1
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Emmer A, Abobarin-Adeagbo A, Posa A, Jordan B, Delank KS, Staege MS, Surov A, Zierz S, Kornhuber ME. Myositis in Lewis rats induced by the superantigen Staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4085-4094. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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2
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Mueller T, Hantsch C, Volkmer I, Staege MS. Differentiation-Dependent Regulation of Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Sequences and Neighboring Genes in Germ Cell Tumor Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1253. [PMID: 29963023 PMCID: PMC6013571 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, most human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are transcriptionally silent. However, re-activation of HERVs is observed under pathological conditions like inflammation or cancer. In addition to expression of HERV sequences, an impact of HERV-loci on expression of adjacent genes has been suggested as probably important patho-physiological mechanism. A candidate for such a gene is PRODH (proline dehydrogenase 1), which is located on chromosome 22 adjacent to HERVK-24. Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are known to express high level of HERVK sequences. In addition, non-seminomatous GCT are useful models to study HERV expression in the context of differentiation since they reflect aspects of cellular development during embryogenesis and usually contain different cell types. This is due to the embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, which are the stem cell component of GCT. They are pluripotent, show high expression of pluripotency markers like OCT4 and LIN28A and can differentiate into either somatic derivatives (teratoma cells) or choriocarcinoma or yolk-sac tumor cells reflecting extra-embryonal differentiation. OCT4 is lost upon differentiation. We used GCT derived cell lines of varying differentiation stages to analyze expression of HERVK and PRODH. Differentiation status and cellular relationship of GCT cells was determined using microarray analysis and western blotting of the embryonic pluripotency markers OCT4 and LIN28A. The highest expression of HERVK was found in undifferentiated EC cells, which retain a stem cell phenotype and express both OCT4 and LIN28. In contrast, the lowest expression of HERVK was observed in somatic differentiated GCT cells which also lack OCT4 and LIN28A whereas GCT cells with differentiation characteristics of yolk-sac tumor expressed LIN28A but not OCT4 and showed intermediate level of HERVK. A similar pattern was found for PRODH. Differentiation of EC cells by siRNA mediated knock-down of OCT4 or treatment with differentiation inducing medium decreased expression of HERVK and PRODH. Treatment of differentiated GCT cells with 5′-azacytidine and trichostatin A increased expression of HERVK and PRODH, indicating that epigenetic mechanisms are responsible for altered expression of these genes. Our data suggest that HERVK expression is dependent on cellular differentiation stages regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, which can also affect expression of neighboring genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Haematology/Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Claudia Hantsch
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ines Volkmer
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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3
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Brütting C, Narasimhan H, Hoffmann F, Kornhuber ME, Staege MS, Emmer A. Investigation of Endogenous Retrovirus Sequences in the Neighborhood of Genes Up-regulated in a Neuroblastoma Model after Treatment with Hypoxia-Mimetic Cobalt Chloride. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29515560 PMCID: PMC5826361 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) have been found to be associated with different diseases, e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS). Most human ERVs integrated in our genome are not competent to replicate and these sequences are presumably silent. However, transcription of human ERVs can be reactivated, e.g., by hypoxia. Interestingly, MS has been linked to hypoxia since decades. As some patterns of demyelination are similar to white matter ischemia, hypoxic damage is discussed. Therefore, we are interested in the association between hypoxia and ERVs. As a model, we used human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells after treatment with the hypoxia-mimetic cobalt chloride and analyzed differences in the gene expression profiles in comparison to untreated cells. The vicinity of up-regulated genes was scanned for endogenous retrovirus-derived sequences. Five genes were found to be strongly up-regulated in SH-SY5Y cells after treatment with cobalt chloride: clusterin, glutathione peroxidase 3, insulin-like growth factor 2, solute carrier family 7 member 11, and neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 9. In the vicinity of these genes we identified large (>1,000 bp) open reading frames (ORFs). Most of these ORFs showed only low similarities to proteins from retro-transcribing viruses. However, we found very high similarity between retrovirus envelope sequences and a sequence in the vicinity of neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 9. This sequence encodes the human endogenous retrovirus group FRD member 1, the encoded protein product is called syncytin 2. Transfection of syncytin 2 into the well-characterized Ewing sarcoma cell line A673 was not able to modulate the low immunostimulatory activity of this cell line. Future research is needed to determine whether the identified genes and the human endogenous retrovirus group FRD member 1 might play a role in the etiology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Brütting
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Harini Narasimhan
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Frank Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology, Hospital "Martha-Maria" Halle-Dölau, Halle, Germany
| | - Malte E Kornhuber
- Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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4
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Tong AA, Hashem H, Eid S, Allen F, Kingsley D, Huang AY. Adoptive natural killer cell therapy is effective in reducing pulmonary metastasis of Ewing sarcoma. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1303586. [PMID: 28507811 PMCID: PMC5414867 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1303586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of patients with metastatic or relapsed Ewing sarcoma (ES) remains dismal despite intensification of combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy, precipitating the need for novel alternative therapies with minimal side effects. Natural killer (NK) cells are promising additions to the field of cellular immunotherapy. Adoptive NK cell therapy has shown encouraging results in hematological malignancies. Despite these initial promising successes, however, NK cell therapy for solid tumors remains to be investigated using in vivo tumor models. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of ex vivo expanded human NK cells in controlling primary and metastatic ES tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Using membrane-bound IL-21 containing K562 (K562-mbIL-21) expansion platform, we were able to obtain sufficient numbers of expanded NK (eNK) cells that display favorable activation phenotypes and inflammatory cytokine secretion, along with a strong in vitro cytotoxic effect against ES. Furthermore, eNK therapy significantly decreased lung metastasis without any significant therapeutic effect in limiting primary tumor growth in an in vivo xenograft model. Our data demonstrate that eNK may be effective against pulmonary metastatic ES, but challenges remain to direct proper trafficking and augmenting the cytotoxic function of eNK to target primary tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Tong
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hasan Hashem
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Saada Eid
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Frederick Allen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Kingsley
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
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5
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Li N, Wang XM, Jiang LJ, Zhang M, Li N, Wei ZZ, Zheng N, Zhao YJ. Effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in patients with ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2357-2365. [PMID: 26900298 PMCID: PMC4735010 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the changes of X-box binding protein 1 splicing (XBP1s) and inflammatory cytokine expression in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS).
METHODS: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the forms of XBP1s and the expression of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, and IL-17α. Differences between patients with UC and normal subjects were then determined.
RESULTS: Mononuclear cells of the peripheral blood of normal subjects and UC patients with were stimulated with no drugs (control), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), thapsigargin (TG), or both PHA and TG. XBP1s in patients with UC exhibited splicing, which was greater with co-stimulation than single stimulation. Co-stimulation increased the expression level of IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-17α.
CONCLUSION: The T lymphocytes of both normal subjects and patients with UC responded to ERS by activating the XBP1s-mediated signalling pathway, upregulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and increasing the occurrence of inflammation. The mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood of patients with UC were more sensitive to ERS than those in the peripheral blood of normal subjects.
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Grünewald TGP, Fulda S. Editorial: Biology-Driven Targeted Therapy of Pediatric Soft-Tissue and Bone Tumors: Current Opportunities and Future Challenges. Front Oncol 2016; 6:39. [PMID: 26925391 PMCID: PMC4757644 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G P Grünewald
- Laboratory for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Reuter D, Staege MS, Kühnöl CD, Föll J. Immunostimulation by OX40 Ligand Transgenic Ewing Sarcoma Cells. Front Oncol 2015; 5:242. [PMID: 26579494 PMCID: PMC4621427 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) transgenic Ewing sarcoma cells can induce tumor specific T and NK cell responses and reduce tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Nevertheless, the efficiency of this stimulation is not high enough to inhibit tumor growth completely. In addition to recognition of the cognate antigen, optimal T-cell stimulation requires signals from so-called co-stimulatory molecules. Several members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily have been identified as co-stimulatory molecules that can augment antitumor immune responses. OX40 (CD134) and OX40 ligand (OX40L = CD252; also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand family member 4) is one example of such receptor/ligand pair with co-stimulatory function. In the present investigation, we generated OX40L transgenic Ewing sarcoma cells and tested their immunostimulatory activity in vitro. OX40L transgenic Ewing sarcoma cells showed preserved expression of Ewing sarcoma-associated (anti)gens including lipase member I, cyclin D1 (CCND1), cytochrome P450 family member 26B1 (CYP26B1), and the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1-friend leukemia virus integration 1 (EWSR1-FLI1) oncogene. OX40L-expressing tumor cells showed a trend for enhanced immune stimulation against Ewing sarcoma cells in combination with IL-2 and stimulation of CD137. Our data suggest that inclusion of the OX40/OX40L pathway of co-stimulation might improve immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Reuter
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Caspar D Kühnöl
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Jürgen Föll
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany ; Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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8
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Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a rare cancer of bone and soft tissues defined by a specific chromosomal rearrangement. Preclinical development of immunological treatment strategies includes expansion of T cells with native or grafted T-cell receptor specificities for Ewing sarcoma-associated intracellular antigens, and T-cell engineering with chimeric antigen receptors targeting surface antigens. In vitro preactivated NK cells may also have activity in this cancer. Major challenges are the heterogeneity of antigen expression in individual Ewing sarcomas, and the coexpression of most candidate targets on normal cells. Moreover, homing of therapeutic effector cells to both primary and metastatic tumor sites and adequate function within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment will have to be ensured to allow for effective immune targeting of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rossig
- University Children's Hospital Muenster, Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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9
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Mahlendorf DE, Staege MS. Characterization of Ewing sarcoma associated cancer/testis antigens. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:254-61. [PMID: 23291981 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.23298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients suffering from tumors of the Ewing family (EFT) is still poor. Immunotherapy strategies are pursued and EFT-specific antigens have to be identified as targets for cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). Due to the lack of expression of cancer/testis antigens (CTA) in normal tissues, these antigens are partially able to induce immune responses in cancer patients. Therefore, they are promising targets for immunotherapy. EFT are characterized by chromosomal rearrangements involving members of the TET (translocated in liposarcoma, Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1, TATA box binding protein-associated factor 15) family of RNA binding proteins and members of the E-26 (ETS) family of transcription factors. The resulting onco-fusion proteins are highly specific for EFT and downstream targets of TET-ETS represent candidate tumor specific antigens. In order to identify new EFT-associated CTA, we analyzed microarray-data sets from EFT and normal tissues from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The impact of TET-ETS on expression of CTA was analyzed using GEO data sets from transgenic mesenchymal stem cells. One CTA with high specificity for EFT is lipase I (LIPI, membrane-associated phospholipase A1-β). CTL specific for LIPI-derived peptides LDYTDAKFV and NLLKHGASL were able to lyse HLA-A2 positive EFT cells in vitro which confirms the possible role of LIPI and other CTA for EFT-immunotherapy.
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10
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Winkler C, Steingrube DS, Altermann W, Schlaf G, Max D, Kewitz S, Emmer A, Kornhuber M, Banning-Eichenseer U, Staege MS. Hodgkin's lymphoma RNA-transfected dendritic cells induce cancer/testis antigen-specific immune responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1769-79. [PMID: 22419371 PMCID: PMC11029013 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can kill Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cells, and CTL have been used for the treatment of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive HL. For patients with EBV-negative HL, this strategy cannot be employed and alternative target structures have to be defined. In order to establish a system for the stimulation of HL-reactive T cells, we used dendritic cells (DC) as antigen-presenting cells for autologous T cells and transfected these DC with RNA from established HL cell lines. After stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with RNA-transfected DC, we analyzed the reactivity of primed PBMC by interferon gamma enzyme-linked immunospot. Our results suggest the presence of antigens with expression in HL cell lines and recognition of these antigens in combination with DC-derived human leukocyte antigen molecules. By the analysis of Gene Expression Omnibus microarray data sets from HL cell lines and primary HL samples in comparison with testis and other normal tissues, we identified HL-associated cancer testis antigens (CTA) including the preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME). After stimulation of PBMC with RNA-transfected DC, we detected PRAME-reactive T cells. PRAME and other HL-associated CTA might be targets for HL-specific immune therapy or for the monitoring of HL-directed immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hodgkin Disease/immunology
- Hodgkin Disease/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Ewing/immunology
- Sarcoma, Ewing/metabolism
- Testis/immunology
- Testis/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Winkler
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Altermann
- HLA-Laboratory, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Gerald Schlaf
- HLA-Laboratory, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Daniela Max
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kewitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Malte Kornhuber
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ursula Banning-Eichenseer
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Martin Sebastian Staege
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
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11
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Kewitz S, Bernig T, Staege MS. Histone deacetylase inhibition restores cisplatin sensitivity of Hodgkin's lymphoma cells. Leuk Res 2012; 36:773-8. [PMID: 22424710 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggest that epigenetic mechanisms (e.g. histone modification by histone deacetylases) play a major role in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). We treated HL cell lines with the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat and investigated the gene expression profile of these cells by using DNA microarrays. Vorinostat inhibited cell proliferation and induced chances in the gene expression profile of HL cells, including down regulation of interleukin-26 and CD30. Vorinostat also increased sensitivity for cisplatin. Our data suggest that the combination of vorinostat and chemotherapy might be an interesting option for patients with chemoresistant HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kewitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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12
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Berghuis D, Schilham MW, Vos HI, Santos SJ, Kloess S, Buddingh' EP, Egeler RM, Hogendoorn PC, Lankester AC. Histone deacetylase inhibitors enhance expression of NKG2D ligands in Ewing sarcoma and sensitize for natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis. Clin Sarcoma Res 2012; 2:8. [PMID: 22587892 PMCID: PMC3351702 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ewing sarcoma patients have a poor prognosis despite multimodal therapy. Integration of combination immunotherapeutic strategies into first-/second-line regimens represents promising treatment options, particularly for patients with intrinsic or acquired resistance to conventional therapies. We evaluated the susceptibility of Ewing sarcoma to natural killer cell-based combination immunotherapy, by assessing the capacity of histone deacetylase inhibitors to improve immune recognition and sensitize for natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Methods Using flow cytometry, ELISA and immunohistochemistry, expression of natural killer cell receptor ligands was assessed in chemotherapy-sensitive/-resistant Ewing sarcoma cell lines, plasma and tumours. Natural killer cell cytotoxicity was evaluated in Chromium release assays. Using ATM/ATR inhibitor caffeine, the contribution of the DNA damage response pathway to histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced ligand expression was assessed. Results Despite comparable expression of natural killer cell receptor ligands, chemotherapy-resistant Ewing sarcoma exhibited reduced susceptibility to resting natural killer cells. Interleukin-15-activation of natural killer cells overcame this reduced sensitivity. Histone deacetylase inhibitor-pretreatment induced NKG2D-ligand expression in an ATM/ATR-dependent manner and sensitized for NKG2D-dependent cytotoxicity (2/4 cell lines). NKG2D-ligands were expressed in vivo, regardless of chemotherapy-response and disease stage. Soluble NKG2D-ligand plasma concentrations did not differ between patients and controls. Conclusion Our data provide a rationale for combination immunotherapy involving immune effector and target cell manipulation in first-/second-line treatment regimens for Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Berghuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Berghuis D, Santos SJ, Baelde HJ, Taminiau AHM, Maarten Egeler R, Schilham MW, Hogendoorn PCW, Lankester AC. Pro-inflammatory chemokine-chemokine receptor interactions within the Ewing sarcoma microenvironment determine CD8+
T-lymphocyte infiltration and affect tumour progression. J Pathol 2010; 223:347-57. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Schmiedel BJ, Hutter C, Hesse M, Staege MS. Expression of multiple membrane-associated phospholipase A1 beta transcript variants and lysophosphatidic acid receptors in Ewing tumor cells. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4619-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Li J, Neumann I, Volkmer I, Staege MS. Down-regulation of achaete-scute complex homolog 1 (ASCL1) in neuroblastoma cells induces up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:1515-21. [PMID: 20842449 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extra-cranial solid pediatric tumor. The prognosis of patients with NB has been improved during the last decades. However, treatment results for patients with advanced tumor stages are still unsatisfying. NB cells are characterized by a high tendency for spontaneous or induced differentiation. During differentiation, down-regulation of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor achaete-scute complex homolog 1 (ASCL1) has been observed but the consequences of ASCL1 down-regulation have not been elucidated. We used RNA interference to knock-down ASCL1 in NB cells. DNA microarray analysis was used for the identification of ASCL1-regulated genes. Furthermore, conventional and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for validation of ASCL1-regulated genes. Down-regulation of ASCL1 influenced the expression of several genes. After down-regulation of ASCL1, we observed very high expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), a factor that is known to be induced during differentiation of NB cells. RT-PCR indicated up-regulation of multiple IGF2 transcript variants after ASCL1 knock-down. Our data suggest that the ASCL1-pathway is responsible for the up-regulation of IGF2 during NB differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst Grube Str 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
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Neumann I, Foell JL, Bremer M, Volkmer I, Korholz D, Burdach S, Staege MS. Retinoic acid enhances sensitivity of neuroblastoma cells for imatinib mesylate. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:464-70. [PMID: 20658618 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoids can induce differentiation of neuroblastoma (NB) cells and are in clinical use for the treatment of patients with NB. Despite improvements of standard treatment during the last years, many patients with NB still relapse and new treatment options for these patients are required. PROCEDURE We analyzed NB cells after incubation with retinoids by using Affymetrix HG_U133A microarrays, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and flow cytometry. Sequencing of RT-PCR products was applied for determination of CD117 mRNA sequences from NB cell lines. In addition, we tested sensitivity of NB cells for the kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate after treatment with retinoids. RESULTS Treatment of NB cells with retinoids induced expression of several genes including the retinoid metabolizing enzymes CYP26A1 and CYP26B1. In addition, we observed up-regulation of CD117 (KIT), particularly after long-term treatment with retinoids. Sequencing of CD117 mRNA from NB cell lines revealed heterozygosity for a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in SH-SY5Y NB cells. Up-regulation of CD117 in NB cells correlated with increased sensitivity for the kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate. CONCLUSIONS The combination of retinoids with kinase inhibitors might be worth exploring further for the treatment of NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Neumann
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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17
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Staege MS, Hesse M, Max D. Lipases and Related Molecules in Cancer. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2010. [DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of lipids. Based on protein structures and sequences, lipases can be classified into different protein families. The majority of conventional mammalian lipases are members of the protein super-families of serine esterases and alpha-beta hydrolases. Differential expression of lipases and related alpha-beta hydrolases in tumor cells has been observed. The physiological or patho-physiological functions of these tumor related enzymes are largely unknown. However, lipases are not only involved in energy metabolism but also in the metabolism of bioactive molecules, e.g. phosphatidic acid or arachidonic acid, suggesting that tumor-specifically expressed lipases might be interesting targets for the development of future treatment strategies. Moreover, independent of the patho-physiological function, tumor associated lipases can serve as targets for immunological treatment strategies. In addition, lipases with exclusive expression in single tumor entities can serve as potential diagnostic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S. Staege
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, D-06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Manuela Hesse
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, D-06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Daniela Max
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, D-06097 Halle, Germany
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18
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Hoennscheidt C, Max D, Richter N, Staege MS. Expression of CD4 on Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cells. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:216-25. [PMID: 19703011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human antigen presenting cells commonly express CD4 but the significance of this phenomenon has not been clarified. We analyzed a panel of Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cells (so called lymphoblastoid cell lines, LCL) by using flow cytometry, DNA-microarray analysis, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The number of CD4(+) cells varied from cell line to cell line but expression of CD4 was detected by flow cytometry and RT-PCR in all investigated cell lines. To characterize CD4 expressing LCL in more detail, we separated CD4(+) and CD4(-) cells from single cell lines by using immunomagnetic beads. When we cultured sorted CD4(+) and CD4(-) cells, we observed that CD4 expression was stable for several passages. However, the number of CD4(+) cells decreased with time in culture. We never observed that CD4(-) cell lines returned back to a CD4(+) phenotype. DNA-microarray analysis of isolated CD4(+) and CD4(-) cells indicated that the overall gene expression profile of both cell populations was highly similar. In addition, CD4(+) and CD4(-) cells showed the same allostimulatory capacity. CD4(+) LCL showed a slightly increased interleukin-16 induced chemotaxis. Differences in the gene expression profile of CD4(+) and CD4(-) cell lines suggested that loss of CD4 expression occurred during a differentiation step involving achaete-scute complex homolog-like 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hoennscheidt
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06097 Halle, Germany
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19
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Berghuis D, de Hooge ASK, Santos SJ, Horst D, Wiertz EJ, van Eggermond MC, van den Elsen PJ, Taminiau AHM, Ottaviano L, Schaefer KL, Dirksen U, Hooijberg E, Mulder A, Melief CJM, Egeler RM, Schilham MW, Jordanova ES, Hogendoorn PCW, Lankester AC. Reduced human leukocyte antigen expression in advanced-stage Ewing sarcoma: implications for immune recognition. J Pathol 2009; 218:222-31. [PMID: 19274709 DOI: 10.1002/path.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is a tumour most commonly arising in bone, although on occasion in soft tissue, with a poor prognosis in patients with refractory or relapsed disease, despite multimodal therapy. Immunotherapeutic strategies based on tumour-reactive T and/or natural killer cells may improve the treatment of advanced-stage EWS. Since cellular immune recognition critically depends on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression, knowledge about HLA expression in EWS is crucial in the design of cellular immunotherapeutic strategies. Constitutive and IFNgamma-induced HLA class I expression was analysed in EWS cell lines (n = 6) by flow cytometry, using antibodies against both monomorphic and allele-specific antigens. Expression of antigen processing pathway components and beta-2 microglobulin (beta2m) was assessed by western blot. Expression of class II transactivator (CIITA), and its contribution to HLA class II expression, was evaluated by qRT-PCR, transduction assays, and flow cytometry. beta2m/HLA class I and class II expression was validated in EWS tumours (n = 67) by immunofluorescence. Complete or partial absence of HLA class I expression was observed in 79% of EWS tumours. Lung metastases consistently lacked HLA class I and sequential tumours demonstrated a tendency towards decreased expression upon disease progression. Together with absent or low constitutive expression levels of specific HLA class I loci and alleles, and differential induction of identical alleles by IFNgamma in different cell lines, these results may reflect the existence of an immune escape mechanism. Inducible expression of TAP-1/-2, tapasin, LMP-2/-7, and the beta2m/HLA class I complex by IFNgamma suggests that regulatory mechanisms are mainly responsible for heterogeneity in constitutive class I expression. EWSs lack IFNgamma-inducible HLA class II, due to lack of functional CIITA. The majority of EWS tumours, particularly if advanced-stage, exhibit complete or partial absence of both classes of HLA. This knowledge will be instrumental in the design of cellular immunotherapeutic strategies for advanced-stage EWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Berghuis
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Verhoeven DHJ, de Hooge ASK, Mooiman ECK, Santos SJ, ten Dam MM, Gelderblom H, Melief CJM, Hogendoorn PCW, Egeler RM, van Tol MJD, Schilham MW, Lankester AC. NK cells recognize and lyse Ewing sarcoma cells through NKG2D and DNAM-1 receptor dependent pathways. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3917-25. [PMID: 18657862 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is a malignant bone-associated sarcoma, with poor prognosis in case of metastasis or relapse. To explore the feasibility of natural killer (NK) cell mediated immunotherapy and to identify molecular mechanisms involved, the susceptibility of EWS to NK cells was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS All EWS cell lines tested (n=7) were lysed by purified allogeneic NK cells from healthy donors, and the efficacy of lysis was increased by activating NK cells with interleukin-15 (IL-15). FACS analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed that EWS cell lines as well as primary tumor cells expressed ligands for the activating NK cell receptors NKG2D and DNAM-1. NK cell cytotoxicity to EWS cells critically depended on the combination of NKG2D and DNAM-1 signaling, since blocking either of these receptors abrogated lysis by resting NK cells. Cytokine-activated NK cells more efficiently recognized EWS cells, since only combined, but not single blockade of NKG2D and DNAM-1 by antibodies inhibited lysis of EWS cells. Induction or blockade of HLA class I on EWS cells did not significantly influence lysis. This suggests that predominantly activating, rather than inhibitory signals on EWS cells determined susceptibility to NK cell cytotoxicity. NK cell cytotoxicity to EWS cells and K562 was reduced in EWS patients at diagnosis (n=11) compared to age matched controls, despite normal NK cell numbers and increased expression of NKG2D. The impaired function of these NK cells was restored after activation with IL-15 in vitro. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that EWS cells are potentially susceptible to NK cell cytotoxicity due to the expression of activating NK cell receptor ligands. The use of cytokine-activated NK cells rather than resting NK cells in immunotherapy may be instrumental to optimize NK cell reactivity to EWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk H J Verhoeven
- Division of Immunology, Hematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Staege MS, Banning-Eichenseer U, Weißflog G, Volkmer I, Burdach S, Richter G, Mauz-Körholz C, Föll J, Körholz D. Gene expression profiles of Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines with different sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:886-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Emmer A, Gerlach K, Staege MS, Kornhuber ME. Cerebral gene expression of superantigen encephalitis in the lewis rat induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin a. Scand J Immunol 2008; 67:464-72. [PMID: 18405324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Superantigens were suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of different autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Previously, it was demonstrated that local expression of the superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) in the brain of rats may lead to encephalitis which was amplified by using intravenous injection of concanavalin A (ConA)-activated splenocytes. In the present investigation, gene expression was studied in the rat brain 8 days after an injection of 50 mul of 1 mg/ml SEA or saline and 5 days after an intravenous injection of 1 x 10(7) ConA-activated spleen cells. Of 8800 genes investigated (Affymetrix, rat genome U34A), the expression of 106 genes was significantly and at least threefold increased with SEA, while the expression of 29 genes was decreased at least threefold. Increased gene expression was compatible with an intracerebral inflammatory response mediated by antigen-presenting cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Elevated chemokines comprised RANTES (CCL5), osteopontin, MCP-1 (CCL2) and CXCL10. Further, genes with increased expression were assigned to the extracellular matrix, microglia/macrophage cell elements, astrocytes (GFAP) and phagocytosis. There was considerable conformity between previously reported gene expression profiles for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) or MS and the present findings. Our data are in line with the concept that T-cell superantigen locally expressed in the central nervous system induces an inflammatory response. Therefore, the study of gene expression profiles does not seem to allow clear conclusions with respect to the aetiology of central nervous system autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-Universität-Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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23
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Katsumi Y, Kuwahara Y, Tamura S, Kikuchi K, Otabe O, Tsuchiya K, Iehara T, Kuroda H, Hosoi H, Sugimoto T. Trastuzumab Activates Allogeneic or Autologous Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity against Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor Cells and Interleukin-2 Augments the Cytotoxicity. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1192-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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de Hooge ASK, Berghuis D, Santos SJ, Mooiman E, Romeo S, Kummer JA, Egeler RM, van Tol MJD, Melief CJM, Hogendoorn PCW, Lankester AC. Expression of Cellular FLICE Inhibitory Protein, Caspase-8, and Protease Inhibitor-9 in Ewing Sarcoma and Implications for Susceptibility to Cytotoxic Pathways. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:206-14. [PMID: 17200356 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ewing sarcoma is a common pediatric bone tumor with an unfavorable prognosis for metastatic or recurrent disease. Cellular immunotherapy may provide new treatment options and depends on the cytolytic death receptor and perforin/granzyme pathways. Expression of death receptor pathway inhibitor cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (cFLIP), initiator caspase-8, and granzyme B inhibitor protease inhibitor-9 (PI-9) have been reported to determine susceptibility to cell- and chemotherapy-mediated killing in several tumor types. Here, we have studied their in vitro and in vivo expression in Ewing sarcoma and the implications for susceptibility to cytotoxicity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Ewing sarcoma cell lines (n = 8) were tested for cFLIP, PI-9, and caspase-8 expression. Functional significance was tested by anti-Fas antibody (death receptor pathway) or natural killer cell (perforin/granzyme pathway) treatment. Immunohistochemistry was done on 28 sections from 18 patients. In half of the cases, sequential material, including metastases, was available. RESULTS Although all tested Ewing sarcoma cell lines expressed cFLIP, resistance to CD95/Fas-mediated apoptosis was only observed in two cell lines lacking caspase-8 expression. PI-9 was expressed at low levels in four of eight Ewing sarcoma cell lines, but positive cell lines remained susceptible to perforin/granzyme-mediated killing. In primary Ewing sarcoma, including metastases, cFLIP was abundantly expressed in 18 of 18 patients. Caspase-8 was expressed in all patients but showed more intertumoral and intratumoral variation in both intensity and heterogeneity of staining. PI-9, in contrast, was undetectable. CONCLUSIONS The expression patterns of cFLIP, caspase-8, and the absence of PI-9 provide a rationale to preferentially exploit the perforin/granzyme pathway in cytotoxic therapies against Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons S K de Hooge
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Haematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Autoimmune Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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25
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Staal FJT, Cario G, Cazzaniga G, Haferlach T, Heuser M, Hofmann WK, Mills K, Schrappe M, Stanulla M, Wingen LU, van Dongen JJM, Schlegelberger B. Consensus guidelines for microarray gene expression analyses in leukemia from three European leukemia networks. Leukemia 2006; 20:1385-92. [PMID: 16761018 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies have documented that gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays for various types of hematological malignancies provides novel information, which may have diagnostic and prognostic implications. However, to successfully use microarrays for this purpose, the quality and reproducibility of the whole procedure need to be guaranteed. Critical steps of the method are handling, processing and storage of the leukemic sample, purification of tumor cells (or lack thereof), RNA extraction methods, quality control of RNA, labeling techniques, hybridization, washing, scanning, spot filtering, normalization and initial interpretation, and finally the biostatistical analysis. These items have been extensively discussed and evaluated in different multi-center quality rounds within the three networks, that is, I-BFM-SG, the German Competence Network 'Acute and Chronic Leukemias' and the European LeukemiaNet. Based on the exchange of knowledge and experience between the three networks over the last few years, we have formulated guidelines for performing microarray experiments in leukemia. We confine ourselves to leukemias, but many of these requirements also apply to lymphomas or other clinical samples, including solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J T Staal
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is the second most common primary bone tumor seen in children and adolescents, and was described by James Ewing in 1921 as a diffuse endothelioma of bone. It is one of the differential diagnoses of pediatric small round blue cell tumors. This is not a single condition, but a group of morphologically and clinically closely related disorders with similar molecular biology -- expression of tumor-specific chimeric oncoproteins through balanced chromosomal translocations involving the EWS gene -- often referred to as the Ewing family of tumors. This includes Ewing's sarcoma of bone, extra-osseous Ewing's sarcoma, Askin tumor and peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. These are aggressive neoplasms with almost 25% of patients having clinically evident metastases at presentation. Ewing's sarcoma has therefore been considered as a systemic disease necessitating local as well as systemic treatment. An aggressive multidisciplinary approach has resulted in significant improvement in prognosis for patients with these tumors. Despite aggressive treatment, 20-40% of patients with localized disease and almost 80% of patients with metastatic disease at presentation succumb to the illness. Advances in understanding the molecular biology of these tumors will hopefully result in the development of novel treatment approaches. The aim of this article is to review the existing treatment methods and to highlight the more recent approaches to the treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir M Thacker
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Miami School of Medicine (D-27), PO Box 016960, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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Carvajal R, Meyers P. Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal family of tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2005; 19:501-25, vi-vii. [PMID: 15939194 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma (ES) initially was believed to be of perivascular endothelial origin. The Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (EFT) includes ES of bone (ESB), extraosseous ES (EES), peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone (pPNET), and malignant small-cell tumor of the thoracopulmonary region, or Askin's tumor, all of which are now known to be neoplasms of neuroectodermal origin. The degree of neuronal differentiation has been used for histopathologic subclassification of the EFT as classical ES (ESB or EES), which is characterized by minimal evidence of neural differentiation, and pPNET, which displays evidence of neural differentiation by standard microscopy, electron microscopy, or immunohistochemistry. Because the behavior, prognosis, and treatment appear to be similar for all subsets of EFT, this histopathologic subclassification may not be clinically significant, though some debate remains whether neural differentiation predicts for inferior outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Carvajal
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6007, USA
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28
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Liebig B, Brabletz T, Staege MS, Wulfänger J, Riemann D, Burdach S, Ballhausen WG. Forced expression of deltaN-TCF-1B in colon cancer derived cell lines is accompanied by the induction of CEACAM5/6 and mesothelin. Cancer Lett 2005; 223:159-67. [PMID: 15890249 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 10/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The colon cancer cell lines HT29 and SW480 were transfected with an N-terminal beta-catenin binding site-deficient high mobility group (HMG)-box T-cell factor 1 (deltaN-TCF-1) construct to identify differentially expressed genes. Oligonucleotide HG-U133A microarray expression profiling revealed increased mRNA levels of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) 5, 6 and mesothelin in transfectants positive for nuclear deltaN-TCF-1B. Increased amounts of CEACAM5 (CEA) were detectable in membrane-associated compartments, particularly in cholesterol-enriched microdomains. Similarly, mesothelin was demonstrated as an uncleaved membrane-bound constituent. The identified markers were examined in specimens of 46 colorectal carcinomas (CRC) by immunohistochemistry. Patchy areas of increased CEACAM5/6 staining were seen at the tumour-host front in all samples studied. Twenty-eight (58%) of these cases showed over-expression of mesothelin in a small fraction of tumor cells displaying dedifferentiation and dissemination at the invasion front. We conclude that forced expression of deltaN-TCF-1B in HT29 and SW480 is associated with up-regulation of GPI-anchored adhesion molecules, which were assigned to the tumour-host front in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Liebig
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Section Molecular GI Oncology, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Staege MS, Hutter C, Neumann I, Foja S, Hattenhorst UE, Hansen G, Afar D, Burdach SEG. DNA microarrays reveal relationship of Ewing family tumors to both endothelial and fetal neural crest-derived cells and define novel targets. Cancer Res 2005; 64:8213-21. [PMID: 15548687 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-4059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ewing family tumors (EFTs) are small round blue cell tumors that show features of neuroectodermal differentiation. However, the histogenetic origin of EFTs is still a matter of debate. We used high-density DNA microarrays for the identification of EFT-specific gene expression profiles in comparison with normal tissues of diverse origin. We identified 37 genes that are up-regulated in EFTs compared with normal tissues and validated expression of these genes in EFTs by both conventional and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The expression pattern of EFT-associated genes in normal tissues indicated a high similarity between EFTs and fetal and neuronal as well as endothelial tissues and supports the concept that a primitive neural crest-derived progenitor at the transition to mesenchymal and endothelial differentiation is transformed in EFTs. EFT-associated genes could be used for molecular discrimination between EFTs and other small round blue cell tumors and clearly identified a cell line (SK-N-MC) that was initially established as neuroblastoma as being an EFT. Ectopic expression of the EFT-specific EWS-FLI1 fusion protein in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells was not sufficient to induce the complete EFT-specific gene expression signature, suggesting that the EFT-specific gene expression profile is not just a consequence of EWS-FLI1 expression but depends on the histogenetic background of the EFT stem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Staege
- Children's Cancer Research Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology and BioCenter, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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