in CCl4-treated Lcn2−/− mice. Lcn2−/− mice furthermore developed mild hepatic steatosis, supporting our finding that ER stress promotes lipogenesis. In a previous report we demonstrated that the pharmacological agent tunicamycin (TM) induced ER stress through altered protein glycosylation and induced high amounts of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), resulting in hepatocyte apoptosis. We compared TM-induced ER stress in wild type, Lcn2−/−, and Chop null (Chop−/−) primary hepatocytes and found Chop−/− hepatocytes to attenuate ER stress responses and resist ER stress-induced hepatocyte apoptosis through canonical eIF2α/GADD34 signaling, inhibiting protein synthesis. Unexpectedly, in later stages of TM incubation, Chop−/− hepatocytes resumed activation of IRE1α/JNK/c-Jun and p38/ATF2 signaling, leading to late hepatocyte apoptosis. This interesting observation indicates Chop−/− mice to be unable to absolutely prevent all types of liver injury, while LCN2 protects the hepatocytes by maintaining homeostasis under ER stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.-K.); (R.W.); Tel.: +49-241-80-88684 (E.B.-K.); +49-241-80-88683 (R.W.)
| | - Ute Haas
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
| | - Eddy Van de Leur
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
| | - Anothai Trevanich
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.-K.); (R.W.); Tel.: +49-241-80-88684 (E.B.-K.); +49-241-80-88683 (R.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duan M, Yang Y, Peng S, Liu X, Zhong J, Guo Y, Lu M, Nie H, Ren B, Zhang X, Liu L. C/EBP Homologous Protein (CHOP) Activates Macrophages and Promotes Liver Fibrosis in Schistosoma japonicum-Infected Mice. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:5148575. [PMID: 31886304 PMCID: PMC6914929 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5148575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding homologous protein (CHOP), a transcriptional regulator induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is a pivotal factor in the ER stress-mediated apoptosis pathway. Previous studies have shown that CHOP is involved in the formation of fibrosis in a variety of tissues and is associated with alternative macrophage activation. The role of CHOP in the pathologic effects of liver fibrosis in schistosomiasis has not been reported, and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study is aimed at understanding the effect of CHOP on liver fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) in vivo and clarifying its mechanism. C57BL/6 mice were infected with cercariae of S. japonicum through the abdominal skin. The liver fibrosis was examined. The level of IL-13 was observed. The expressions of CHOP, Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), phosphorylation STAT6, interleukin-13 receptor alpha 1 (IL-13Rα1), and interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) were analysed. The eosinophilic granuloma and collagen deposition were found around the eggs in mice infected for 6 and 10 weeks. IL-13 in plasma and IL-13Rα1 and IL-4Rα in liver tissue were significantly increased. The phosphorylated STAT6 was enhanced while Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) was decreased in liver tissue. The expression of CHOP and colocalization of CHOP and CD206 were increased. Overall, these results suggest that CHOP plays a critical role in hepatic fibrosis induced by S. japonicum, likely through promoting alternative activation of macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Duan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shuang Peng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yurong Guo
- Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Hao Nie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Boxu Ren
- Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Xiangzhi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iron chelation by deferasirox confers protection against concanavalin A-induced liver fibrosis: A mechanistic approach. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 382:114748. [PMID: 31499193 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic iron overload is one of the causative factors for chronic liver injury and fibrosis. The present study aimed to investigate the potential antifibrotic effect of the iron chelator; deferasirox (DFX) in experimentally-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered concanavalin A (Con A) and/or DFX for 6 consecutive weeks. Con A injection induced significant hepatotoxicity as was evident by the elevated transaminases activity, and decreased albumin level. Also, it disturbed the iron homeostasis through increasing C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), decreasing phosphorylated cAMP responsive element binding protein(P-CREB) and hepcidin levels leading to significant serum and hepatic iron overload. In addition, it induced an imbalance in the oxidative status of the liver via upregulating NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), together with a marked decrease in anti-oxidant enzymes' activities. As a consequence, upregulation of nuclear factor-kappa b (NF-κB) and the downstream inflammatory mediators was observed. Those events all together precipitated in initiation of liver fibrosis as confirmed by the elevation of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and liver collagen content. Co-treatment with DFX protected against experimentally-induced liver fibrosis in rats via its iron chelating, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings imply that DFX can attenuate the progression of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang S, Liu Y, Tan JW, Hu T, Zhang HF, Sorenson CM, Smith JA, Sheibani N. Tunicamycin-induced photoreceptor atrophy precedes degeneration of retinal capillaries with minimal effects on retinal ganglion and pigment epithelium cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107756. [PMID: 31421136 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is recognized as a contributing factor to various ocular neurovascular pathologies including retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR). ER stress in particular is implicated in the development of DR, which is significantly influenced by inflammation driven retinal vascular degeneration and dysfunction. Ultimately, loss of vision occurs if left untreated. However, the identity of the target cells and their temporal involvement in diabetes-mediated dysfunction need further investigation. Early diabetes-induced stress in photoreceptor cells is proposed as the driver of inflammatory mediated neurovascular changes during diabetes. Although tunicamycin induced ER stress results in photoreceptor loss, its consequences for retinal vascular degeneration and retinal ganglion (RGC) and pigment epithelium (RPE) cell loss remains unclear. Here we show intravitreal delivery of tunicamycin primarily induced ER stress in photoreceptor cells resulting in their loss by apoptosis. This was concomitant with induced expression of the unfolded protein response marker CHOP in these cells. We also demonstrated significant degeneration of retinal capillaries following the loss of photoreceptor cells with minimal impact on loss of RGC and RPE cells. However, activation of retinal microglial and Muller cells were noticeable. Thus, our data support the notion that ER stress mediated dysfunction and/or loss of photoreceptor cells in response to inflammation and oxidative stress could precede retinal vascular and neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoujian Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yiping Liu
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jin Wen Tan
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tiancheng Hu
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Judith A Smith
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Frýdlová J, Rogalsky DW, Truksa J, Nečas E, Vokurka M, Krijt J. Effect of stimulated erythropoiesis on liver SMAD signaling pathway in iron-overloaded and iron-deficient mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215028. [PMID: 30958854 PMCID: PMC6453526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of hepcidin, the hormone regulating iron homeostasis, is increased by iron overload and decreased by accelerated erythropoiesis or iron deficiency. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of these stimuli, either alone or in combination, on the main signaling pathway controlling hepcidin biosynthesis in the liver, and on the expression of splenic modulators of hepcidin biosynthesis. Liver phosphorylated SMAD 1 and 5 proteins were determined by immunoblotting in male mice treated with iron dextran, kept on an iron deficient diet, or administered recombinant erythropoietin for four consecutive days. Administration of iron increased liver phosphorylated SMAD protein content and hepcidin mRNA content; subsequent administration of erythropoietin significantly decreased both the iron-induced phosphorylated SMAD proteins and hepcidin mRNA. These results are in agreement with the recent observation that erythroferrone binds and inactivates the BMP6 protein. Administration of erythropoietin substantially increased the amount of erythroferrone and transferrin receptor 2 proteins in the spleen; pretreatment with iron did not influence the erythropoietin-induced content of these proteins. Erythropoietin-treated iron-deficient mice displayed smaller spleen size in comparison with erythropoietin-treated mice kept on a control diet. While the erythropoietin-induced increase in splenic erythroferrone protein content was not significantly affected by iron deficiency, the content of transferrin receptor 2 protein was lower in the spleens of erythropoietin-treated mice kept on iron-deficient diet, suggesting posttranscriptional regulation of transferrin receptor 2. Interestingly, iron deficiency and erythropoietin administration had additive effect on hepcidin gene downregulation in the liver. In mice subjected both to iron deficiency and erythropoietin administration, the decrease of hepcidin expression was much more pronounced than the decrease in phosphorylated SMAD protein content or the decrease in the expression of the SMAD target genes Id1 and Smad7. These results suggest the existence of another, SMAD-independent pathway of hepcidin gene downregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Frýdlová
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel W. Rogalsky
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Truksa
- Laboratory of Tumour Resistance, Institute of Biotechnology, BIOCEV Research Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Emanuel Nečas
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vokurka
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krijt
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2001, there have been a number of important discoveries and findings that have increased our knowledge about the functioning of hepcidin. Hepcidin, the master iron regulator has been shown to be regulated by a number of physiological stimuli and their associated signaling pathways. This chapter will summarize our current understanding of how these physiological stimuli and downstream signaling molecules are involved in hepcidin modulation and ultimately contribute to the regulation of systemic or local iron homeostasis. The signaling pathways and molecules described here have been shown to primarily affect hepcidin at a transcriptional level, but these transcriptional changes correlate with changes in systemic iron levels as well, supporting the functional effects of hepcidin regulation by these signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Rishi
- The Liver Disease and Iron Disorders Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - V Nathan Subramaniam
- The Liver Disease and Iron Disorders Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Y, Liu L, Naik I, Braunstein Z, Zhong J, Ren B. Transcription Factor C/EBP Homologous Protein in Health and Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1612. [PMID: 29230213 PMCID: PMC5712004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), known also as DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 and as growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 153 (GADD153), is induced in response to certain stressors. CHOP is universally acknowledged as a main conduit to endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Ongoing research established the existence of CHOP-mediated apoptosis signaling networks, for which novel downstream targets are still being determined. However, there are studies that contradict this notion and assert that apoptosis is not the only mechanism by which CHOP plays in the development of pathologies. In this review, insights into the roles of CHOP in pathophysiology are summarized at the molecular and cellular levels. We further focus on the newest advances that implicate CHOP in human diseases including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and notably, fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ishan Naik
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zachary Braunstein
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Boxu Ren
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lunova M, Schwarz P, Nuraldeen R, Levada K, Kuscuoglu D, Stützle M, Vujić Spasić M, Haybaeck J, Ruchala P, Jirsa M, Deschemin JC, Vaulont S, Trautwein C, Strnad P. Hepcidin knockout mice spontaneously develop chronic pancreatitis owing to cytoplasmic iron overload in acinar cells. J Pathol 2016; 241:104-114. [PMID: 27741349 DOI: 10.1002/path.4822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron is both an essential and a potentially toxic element, and its systemic homeostasis is controlled by the iron hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin binds to the cellular iron exporter ferroportin, causes its degradation, and thereby diminishes iron uptake from the intestine and the release of iron from macrophages. Given that hepcidin-resistant ferroportin mutant mice show exocrine pancreas dysfunction, we analysed pancreata of aging hepcidin knockout (KO) mice. Hepcidin and Hfe KO mice were compared with wild-type (WT) mice kept on standard or iron-rich diets. Twelve-month-old hepcidin KO mice were subjected to daily minihepcidin PR73 treatment for 1 week. Six-month-old hepcidin KO mice showed cytoplasmic acinar iron overload and mild pancreatitis, together with elevated expression of the iron uptake mediators DMT1 and Zip14. Acinar atrophy, massive macrophage infiltration, fatty changes and pancreas fibrosis were noted in 1-year-old hepcidin KO mice. As an underlying mechanism, 6-month-old hepcidin KO mice showed increased pancreatic oxidative stress, with elevated DNA damage, apoptosis and activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling. Neither iron overload nor pancreatic damage was observed in WT mice fed iron-rich diet or in Hfe KO mice. Minihepcidin application to hepcidin KO mice led to an improvement in general health status and to iron redistribution from acinar cells to macrophages. It also resulted in decreased NF-κB activation and reduced DNA damage. In conclusion, loss of hepcidin signalling in mice leads to iron overload-induced chronic pancreatitis that is not seen in situations with less severe iron accumulation. The observed tissue injury can be reversed by hepcidin supplementation. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Lunova
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peggy Schwarz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Renwar Nuraldeen
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kateryna Levada
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Deniz Kuscuoglu
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Stützle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maja Vujić Spasić
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wallace MC, Hamesch K, Lunova M, Kim Y, Weiskirchen R, Strnad P, Friedman SL. Standard operating procedures in experimental liver research: thioacetamide model in mice and rats. Lab Anim 2015; 49:21-9. [PMID: 25835735 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215573040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), thioacetamide (TAA) represents a second widely used model for the induction of experimental liver fibrosis, but can also be employed for the development of acute liver failure and liver tumours. While TAA itself is not hepatotoxic, its reactive metabolites covalently bind to proteins and lipids thereby causing oxidative stress and centrilobular necrosis. Compared with CCl4, TAA leads to more periportal infiltrates and more pronounced ductal proliferation. While TAA has been shown to induce liver fibrosis development in several different mouse strains, wide variations in the administration routes, doses and treatment durations have been reported. Therefore, an adoption of a universal standard operating procedure for the administration of TAA is urgently needed. For that purpose, we are presenting here two TAA models (intraperitoneal administration of 150 mg/kg of TAA three times per week for 11 weeks in rats, and TAA administration in drinking water at 300 mg/L for 2-4 months in mice) with which we have had success in reliably and reproducibly developing chronic liver injury and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Wallace
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - K Hamesch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Lunova
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Y Kim
- Kyung Hee Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - R Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - S L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lunova M, Trautwein C, Strnad P, Nahon P. Reply to: "Hepatic hepcidin expression is decreased in cirrhosis and HCC". J Hepatol 2015; 62:979-80. [PMID: 25463534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Lunova
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Germany; Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Germany.
| | - Pierre Nahon
- APHP, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France; Paris 13 University, Bobigny, France; INSERM U1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Iron and oxygen metabolism are intimately linked with one another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Simpson
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences
- School of Medicine
- Kings College London
- , UK
| | - Andrew T. McKie
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences
- School of Medicine
- Kings College London
- , UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Izawa T, Murakami H, Wijesundera KK, Golbar HM, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Inflammatory regulation of iron metabolism during thioacetamide-induced acute liver injury in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 66:155-62. [PMID: 24373749 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic iron homeostasis is tightly regulated by the interaction between iron regulatory molecules, mainly produced by the liver. However, the molecular mechanisms of iron regulation in liver diseases remain to be elucidated. Here we analyzed the expression profiles of iron regulatory molecules during transient iron overload in a rat model of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute liver injury. After TAA treatment, mild hepatocellular degeneration and extensive necrosis were observed in the centrilobular region at hour 10 and on day 1, respectively. Serum iron increased transiently at hour 10 and on day 1, in contrast to hypoferremia in other rodent models of acute inflammation reported previously. Thereafter, up-regulation of hepcidin, a central regulator of systemic iron homeostasis, was observed in hepatocytes on day 2. Expression of transferrin receptor 1 and ferritin subunits increased to a peak on day 3, followed by increases in liver iron content and stainable iron on day 5, in parallel with regeneration of hepatocytes. Histopathological lesions and hepatocellular iron accumulation disappeared until day 10. The hepcidin induction was preceded by activation of IL6/STAT3 pathway, whereas other pathways known to induce hepcidin were down-regulated. IL6 was expressed by MHC class II-positive macrophages in the portal area, suggestive of dendritic cells. Our results suggest that IL6 released by portal macrophages may regulate hepatocyte hepcidin expression via STAT3 activation during transient iron overload in TAA-induced acute liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Izawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | | | - Hossain M Golbar
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|