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Li ZC, Wang J, Liu HB, Zheng YM, Huang JH, Cai JB, Zhang L, Liu X, Du L, Yang XT, Chai XQ, Jiang YH, Ren ZG, Zhou J, Fan J, Yu DC, Sun HC, Huang C, Liu F. Proteomic and metabolomic features in patients with HCC responding to lenvatinib and anti-PD1 therapy. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113877. [PMID: 38421869 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy (lenvatinib/programmed death-1 inhibitor) is effective for treating unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). We reveal that responders have better overall and progression-free survival, as well as high tumor mutation burden and special somatic variants. We analyze the proteome and metabolome of 82 plasma samples from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; n = 51) and normal controls (n = 15), revealing that individual differences outweigh treatment differences. Responders exhibit enhanced activity in the alternative/lectin complement pathway and higher levels of lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoPCs), predicting a favorable prognosis. Non-responders are enriched for immunoglobulins, predicting worse outcomes. Compared to normal controls, HCC plasma proteins show acute inflammatory response and platelet activation, while LysoPCs decrease. Combination therapy increases LysoPCs/phosphocholines in responders. Logistic regression/random forest models using metabolomic features achieve good performance in the prediction of responders. Proteomic analysis of cancer tissues unveils molecular features that are associated with side effects in responders receiving combination therapy. In conclusion, our analysis identifies plasma features associated with uHCC responders to combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Chen Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Hepatic Oncology, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical of Sciences, Fudan University, 131 DongAn Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - He-Bin Liu
- Shanghai Omicsolution Co., Ltd., 28 Yuanwen Road, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-Hang Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical of Sciences, Fudan University, 131 DongAn Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia-Bin Cai
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical of Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 274 Zhijiang Road, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Ling Du
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical of Sciences, Fudan University, 131 DongAn Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xue-Ting Yang
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical of Sciences, Fudan University, 131 DongAn Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Chai
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying-Hua Jiang
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical of Sciences, Fudan University, 131 DongAn Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Ren
- Department of Hepatic Oncology, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - De-Cai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Hui-Chuan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical of Sciences, Fudan University, 131 DongAn Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Cai X, Zhang J, Li L, Liu L, Tang M, Zhou X, Peng C, Li X, Chen X, Xu M, Zhang H, Wang J, Huang Y, Li T. Copy Number Alterations Predict Development of OSCC from Oral Leukoplakia. J Dent Res 2024; 103:138-146. [PMID: 38217281 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231217160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia (OLK) is a common type of potentially malignant disorder. Early identification of the malignancy potential leads to a better management of OLK and prediction of development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, there has been no effective biomarker to assess the risk of malignancy in OLK. Genomic copy number alteration (CNA) is a complex chromosomal structural variation in the genome and has been identified as a potential biomarker in multiple cancers. This study aimed to develop a predictive model for the malignant transformation risk of OLK by copy number analysis. A total of 431 OLK samples with long-term follow-up (median follow-up of 67 mo) from multiple academic centers were analyzed for CNAs. CNA events increased with the severity of hyperplasia, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia, and severe dysplasia. More CNA events were present in patients with OLK who later developed OSCC than in those with OLK who did not. By multivariate Cox regression analysis, the OLK of the CNA scorehigh group showed an increased risk of malignant transformation than the CNA scorelow group (P < 0.001). A CNA score model was developed to accurately predict the prognosis (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.879; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.799-0.959) and was validated using data from 2 external centers (AUC = 0.836, 95% CI, 0.683-0.989; AUC = 0.876, 95% CI, 0.682-1.000), and all of them showed better prediction performances than histopathological grade in assessing the transformation risk of OLK. Furthermore, we performed CNA models among 4 subgroups of OLK with hyperplasia, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia, and severe dysplasia and found that CNA score can accurately predict malignant transformation of different subgroups. CNA score may be a useful biomarker to predict malignant transformation of OLK. Subtyping of OLK by the CNA score could contribute to better management of OLK and predicting development of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cai
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, China
| | - L Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - L Liu
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - M Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, China
| | - C Peng
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, China
| | - X Li
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - X Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - J Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - T Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Henan University School of Stomatology, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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Hamidavi Asl A, Shirkhoda M, Saffar H, Allameh A. Analysis of H-ras Mutations and Immunohistochemistry in Recurrence Cases of High-Grade Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2023; 17:347-354. [PMID: 36374444 PMCID: PMC10293525 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-022-01491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is focused on the identification of gene mutations in H-ras which are probably associated with tumor recurrence in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) following conventional therapy. METHODS Surgically removed biopsies from OSCC patients without recurrence (n = 43) and biopsies from recurrent cases (n = 19) were analyzed. Also, gingival tissues (n = 5) from normal individuals were processed and considered as control. DNA was extracted and amplified using primers for exons 1 and 2 for the H-ras gene, and then DNA products were analyzed using Sanger's sequencing technique. Besides, H-ras expression was compared in samples by immunostaining (IHC), using anti-ras antibody. RESULTS Demographic data show that smoking habit in patients and recurrent tumors was ~ 44.1 and 78%, respectively. The major site of malignancy was tongue tissue (40-60%). The rate of pathological stage III/IV were 41.8 and 100% in primary tumors and recurrence malignancy respectively. The sequencing data showed that a specific mutation in H-ras gene, Gly12Ala (G6266A) in recurrence samples and primary cases was detected in ~ 66.6% and 10% respectively. Accumulation of H-ras protein in tissues was relatively high scores (> 5) in both primary and recurrence tumors. The H-ras mutation detected was associated with increased level of H-ras protein accumulated in the malignant cells (IHC data). CONCLUSION These data may suggest that regardless of the causes and factors involved, Gly12Ala (G6266A) is associated with recurrence in high-grade OSCC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Hamidavi Asl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, POB, 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shirkhoda
- Cancer Research Center of Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hana Saffar
- Cancer Research Center of Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolamir Allameh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, POB, 14115-111, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang Y, Li M, Zeng J, Yang Y, Li Z, Hu S, Yang F, Wang N, Wang W, Tie J. MiR-585-5p impedes gastric cancer proliferation and metastasis by orchestrating the interactions among CREB1, MAPK1 and MITF. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008195. [PMID: 36268034 PMCID: PMC9576935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundGastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant and lethal cancers worldwide. Multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as key regulators in the progression of GC. However, the underlying pathogenesis that miRNAs govern GC malignancy remains uncertain. Here, we identified a novel miR-585-5p as a key regulator in GC development.MethodsThe expression of miR-585-5p in the context of GC tissue was detected by in situ hybridization for GC tissue microarray and assessed by H-scoring. The gain- and loss-of-function analyses comprised of Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and Transwell invasion and migration assay. The expression of downstream microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 (CREB1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) were examined by Immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. The direct regulation between miR-585-5p and MITF/CREB1/MAPK1 were predicted by bioinformatic analysis and screened by luciferase reporter assay. The direct transcriptional activation of CREB1 on MITF was verified by luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). The interaction between MAPK1 and MITF was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and immunofluorescent double-labelled staining.ResultsMiR-585-5p is progressively downregulated in GC tissues and low miR-585-5p levels were strongly associated with poor clinical outcomes. Further gain- and loss-of-function analyses showed that miR-585-5p possesses strong anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic capacities in GC. Follow-up studies indicated that miR-585-5p targets the downstream molecules CREB1 and MAPK1 to regulate the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of MITF, respectively, thus controlling its expression and cancer-promoting activity. MiR-585-5p directly and negatively regulates MITF together with CREB1 and MAPK1. According to bioinformatic analysis, promotor reporter gene assays, ChIP and EMSAs, CREB1 binds to the promotor region to enhance transcriptional expression of MITF. Co-IP and immunofluorescent double-labelled staining confirmed interaction between MAPK1 and MITF. Protein immunoprecipitation revealed that MAPK1 enhances MITF activity via phosphorylation (Ser73). MiR-585-5p can not only inhibit MITF expression directly, but also hinder MITF expression and pro-cancerous activity in a CREB1-/MAPK1-dependent manner indirectly.ConclusionsIn conclusion, this study uncovered miR-585-5p impedes gastric cancer proliferation and metastasis by orchestrating the interactions among CREB1, MAPK1 and MITF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Wang
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ming Li
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Xi’an, China
| | - Jiaoxia Zeng
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yunshu Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zengshan Li
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Sijun Hu
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fangfang Yang
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Na Wang
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenlan Wang
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Tie, ; Wenlan Wang,
| | - Jun Tie
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Tie, ; Wenlan Wang,
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Mai Z, Yuan J, Yang H, Fang S, Xie X, Wang X, Xie J, Wen J, Fu J. Inactivation of Hippo pathway characterizes a poor-prognosis subtype of esophageal cancer. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155218. [PMID: 35993362 PMCID: PMC9462502 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of molecular subtypes that reflect different prognoses and treatment responses, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), is essential for treatment decisions. We performed targeted sequencing in 201 patients with ESCC to discover genetic subtypes and validate our findings via multiple data sets. We identified 3 driver genes (FCGBP, GRIN2B, and FRY), and recurrent truncating mutations in FRY impaired its tumor-suppressive function and promoted tumor proliferation. A 3-gene mutation signature (FAT1, FAT3, and FRY) recognized a molecular subtype named “FAT/FRY” with frequent Hippo pathway–related mutations. In multiple ESCC cohorts, the patients with the FAT/FRY subtype had poorer prognosis than did patients in the WT group. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the FAT/FRY subtype was characterized by inactivation of the Hippo pathway, hypoxia, chemoresistance, higher infiltration of CD8+ T cells and activated DCs, and a transcriptome similar to that of cancer responders. Furthermore, the 3-gene signature predicted better survival for patients treated with ICIs, partially explained by its positive correlation with the tumor mutation burden and neoantigen burden. The 3-gene signature is a biomarker to recognize the FAT/FRY molecular subtype, evaluate prognosis, and select potential beneficiaries of ICIs in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Mai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianye Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuogui Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuying Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinye Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Xie
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
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Yang F, Shi J, Zhang L, Wang H, Li Y. Role of fibulin-1 gene promoter methylation in the carcinogenesis and development of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 133:432-440. [PMID: 35153187 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, fibulin-1 (FBLN1) has been shown to be downregulated in various cancers via promoter hypermethylation. Our study aimed to determine the expression and methylation status of FBLN1 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) tissues and cells. METHODS Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was implemented to detect the methylation status of the FBLN1 gene in TSCC tissues and Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of FBLN1 protein. The human TSCC cell lines CAL27 and SCC9 were cultured in vitro and treated with 5-aza-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC). CCK-8, colony formation, and Transwell assays were performed to test TSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion following 5-Aza-dC treatment or overexpression of FBLN1, which was further verified in in vivo experiments. RESULTS FBLN1 was hypermethylated and the protein expression was reduced in TSCC tissues. After human TSCC cell lines (CAL27 and SCC9) were treated with 5-Aza-dC or overexpressed FBLN1, FBLN1 expression was upregulated and the TSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities were suppressed. In vivo experiments further showed that demethylation or overexpression of FBLN1 slowed tumor growth in nude mice. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that 5-Aza-dC treatment or overexpression of FBLN1 inhibited the growth of human TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Liangyu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, China.
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Stomatology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, China
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Yes-associated protein 1 exerts its tumor-promoting effects and increases cisplatin resistance in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells by dysregulating Hippo signal pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:352-361. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yang M, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhao T, Li Z, Yue H, Piao Z. Analysis of the expression profiles of long noncoding RNAs and messenger RNAs in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 134:230-239. [PMID: 35725960 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively investigate the role of lncRNAs in TSCC. STUDY DESIGN In this study, RNA sequencing was performed to examine the expression profiles of lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of patients with TSCC. The expression of selected lncRNAs in TSCC and paired adjacent tissues as well as in cell lines was validated via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The cell function of lncRNA iodothyronine deiodinase 2 antisense RNA 1 (DIO2-AS1) overexpression was assessed through 5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4.5-dimethyl-thiazoly)-3-(4-sulfophenyl) tetrazolium inner salt and Transwell assays. RESULTS A total of 342 lncRNAs and 6392 mRNAs were differentially expressed in TSCC tissues compared with paired adjacent tissues. qRT-PCR revealed the increased expression of AC093818.1 and reduced expression of CYP4F35P and DIO2-AS1 in TSCC. Furthermore, DIO2-AS1 overexpression inhibited Cal-27 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that DIO2-AS1 is involved in TSCC progression. This study provides a direction for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhicong Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiqiong Yue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengguo Piao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China.
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Lin LH, Chou CH, Cheng HW, Chang KW, Liu CJ. Precise Identification of Recurrent Somatic Mutations in Oral Cancer Through Whole-Exome Sequencing Using Multiple Mutation Calling Pipelines. Front Oncol 2021; 11:741626. [PMID: 34912705 PMCID: PMC8666431 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.741626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genomic alterations in oral carcinogenesis remains crucial for the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). To unveil the mutational spectrum, in this study, we conducted whole-exome sequencing (WES), using six mutation calling pipelines and multiple filtering criteria applied to 50 paired OSCC samples. The tumor mutation burden extracted from the data set of somatic variations was significantly associated with age, tumor staging, and survival. Several genes (MUC16, MUC19, KMT2D, TTN, HERC2) with a high frequency of false positive mutations were identified. Moreover, known (TP53, FAT1, EPHA2, NOTCH1, CASP8, and PIK3CA) and novel (HYDIN, ALPK3, ASXL1, USP9X, SKOR2, CPLANE1, STARD9, and NSD2) genes have been found to be significantly and frequently mutated in OSCC. Further analysis of gene alteration status with clinical parameters revealed that canonical pathways, including clathrin-mediated endocytotic signaling, NFκB signaling, PEDF signaling, and calcium signaling were associated with OSCC prognosis. Defining a catalog of targetable genomic alterations showed that 58% of the tumors carried at least one aberrant event that may potentially be targeted by approved therapeutic agents. We found molecular OSCC subgroups which were correlated with etiology and prognosis while defining the landscape of major altered events in the coding regions of OSCC genomes. These findings provide information that will be helpful in the design of clinical trials on targeted therapies and in the stratification of patients with OSCC according to therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Han Lin
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsien Chou
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ji Liu
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Taipei MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Kałafut J, Czerwonka A, Anameriç A, Przybyszewska-Podstawka A, Misiorek JO, Rivero-Müller A, Nees M. Shooting at Moving and Hidden Targets-Tumour Cell Plasticity and the Notch Signalling Pathway in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6219. [PMID: 34944837 PMCID: PMC8699303 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is often aggressive, with poor response to current therapies in approximately 40-50% of the patients. Current therapies are restricted to operation and irradiation, often combined with a small number of standard-of-care chemotherapeutic drugs, preferentially for advanced tumour patients. Only very recently, newer targeted therapies have entered the clinics, including Cetuximab, which targets the EGF receptor (EGFR), and several immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the immune receptor PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1. HNSCC tumour tissues are characterized by a high degree of intra-tumour heterogeneity (ITH), and non-genetic alterations that may affect both non-transformed cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and transformed carcinoma cells. This very high degree of heterogeneity likely contributes to acquired drug resistance, tumour dormancy, relapse, and distant or lymph node metastasis. ITH, in turn, is likely promoted by pronounced tumour cell plasticity, which manifests in highly dynamic and reversible phenomena such as of partial or hybrid forms of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and enhanced tumour stemness. Stemness and tumour cell plasticity are strongly promoted by Notch signalling, which remains poorly understood especially in HNSCC. Here, we aim to elucidate how Notch signal may act both as a tumour suppressor and proto-oncogenic, probably during different stages of tumour cell initiation and progression. Notch signalling also interacts with numerous other signalling pathways, that may also have a decisive impact on tumour cell plasticity, acquired radio/chemoresistance, and metastatic progression of HNSCC. We outline the current stage of research related to Notch signalling, and how this pathway may be intricately interconnected with other, druggable targets and signalling mechanisms in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kałafut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.P.-P.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Arkadiusz Czerwonka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.P.-P.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Alinda Anameriç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.P.-P.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Alicja Przybyszewska-Podstawka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.P.-P.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Julia O. Misiorek
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.P.-P.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Matthias Nees
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.P.-P.); (A.R.-M.)
- Western Finland Cancer Centre (FICAN West), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20101 Turku, Finland
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11
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Sun Y, Li L, Yao W, Liu X, Yang Y, Ma B, Xue D. USH2A Mutation is Associated With Tumor Mutation Burden and Antitumor Immunity in Patients With Colon Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:762160. [PMID: 34795697 PMCID: PMC8593250 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.762160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is one of the diseases with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. At present, immunotherapy has become a valuable method for the treatment of COAD. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is considered to be the most common biomarker for predicting immunotherapy. According to reports, the mutation rate of COAD ranks third. However, whether these gene mutations are related to TMB and immune response is still unknown. Here, COAD somatic mutation data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) databases. Bioinformatics methods were used to study the relationships among gene mutations, COAD survival prognosis, and tumor immune response. A total of 22 of the top 40 mutations in TCGA and ICGC databases were the same. Among them, the USH2A mutation was associated with high TMB and poor clinical prognosis. According to Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and the CIBERSORT algorithm, we determined that the USH2A mutation upregulates signaling pathways involved in the immune system and the antitumor immune response. In cases with a USH2A mutation, the immune score and MSI score of TCGA samples increased, the expression of immune checkpoint genes decreased significantly, and the TIDE score decreased significantly. Dependent on the presence or absence of a USH2A mutation, TCGA COAD samples were analyzed for differentially expressed genes, 522 of which were identified. Using a univariate Cox analysis and LASSO COX analysis of these differential genes, a prediction model was established, which established significant differences in the infiltration of immune cells, immune checkpoint gene expression, immune score, MSI score, TMB, and TIDE in patients in high- and low-risk groups. In conclusion, mutation of USH2A is frequent in COAD and is related to an increase in TMB and the antitumor immunity. The differential genes screened by USH2A mutation allowed the construction of a risk model for predicting the survival and prognosis of cancer patients, in addition to providing new ideas for COAD immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sun
- Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Long Li
- Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenchao Yao
- Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuxu Liu
- Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongbo Xue
- Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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12
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Liang Q, Xu H, Liu Y, Zhang W, Sun C, Hu M, Zhu Y, Tan S, Xu X, Wang S, Liu L. Coexistence of a novel NBEA-ALK, EML4-ALK double-fusion in a lung adenocarcinoma patient and response to alectinib: A case report. Lung Cancer 2021; 162:86-89. [PMID: 34763158 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 gene (EML4) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (ALK) fusion is the most common ALK rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Herein, we firstly report that coexistence of a novel Neurobeachin (NBEA)-ALK, EML4-ALK double-fusion is sensitive to alectinib. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on the biopsy sample. RESULTS The patient responded to alectinib as a second-line treatment and achieved stable disease for 11 months, without significant symptoms of toxicity. Significantly, the liquid biopsy also validated clinical benefit, with the disappearance of NBEA-ALK and EML4-ALK fusion variants. We also provided a comprehensive review of all 50 ALK fusion genes in NSCLC. CONCLUSION This is the first report on one patient with a novel NBEA-ALK, EML4-ALK double-ALK fusion beneficial from alectinib. Alectinib may be a viable therapeutic option for NSCLC patients with double-ALK fusion, and liquid biopsy could dynamically monitor clinical curative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Huanhuan Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yiqian Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chongqi Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Oncology, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang 213300, China
| | - Yizhi Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shanyue Tan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xian Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Sumeng Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lingxiang Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Yang R, Shui Y, Hu S, Zhang K, Wang Y, Peng Y. Silenced Myeloblastosis Protein Suppresses Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma via the microRNA-130a/Cylindromatosis Axis. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:6935-6946. [PMID: 32821162 PMCID: PMC7425089 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s252340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) represents oral epithelial cell damage. Myeloblastosis (MYB) is involved in OTSCC. This study tried to probe roles of MYB in OSCC with potential axis. Methods Expression of MYB and miR-130a in OTSCC was detected. Western blot analysis was utilized to determine epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related protein levels. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay certified the target relation between miR-130a and CYLD. Moreover, xenograft tumors in nude mice were applied to confirm the in vitro experiments. Results Both MYB and miR-130a were highly expressed in OTSCC, which promoted cell growth. Meanwhile, silenced miR-130a discouraged cell development enhanced by overexpressed MYB. CYLD was poorly expressed in OTSCC and targeted by miR-130a. Additionally, MYB knockdown activated CYLD to suppress OTSCC by downregulating miR-130a. Conclusion Our experiment supported that silenced MYB suppressed OTSCC malignancy by inhibiting miR-130a and activating CYLD. This investigation may provide novel insights for OTSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusen Shui
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoushan Hu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuru Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiran Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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