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Javid H, Attarian F, Saadatmand T, Rezagholinejad N, Mehri A, Amiri H, Karimi-Shahri M. The therapeutic potential of immunotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer: Rational strategies and recent progress. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:477-494. [PMID: 36966454 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide is breast cancer (BC), and despite significant advances in BC therapies, a significant proportion of patients develop metastasis and disease recurrence. Currently used treatments, like radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone replacement therapy, result in poor responses and high recurrence rates. Alternative therapies are therefore needed for this type of cancer. Cancer patients may benefit from immunotherapy, a novel treatment strategy in cancer treatment. Even though immunotherapy has been successful in many cases, some patients do not respond to the treatment or those who do respond relapse or progress. The purpose of this review is to discuss several different immunotherapy approaches approved for the treatment of BC, as well as different strategies for immunotherapy for the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Javid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Attarian
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Toktam Saadatmand
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Mehri
- Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Amiri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Karimi-Shahri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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2
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TIL expansion with high dose IL-2 or low dose IL-2 with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation provides different quality of TIL-expanded T cell clones. J Immunol Methods 2022; 503:113229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Han J, Lotze MT. The Adaptome as Biomarker for Assessing Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2055:369-397. [PMID: 31502161 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9773-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In terms of diagnosing and treating diseases, our adaptive immune system is the "best doctor." It carries out these tasks with unmatched precision, with the help of both T and B cell receptors, our most diverse set of genes, distinguishing one individual from another. It does this by generating autologous extraordinary diversity in the receptors, ranging from 1015 to 1025 for each chain of the rearranged receptors. By combining multiplex PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS), we have developed high throughput methods to study adaptive immunity. The adaptome is the sum-total of expressed T and B cell receptor genes in a sample, composed of seven chains, including the alpha/beta and gamma/delta chains for T cells, and heavy/lambda or kappa chains for B cells. Immune repertoire is the sum-total of the individual clonotypes within one chain, including individual complementarity-determining regions (CDR) 3 sequences. In order to reflect the breadth and depth of the true adaptome, the following criteria assessing any method needs to be ascertained: (1) Methods need to be inclusive and quantitative; (2) Analysis should consider what questions need to be addressed and whether bulk or single cell sequencing provide the best tools for assessing the underlying biology and addressing important questions; (3) Measures of clonal diversity are key to understand the underlying structure and providence of the repertoire; and (4) Convergent evolution may allow a surprising degree of homologous or identical CDR3s associated with individual disease entities, creating hope for novel diagnostics and/or disease burden assessments. Integrating studies of the peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and tumor allows dynamic interrogation of the alterations occurring with age, treatment, and response to emergent and established therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- iRepertoire, Inc., Huntsville, AL, USA.,Hudson Alpha Institute, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Liu J, Liu Z, Zhu Y, Dong B, Cai Z, Liang Q, Wang K. T Cell Receptor Immune Repertoires Are Promptly Reconstituted After Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2012. [PMID: 31543872 PMCID: PMC6730595 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells represent a subset of lymphocytes characterized by immunosurveillance and immunoregulation function. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are enriched in T cells, which exert critical antimicrobial roles in infectious diseases. High-throughput sequencing of the T cell receptor (TCR) provides deep insight into monitoring the immune microenvironment. Flow cytometry was used to analyse the distribution of αβ/γδ T cells and their CD69, IFN-γ/IL-17 expression from PBMCs. Here, we utilized next-generation sequencing (NGS) to detect the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) of TCRβ (TRB) and TCRδ (TRD) chain after methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Our data demonstrated a significant increase in the activation of αβ and γδ T cells after MRSA infection. Simultaneously, significantly high CDR3 amino acid (AA) diversity and markedly reconstituted TCR immune repertoires were observed after MRSA infection. Finally, we identified several MRSA-specific initial CDR3 AA motifs after MRSA infection. Our work reveals the profiles of TRB and TRD immune repertoires in response to MRSA and demonstrates a reconstitution of the TCR immune repertoire after MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjun Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongqiang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanqi Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bingzi Dong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zheng Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kejia Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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5
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Chen H, Zou M, Teng D, Hu Y, Zhang J, He W. Profiling the pattern of the human T-cell receptor γδ complementary determinant region 3 repertoire in patients with lung carcinoma via high-throughput sequencing analysis. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:250-259. [PMID: 30886423 PMCID: PMC6460488 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells function as sentinels in early host responses to infections and malignancies. Specifically, γδ T cells recognize tumor-associated stress antigens via T-cell receptor (TCR) γδ and play important roles in the antitumor immune response. In this study, we characterized the pattern of the human TCR γδ complementary determinant region 3 (CDR3) repertoire in patients with lung carcinoma (LC) via high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the diversity of CDR3δ was significantly reduced, and that of CDR3γ was unchanged in LC patients compared with healthy individuals; in addition, LC patients shared significantly more CDR3δ sequences with each other than healthy individuals. The CDR3 length distribution and N-addition length distribution did not significantly differ between LC patients and healthy individuals. In addition, the CDR3 repertoire tended to use more Vδ2 and fewer Vδ1 germline gene fragments among LC patients. Moreover, we found a combination of four TCR γδ repertoire features that focus on CDR3δ and can be used as a biomarker for LC diagnosis. Our research suggests that the TCR γδ CDR3 repertoire changed in LC patients due to the antitumor immune response by γδ T cells in vivo, and these changes primarily focus on the amplification of certain tumor-specific CDR3δ clones among patients. This study demonstrates the role of γδ T cells from the TCR γδ CDR3 repertoire in tumor immunity and lays the foundation for elucidating the mechanism underlying the function of γδT cells in antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Mingjin Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Da Teng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, 100005, China.
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6
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Peripheral T cell receptor beta immune repertoire is promptly reconstituted after acute myocardial infarction. J Transl Med 2019; 17:40. [PMID: 30728066 PMCID: PMC6366076 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is characterized by an inflammatory process in which T cell plays a key role. However, the profile of immune microenvironment in AMI is still uncertain. High-throughput sequencing of T cell receptor (TCR) provides deep insight into monitoring the immune microenvironment. METHODS 30 patients with AMI were enrolled and 30 healthy individuals were recruited as controls. Flow cytometer were used to analyze the distribution of αβ T cells and their CD69 expression from peripheral leukomonocytes. TCRβ repertoire library was amplified by two-round multiplex PCR and detected by next-generation sequencing (NGS). RESULTS The percentage of αβ T cells in AMI patients were significantly restricted than those in healthy controls, while the highly activated αβ T cells along with distinguishing usage of variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments were also found in AMI patients. In addition, AMI induced a significantly restricted CDR3 amino acid (AA) diversity and remarkably reconstituted TCR immune repertoires. Finally, we identified several AMI-associated tendency of CDR3 AAs expression after AMI. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that the aberrant αβ T cells distribution and activation may associated with the pathogenesis of AMI and demonstrates a reconstitution of TCRβ immune repertoire after AMI.
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Takeya H, Shiota T, Yagi T, Ohnishi K, Baba Y, Miyasato Y, Kiyozumi Y, Yoshida N, Takeya M, Baba H, Komohara Y. High CD169 expression in lymph node macrophages predicts a favorable clinical course in patients with esophageal cancer. Pathol Int 2018; 68:685-693. [PMID: 30516869 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate CD169-positive lymph node sinus macrophages (LySMs) in the regional lymph nodes (RLNs) play an important role in anti-cancer immunity. In the present study, we investigated the correlation between CD169 expression in RLNs and clinicopathologic factors. Higher CD169 expression in LySMs was significantly associated with longer cancer-specific survival (CSS). The density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the cancer nest and CD169 expression on LySMs were positively associated in patients who underwent pretreatment. As CD169 expression is thought to reflect a high interferon signature in RLNs, we tried to identify immunity-related genes that are up-regulated by interferon in macrophages as well as CD169. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) was found to be elevated by interferon, and expression of IDO1 was tested using immunohistochemistry. IDO1 expression on LySMs was positively correlated with CD169 expression; however, there was no significant correlation between IDO1 and clinicopathologic factors. These results suggest that high expression of CD169 in LySMs reflects a high potential for anti-cancer immune responses in esophageal cancer patients and that monitoring CD169 expression would be useful for evaluating the potential of anti-cancer immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takuya Shiota
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Taisuke Yagi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Koji Ohnishi
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyasato
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuki Kiyozumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Motohiro Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Kumamoto, Japan
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8
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Chaara W, Gonzalez-Tort A, Florez LM, Klatzmann D, Mariotti-Ferrandiz E, Six A. RepSeq Data Representativeness and Robustness Assessment by Shannon Entropy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1038. [PMID: 29868003 PMCID: PMC5962720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has the potential to decipher the diversity of T cell repertoires and their dynamics during immune responses. Applied to T cell subsets such as T effector and T regulatory cells, it should help identify novel biomarkers of diseases. However, given the extreme diversity of TCR repertoires, understanding how the sequencing conditions, including cell numbers, biological and technical sampling and sequencing depth, impact the experimental outcome is critical to proper use of these data. Here, we assessed the representativeness and robustness of TCR repertoire diversity assessment according to experimental conditions. By comparative analyses of experimental datasets and computer simulations, we found that (i) for small samples, the number of clonotypes recovered is often higher than the number of cells per sample, even after removing the singletons; (ii) high-sequencing depth for small samples alters the clonotype distributions, which can be corrected by filtering the datasets using Shannon entropy as a threshold; and (iii) a single sequencing run at high depth does not ensure a good coverage of the clonotype richness in highly polyclonal populations, which can be better covered using multiple sequencing. Altogether, our results warrant better understanding and awareness of the limitation of TCR diversity analyses by HTS and justify the development of novel computational tools for improved modeling of the highly complex nature of TCR repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Chaara
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Ariadna Gonzalez-Tort
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Laura-Maria Florez
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Encarnita Mariotti-Ferrandiz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Adrien Six
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (i2B), Paris, France
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9
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Chung YL, Wu ML. Spatiotemporal homogeneity and distinctness of the T-cell receptor β-chain repertoires in Epstein-Barr virus-associated primary and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:610-620. [PMID: 29468660 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoepithelioma. The aim of this study was to characterize the homogeneity and distinctness of the T-cell repertoires within and between primary and metastatic NPCs. We used ultra-deep sequencing of the hypervariably rearranged antigen-binding CDR3 regions of T-cell receptor beta (TCRbeta ) to comprehensively profile the T-cell repertoires in NPC patients receiving definitive chemoradiotherapy with long-term follow-up. We observed not only various spatially heterogeneous patient-specific TCRbeta clone compositions that changed with time but also several commonly enriched TCRbeta subclones that were constantly shared between primary NPCs in the head and neck regions, locally recurrent tumors after treatment and later-developed distant metastatic tumors in the liver, lung and bone. Comparison of the overlap frequency of the T-cell clonality between TCRbeta repertoires enabled us to calculate the pairwise genetic distance between primary NPCs of different patients and different sites of metastatic or recurrent NPCs. The constructed NPC phylogeny clearly differentiated the low-risk patients without relapse from the high-risk patients with distant metastasis after chemoradiotherapy. In contrast to the rather low frequency of nonsilent somatic mutations in NPC cells, the degrees of similarity and divergence of NPC-infiltrating lymphocyte TCRbeta repertoires among different patients showed prognostication. Moreover, the persistent presence of commonly NPC-shared in-frame TCRbeta CDR3 gene sequences spatiotemporally identified in the NPC-infiltrating lymphocytes within varied EBV-positive NPCs and their metastases suggest the existence of frequently shared epitopes of neoantigens virally or nonvirally displayed on cancer cells, thereby providing opportunities for the development of precisely tumor-targeted immunotherapy for distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Lin Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun-Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Koo Foundation Sun-Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Moreno Ayala MA, Gottardo MF, Asad AS, Zuccato C, Nicola A, Seilicovich A, Candolfi M. Immunotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:797-812. [PMID: 28446053 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1324566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the most common cancer as well as the first cause of death by cancer in women worldwide. Although routine treatment improves the outcome of early stage breast cancer patients, there is no effective therapy for the disseminated disease. Immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of many cancers. Although traditionally conceived as a non-immunogenic tumor, breast cancer is now considered a potential target for immunotherapy. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss different immunotherapeutic strategies that are currently being tested for the treatment of breast cancer: These strategies include: (i) blockade of immunological checkpoints, (ii) antitumor vaccines, (iii) regulatory T cell blockade, (iv) adoptive T cell transfer therapy, (iv) adoptive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, and (v) combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy. Expert opinion: A growing body of evidence indicates that immunotherapeutic strategies can benefit a larger cohort of breast cancer patients than hitherto anticipated. Since breast tumors entail multiple mechanisms to impair antitumor immunity, the immunological characterization of individual tumors and the selection of suitable combinations of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic approaches are required to achieve significant clinical benefit in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela A Moreno Ayala
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Maria Florencia Gottardo
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Antonela S Asad
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Camila Zuccato
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Alejandro Nicola
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Adriana Seilicovich
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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11
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T cell receptor repertoire usage in cancer as a surrogate marker for immune responses. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:255-268. [PMID: 28074285 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the interaction of cancer cells with the host adaptive immune system is critical for understanding tumor immunology and the modus operandi of immunotherapeutic interventions to treat cancer. As the key cellular effectors of adaptive immunity, T cells are endowed with specialized receptors (the T cell receptor; TCR), to recognize and to eliminate cancer cells. The diversity of the TCR repertoire results from specialized genetic diversification mechanisms that generate an incredible variability allowing recognizing extensive collections of antigens. Based on the attainment and function of the TCR, the TCR repertoire is a mirror of the human immune response, and the dynamic changes of its usage can be assumed as a promising biomarker to monitor immunomodulatory therapies. Recent advances in multiplexed PCR amplification and massive parallel sequencing technologies have facilitated the characterization of TCR repertoires at high resolution even when only biomaterial of limited quantity and quality, such as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archived tissues, is available. Here, we review the concept framework and current experimental approaches to characterize the TCR repertoire usage in cancer including inherent technical and biological challenges.
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