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Yin T, Han J, Hao J, Yu H, Qiu Y, Xu J, Peng Y, Wu X, Jin R, Zhou F. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children with severe infection during maintenance treatment. Cancer Med 2023; 12:19372-19382. [PMID: 37768027 PMCID: PMC10587982 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection is the most common adverse event of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment and is also one of the main causes of death. METHODS To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe infections during the maintenance phase of ALL treatment, we conducted a retrospective study. RESULTS A total of 181 children were eligible and 46 patients (25.4%) suffered from 51 events of severe infection, most of which occurred in the first half year of the maintenance phase (52.9%). The most common infection was pulmonary infection (86.3%) followed by bloodstream infection (19.6%). The main symptoms of ALL patients with pulmonary infection were fever, cough, and shortness of breath. The main manifestations of computer tomography (CT) were ground glass shadow (56.8%), consolidation shadow (27.3%), and streak shadow (25%). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that agranulocytosis, agranulocytosis ≥7 days, anemia, and low globulin level were independent risk factors for severe infection during the maintenance phase (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, blood routine examinations and protein levels should be monitored regularly for ALL patients in the maintenance phase, especially in the first 6 months. For ALL patients with risk factors, preventive anti-infective or supportive therapies can be given as appropriate to reduce the occurrence of severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Juan Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jinjin Hao
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yining Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Runming Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Fen Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Lange CS, Rahrig A, Althouse SK, Nelson RP, Batra S. Hypogammaglobulinemia in Adolescents and Young Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2020; 9:687-692. [PMID: 32668180 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2020.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypogammaglobulinemia is a poorly described complication of chemotherapy in adolescents and young adults (AYAs, 15-39 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The majority of AYAs treated on a Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster-based ALL regimen experienced hypogammaglobulinemia (65.0% [13/20]). Febrile neutropenia episodes (throughout the treatment course) and infectious events during maintenance occurred more frequently in hypogammaglobulinemic patients compared with patients with normal immunoglobulin G levels (n = 7) (median 1.0 vs. 0.0, p = 0.02; 7.0 vs. 3.0, p = 0.02, respectively). Hypogammaglobulinemia did not impact overall or event-free survival. Further studies are needed to elucidate the etiology of hypogammaglobulinemia and to establish criteria for immunoglobulin replacement in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - April Rahrig
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sandra K Althouse
- Department of Biostatistics and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert P Nelson
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sandeep Batra
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Van Winkle P, Burchette R, Kim R, Raghunathan R, Qureshi N. Prevalence and Safety of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Administration During Maintenance Chemotherapy in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in First Complete Remission: A Health Maintenance Organization Perspective. Perm J 2018; 22:17-141. [PMID: 29702054 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/17-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in first complete remission (CR1) experience hypogammaglobulinemia and are at risk of sepsis during maintenance chemotherapy. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been used to try to circumvent this risk, but no data exist regarding its safety and prevalence in a health maintenance organization. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence and safety of IVIG in children with ALL in CR1 during maintenance chemotherapy. DESIGN A multicenter, retrospective cohort study of consecutive children with ALL in CR1 during maintenance chemotherapy from 2008 to 2014. Groups treated with or without IVIG were compared using nonparametric statistics. Multivariate logistic regression involved all variables available before maintenance therapy began. RESULTS One hundred eighteen patients were included (53% males), aged 9 months to 19 years. Thirty of 31 patients (97%) who had immunoglobulins analyzed before IVIG were hypogammaglobulinemic. Thirty-six patients (30%) received IVIG during maintenance chemotherapy. Patients received an average of 10.5 IVIG doses (range = 1-31). Ninety-seven percent of doses were administered without a transfusion reaction. Other factors associated with IVIG use were prior double-delayed intensification (odds ratio = 5.36, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-27.49, p = 0.026) and episodes of bacteremia or fungemia before maintenance chemotherapy (odds ratio = 3.04, 95% confidence interval = 1.25-7.51, p = 0.015). CONCLUSION Use of IVIG in children with ALL in CR1 with hypogammaglobulinemia occurred in approximately 30% of patients and was well tolerated. Administration of IVIG significantly correlated with a history of double-delayed intensification and prior bacteremia or fungemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raoul Burchette
- Statistician for Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation in Pasadena.
| | - Raymond Kim
- Research Assistant for Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation in Pasadena.
| | - Rukmani Raghunathan
- Pediatric Oncologist in the Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology at the Anaheim Medical Center in CA.
| | - Naveen Qureshi
- Pediatric Oncologist in the Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology at the Anaheim Medical Center in CA.
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Jain R, Trehan A, Mishra B, Singh R, Saud B, Bansal D. Cytomegalovirus disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2016; 33:239-47. [PMID: 27285991 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2016.1173147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections are an underrecognized problem in children on standard chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In countries with high baseline seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) such as India, it may be an important pathogen leading to fever, end-organ damage, and cytopenia. Data regarding the incidence and manifestations of CMV disease in pediatric ALL patients are scanty. The authors prospectively assessed all children on chemotherapy for ALL with prolonged febrile neutropenia (FN) for CMV disease over a 3-year period. Children with end-organ damage, including pneumonia, retinitis, and colitis, were also evaluated. Quantitative and qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from blood, body fluids, or tissue was done along with ophthalmologic evaluation. CMV disease was detected in 10% of the children with prolonged FN. In addition, other children were identified due to end-organ damage, lung and eye being the common organs of involvement. Time of CMV reactivation was essentially during nonintense phase of chemotherapy. Lymphopenia was present in most children, and prolonged lymphopenia was associated with relapse of CMV infection after therapy. The authors conclude that CMV is an important pathogen in children on standard chemotherapy for ALL. It has a good outcome with early detection and directed therapy. Parenteral ganciclovir is needed for a period of 14-21 days to prevent recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Jain
- a Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Amita Trehan
- a Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Baijyantimala Mishra
- b Department of Virology , Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- c Department of Ophthalmology , Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Bhuvan Saud
- b Department of Virology , Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Deepak Bansal
- a Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
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Schmiegelow K. Treatment-related toxicities in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia predisposition syndromes. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:654-660. [PMID: 26876989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although most children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) do not harbor germline mutations that strongly predispose them to development of this malignancy, large syndrome registries and detailed mapping of exomes or whole genomes of familial leukaemia kindreds have revealed that 3-5% of all childhood ALL cases are due to such germline mutations, but the figure may be higher. Most of these syndromes are primarily characterized by their non-malignant phenotype, whereas ALL may be the dominating or even only striking manifestation of the syndrome in some families. Identification of such ALL patients is important in order to adjust therapy and offer genetic counseling and cancer surveillance to mutation carriers in the family. In the coming years large genomic screening projects are expected to reveal further hitherto unrecognised familial ALL syndromes. The treatment of ALL cases harboring cancer predisposing mutations can be challenging for both the physician and the patient due to their preexisting symptoms, their reduced tolerance to radio- and/or chemotherapy with enhanced risk of life-threatening organ toxicities, and the paucity of data from ALL patients with the same or similar syndromes being treated by contemporary protocols. Recent studies clearly indicate that many of these patients stand a good chance of cure, and that they should be offered chemotherapy with the intention to cure. Some of these syndromes are characterized by reduced tolerance to radiotherapy and/or specific anticancer agents, while others are not. This review summarises our current knowledge on the risk of acute toxicities for these ALL patients and provides guidance for treatment adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, New York, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA.
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Cytomegalovirus retinitis diagnosed after completion of chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in an adolescent. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015; 37:e128-30. [PMID: 25222055 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is usually diagnosed in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients among patients with hematologic and oncologic disease, it can also occur in acute leukemia patients who have not received hematopoietic cell transplantation. However, CMV retinitis diagnosed after completion of chemotherapy for acute leukemia has not previously been reported. A 17-year-old boy was diagnosed with CMV retinitis 3 months after completion of chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and his retinitis was assumed to be caused by a delayed immune reconstitution after chemotherapy. The patient was treated with intravenous and intravitreous ganciclovir therapy, and subsequently underwent surgery for retinal detachment.
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El-Chennawi FA, Al-Tonbary YA, Mossad YM, Ahmed MA. Immune reconstitution during maintenance therapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, relation to co-existing infection. Hematology 2013; 13:203-9. [DOI: 10.1179/102453308x316086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farha A. El-Chennawi
- Clinical Pathology Department (Immunology Unit)Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Youssef A. Al-Tonbary
- Pediatric Department (Hematology/Oncology Unit)Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Youssef M. Mossad
- Clinical Pathology Department (Immunology Unit)Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona A. Ahmed
- Clinical Pathology Department (Immunology Unit)Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
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van Tilburg CM, Bierings MB, Berbers GAM, Wolfs TFW, Pieters R, Bloem AC, Sanders EAM. Impact of treatment reduction for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia on serum immunoglobulins and antibodies against vaccine-preventable diseases. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:701-7. [PMID: 21793184 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of current intensive chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for immune defense are a matter of concern. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of reduced compared with intensive (conventional) ALL chemotherapy on serum immunoglobulin levels and specific antibody concentrations against vaccine-preventable diseases. PROCEDURE Patients treated according to Dutch Childhood Oncology Group ALL 10 protocol were stratified by minimal residual disease to receive reduced (standard risk; SR) or intensive (medium risk; MR) intensification/maintenance treatment. Between November 2004 and July 2009 we compared serum immunoglobulins of 110 patients and specific antibodies against diphtheria toxin, tetanus toxin, and Bordetella pertussis antigens of 41 patients of SR and MR groups during chemotherapy. RESULTS Immunoglobulin levels showed significantly different patterns between the SR and MR groups. In the MR group IgG, IgA, and IgM levels decreased towards the end of intensive treatment; in the SR group IgG levels increased while IgA and IgM stabilized. In both groups IgM and IgG levels were most affected. Specific antibody levels against vaccine-preventable diseases decreased in both groups, but more profound in MR group. CONCLUSIONS Although reduced chemotherapy is beneficial for immunoglobulin level recovery and might prevent susceptibility for infections, specific antibodies remain decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis M van Tilburg
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kosmidis S, Baka M, Bouhoutsou D, Doganis D, Kallergi C, Douladiris N, Pourtsidis A, Varvoutsi M, Saxoni-Papageorgiou F, Vasilatou-Kosmidis H. Longitudinal assessment of immunological status and rate of immune recovery following treatment in children with ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50:528-32. [PMID: 17853465 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We prospectively evaluated the immunological status, immune recovery and risk of infection in pediatric ALL patients treated on the BFM 95 protocol. PROCEDURE Humoral and cellular immunity were evaluated in 72 children with ALL at the end of intensive therapy and values were compared to those at the completion of therapy and 6-monthly. Parameters investigated included lymphocyte subpopulation by flow cytometry, immunoglobulin levels by nephelometry, antibody titers to previous immunizations and delayed hypersensitivity with skin testing. Immune responses were correlated to duration of therapy, CNS radiotherapy, age and sex. RESULTS Humoral immunity was severely depressed by the end of intensive therapy with low immunoglobulin levels and CD19, improved after therapy cessation. Cellular immune responses were normal at the end of intensive treatment but declined significantly by the end of therapy and both CD4 and CD8 remained low at later evaluation points whereas CD4/CD8 ratio was increasing. Duration of therapy and CNS radiotherapy did not affect the rate of immune recovery whereas female had higher CD19, CD45RO, and IgM and children >7 years had higher CD19 and lower CD16 and CD3DR. Among immunized children, 86.7% maintained protective antibodies to MMR and 63% to polio. Despite impairment of immunity, infections outside the neutropenic periods were common viral illnesses. CONCLUSION Humoral immunity was depressed in children with ALL at the end of intensive therapy but began to recover after cessation of therapy. In contrast, cellular immunity declined significantly by the end of therapy and remained abnormal for at least 1 year post-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Kosmidis
- Second Department of Radiotherapy of St. Savas Anticancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
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