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Furlong E, Kotecha RS. Lessons learnt from influenza vaccination in immunocompromised children undergoing treatment for cancer. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2023; 7:199-213. [PMID: 36706776 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Influenza infection contributes substantially to global morbidity and mortality, with children undergoing treatment for cancer among the most vulnerable due to immunosuppression associated with disease and treatment. However, influenza remains one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases. Despite international guidelines recommending inactivated influenza vaccination on the basis of data supporting efficacy and an excellent safety profile in this population, uptake has often been suboptimal due to persisting hesitancy among both patients and oncologists regarding the ability of the vaccine to mount a sufficient immune response, the optimal vaccine schedule and timing, and the best method to assess response in immunocompromised populations. In this Review, we discuss the evidence regarding influenza vaccination in children with cancer, factors that influence response, and highlight strategies to optimise vaccination. Host immune factors play a substantial role, thus principles learnt from influenza vaccination can be broadly applied for the use of inactivated vaccines in children with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Furlong
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Leukaemia Translational Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rishi S Kotecha
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Leukaemia Translational Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Mameli C, Cocchi I, Fumagalli M, Zuccotti G. Influenza Vaccination: Effectiveness, Indications, and Limits in the Pediatric Population. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:317. [PMID: 31417886 PMCID: PMC6682587 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccine is considered the most effective way to prevent influenza. Nonetheless, every year vaccine coverage is lower than recommended in the pediatric population. Many factors are supposed to contribute to this phenomenon such as the uncertainty about the indication for vaccination, and the suboptimal vaccine-effectiveness in pediatric age, especially in the youngest children. In this review we discuss the effectiveness, indications, and limits of influenza vaccination in the pediatric population based on the most recent evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Childrens' Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Doganis D, Kafasi A, Dana H, Spanakis N, Baka M, Pourtsidis A, Sdogou T, Vintila A, Rafailidou V, Chantzi P, Servitzoglou M, Bouhoutsou D, Varvoutsi M, Kosmidis H, Tsolia M. Immune response to influenza vaccination in children with cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2310-2317. [PMID: 29708816 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1470734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of influenza immunization to evoke a protective immune response among children with cancer. We evaluated 75 children with cancer who received influenza vaccination. Hemagglutination Inhibition Antibody titers were determined before and after vaccination. The protective rates after vaccination were 79% for H1N1, 75% for H3N2 and 59% for influenza B virus whereas the seroconversion rates were 54%, 44% and 43% respectively. The differences pre- and post-vaccination were significant regardless the method which was used: seroprotection changes, seroconversion and geometric mean titers analyses. Variables such as the pre-vaccination antibody titers, the time when the responses were measured after the vaccination, the age and the type of malignancy as well as the absolute lymphocyte count were found to be correlated with the immune response but the findings were different for each vaccine subunit. In conclusion, influenza vaccination provides protection in a remarkable proportion of pediatric cancer patients whereas this protection is more obvious against H1N1 and H3N2 compared to influenza B. The immune response after vaccination is significant and seems to be influenced by a variety of factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Doganis
- a Oncology Department , P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Athanasia Kafasi
- b Department of Microbiology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Helen Dana
- a Oncology Department , P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos Spanakis
- b Department of Microbiology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Margarita Baka
- a Oncology Department , P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | | | - Triantafyllia Sdogou
- c Second Department of Paediatrics , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), School of Medicine, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Artemis Vintila
- c Second Department of Paediatrics , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), School of Medicine, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Vaia Rafailidou
- a Oncology Department , P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Panagiota Chantzi
- a Oncology Department , P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Marina Servitzoglou
- a Oncology Department , P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Despina Bouhoutsou
- a Oncology Department , P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Maria Varvoutsi
- a Oncology Department , P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Helen Kosmidis
- a Oncology Department , P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Maria Tsolia
- c Second Department of Paediatrics , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), School of Medicine, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's hospital , Athens , Greece
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Martire B, Azzari C, Badolato R, Canessa C, Cirillo E, Gallo V, Graziani S, Lorenzini T, Milito C, Panza R, Moschese V. Vaccination in immunocompromised host: Recommendations of Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network Centers (IPINET). Vaccine 2018; 36:3541-3554. [PMID: 29426658 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infectious complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with primary or secondary immunodeficiency. Prevention of infectious diseases by vaccines is among the most effective healthcare measures mainly for these subjects. However immunocompromised people vary in their degree of immunosuppression and susceptibility to infection and, therefore, represent a heterogeneous population with regard to immunization. To date there is no well- established evidence for use of vaccines in immunodeficient patients, and indications are not clearly defined even in high-quality reviews and in most of the guidelines prepared to provide recommendations for the active vaccination of immunocompromised hosts. The aim of this document is to issue recommendations based on published literature and the collective experience of the Italian primary immunodeficiency centers, about how and when vaccines can be used in immunocompromised patients, in order to facilitate physician decisions and to ensure the best immune protection with the lowest risk to the health of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baldassarre Martire
- Paediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, "Policlinico-Giovanni XXII" Hospital, University of Bari, Italy.
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Pediatric Immunology Unit "Anna Meyer" Hospital University of Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Clementina Canessa
- Pediatric Immunology Unit "Anna Meyer" Hospital University of Florence, Italy
| | - Emilia Cirillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric section, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Vera Gallo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric section, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Graziani
- Paediatric Allergology and Immunology Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor, Vergata, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lorenzini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Milito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Panza
- Paediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, "Policlinico-Giovanni XXII" Hospital, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana Moschese
- Paediatric Allergology and Immunology Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor, Vergata, Italy
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Choi DK, Fuleihan RL, Walterhouse DO. Serologic response and clinical efficacy of influenza vaccination in children and young adults on chemotherapy for cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:2011-8. [PMID: 27327360 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a health risk to children receiving chemotherapy for cancer. An absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) >1,000 cells/mm(3) has been associated with the ability to produce an immune response to influenza vaccine during chemotherapy. However, clinical efficacy of influenza vaccination during chemotherapy remains unclear. PROCEDURE We conducted a prospective cohort study in children receiving chemotherapy for cancer during two consecutive influenza seasons. Assessments of immune cells and serologic response were measured immediately before and after receiving influenza vaccine. Patients were monitored for influenza or influenza-like illness (ILI). RESULTS Two hundred fifty-nine patients were studied over 2 years. The seroresponse rate was 62% (98/157). The median ALC at vaccination was higher in seroresponders than nonresponders, 854 cells/mm(3) versus 602 cells/mm(3) , respectively (P < 0.036). Univariate analysis showed that patients with an ALC <1,000 cells/mm(3) at the time of vaccination were twice as likely to be sero-nonresponders (P < 0.02, OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1-5.0). Twelve percent (31/259) of patients developed influenza, of whom all had fever at presentation, 26% (8/31) required hospitalization, and 81% (25/31) had chemotherapy delays. No deaths were associated with influenza infection. The proportion of patients with influenza was not different between seroresponders and nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS Influenza infection following immunization remains a source of morbidity in children undergoing chemotherapy. Lymphopenia at vaccination predicted sero-nonresponse. Seroresponse was not associated with a decreased frequency of influenza infection or ILI when compared to sero-nonresponders, suggesting clinical effectiveness of vaccination is likely multifactorial. Further investigation into the efficacy of the influenza vaccine is needed to refine immunization recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Choi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Ramsay L Fuleihan
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago/Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David O Walterhouse
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago/Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Hakim H, Allison KJ, Van de Velde LA, Tang L, Sun Y, Flynn PM, McCullers JA. Immunogenicity and safety of high-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine compared to standard-dose vaccine in children and young adults with cancer or HIV infection. Vaccine 2016; 34:3141-3148. [PMID: 27129426 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approaches to improve the immune response of immunocompromised patients to influenza vaccination are needed. METHODS Children and young adults (3-21 years) with cancer or HIV infection were randomized to receive 2 doses of high-dose (HD) trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) or of standard-dose (SD) TIV. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers were measured against H1, H3, and B antigens after each dose and 9 months later. Seroconversion was defined as ≥4-fold rise in HAI titer comparing pre- and post-vaccine sera. Seroprotection was defined as a post-vaccine HAI titer ≥1:40. Reactogenicity events (RE) were solicited using a structured questionnaire 7 and 14 days after each dose of vaccine, and adverse events by medical record review for 21 days after each dose of vaccine. RESULTS Eighty-five participants were enrolled in the study; 27 with leukemia, 17 with solid tumor (ST), and 41 with HIV. Recipients of HD TIV had significantly greater fold increase in HAI titers to B antigen in leukemia group and to H1 antigen in ST group compared to SD TIV recipients. This increase was not documented in HIV group. There were no differences in seroconversion or seroprotection between HD TIV and SD TIV in all groups. There was no difference in the percentage of solicited RE in recipients of HD TIV (54% after dose 1 and 38% after dose 2) compared to SD TIV (40% after dose 1 and 20% after dose 2, p=0.27 and 0.09 after dose 1 and 2, respectively). CONCLUSION HD TIV was more immunogenic than SD TIV in children and young adults with leukemia or ST, but not with HIV. HD TIV was safe and well-tolerated in children and young adults with leukemia, ST, or HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Hakim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Kim J Allison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Van de Velde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yilun Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patricia M Flynn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Kotecha RS, Wadia UD, Jacoby P, Ryan AL, Blyth CC, Keil AD, Gottardo NG, Cole CH, Barr IG, Richmond PC. Immunogenicity and clinical effectiveness of the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in immunocompromised children undergoing treatment for cancer. Cancer Med 2015; 5:285-93. [PMID: 26715492 PMCID: PMC4735770 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in children receiving therapy for cancer, yet recommendation for, and uptake of the seasonal vaccine remains poor. One hundred children undergoing treatment for cancer were vaccinated with the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine according to national guidelines in 2010 and 2011. Influenza‐specific hemagglutinin inhibition antibody titers were performed on blood samples taken prior to each vaccination and 4 weeks following the final vaccination. A nasopharyngeal aspirate for influenza was performed on all children who developed an influenza‐like illness. Following vaccination, seroprotection and seroconversion rates were 55 and 43% for H3N2, 61 and 43% for H1N1, and 41 and 33% for B strain, respectively. Overall, there was a significant geometric mean fold increase to H3N2 (GMFI 4.56, 95% CI 3.19–6.52, P < 0.01) and H1N1 (GMFI 4.44, 95% CI 3.19–6.19, P < 0.01) strains. Seroconversion was significantly more likely in children with solid compared with hematological malignancies and in children <10 years of age who received a two‐dose schedule compared to one. Influenza infection occurred in 2% of the vaccinated study population, compared with 6.8% in unvaccinated controls, providing an adjusted estimated vaccine effectiveness of 72% (95% CI −26–94%). There were no serious adverse events and a low reactogenicity rate of 3%. The trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine is safe, immunogenic, provides clinical protection and should be administered annually to immunosuppressed children receiving treatment for cancer. All children <10 years of age should receive a two‐dose schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi S Kotecha
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia
| | - Ushma D Wadia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia
| | - Peter Jacoby
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia
| | - Anne L Ryan
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia
| | - Anthony D Keil
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Gottardo
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia
| | - Catherine H Cole
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Peter C Richmond
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia
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Freedman JL, Reilly AF, Powell SC, Bailey LC. Quality improvement initiative to increase influenza vaccination in pediatric cancer patients. Pediatrics 2015; 135:e540-6. [PMID: 25583919 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric patients with cancer face more severe complications of influenza than healthy children. Although Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines recommend yearly vaccination in these patients, in our large academic center, <60% of oncology patients receiving chemotherapy were immunized at baseline. Our objective was to increase this rate through a multifaceted quality improvement initiative. METHODS Eligible patients were >6 months old, within 1 year of receiving chemotherapy, >100 days from stem cell transplant, and had ≥ 1 outpatient oncology visit between September 1, 2012, and March 31, 2013. Five interventions were instituted concomitantly: (1) family education: influenza/vaccine handouts were provided to families in clinic waiting rooms; (2) health informatics: daily lists of outpatients due for immunization were generated from the electronic medical record and sent automatically to triage staff and nurses; (3) outpatient clinic: patients due for vaccination were given colored wristbands during triage to alert providers; (4) inpatient: vaccine order was built into admission order set; and (5) provider education: staff education was provided at conferences on screening of patients, vaccine ordering, and documentation of refusals/contraindications. RESULTS The complete influenza immunization rate increased by 20.1% to 64.5%, and the proportion of patients receiving ≥ 1 dose of vaccination increased by 22.9% to 77.7%. Similar changes were noted across all cancer types, with highest rates of immunization in leukemia/lymphoma patients (86.8%) and lowest in patients after stem cell transplant (66.7%). CONCLUSIONS Technology, education, and multidisciplinary clinical process changes increased influenza vaccination rates. Ongoing efforts are targeting subgroups with lowest rates of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne F Reilly
- Division of Oncology, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie C Powell
- Department of Nursing, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - L Charles Bailey
- Division of Oncology, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Cesaro S, Giacchino M, Fioredda F, Barone A, Battisti L, Bezzio S, Frenos S, De Santis R, Livadiotti S, Marinello S, Zanazzo AG, Caselli D. Guidelines on vaccinations in paediatric haematology and oncology patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:707691. [PMID: 24868544 PMCID: PMC4020520 DOI: 10.1155/2014/707691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaccinations are the most important tool to prevent infectious diseases. Chemotherapy-induced immune depression may impact the efficacy of vaccinations in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS A panel of experts of the supportive care working group of the Italian Association Paediatric Haematology Oncology (AIEOP) addressed this issue by guidelines on vaccinations in paediatric cancer patients. The literature published between 1980 and 2013 was reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION During intensive chemotherapy, vaccination turned out to be effective for hepatitis A and B, whilst vaccinations with toxoid, protein subunits, or bacterial antigens should be postponed to the less intensive phases, to achieve an adequate immune response. Apart from varicella, the administration of live-attenuated-virus vaccines is not recommended during this phase. Family members should remain on recommended vaccination schedules, including toxoid, inactivated vaccine (also poliomyelitis), and live-attenuated vaccines (varicella, measles, mumps, and rubella). By the time of completion of chemotherapy, insufficient serum antibody levels for vaccine-preventable diseases have been reported, while immunological memory appears to be preserved. Once immunological recovery is completed, usually after 6 months, response to booster or vaccination is generally good and allows patients to be protected and also to contribute to herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cesaro
- Paediatric Hematology Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Ospedale Borgo Roma, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mareva Giacchino
- Paediatric Hematology Oncology, Regina Margherita Hospital, P.zza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Fioredda
- Paediatric Hematology, G. Gaslini Institute, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Angelica Barone
- Paediatric Hematology Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Battisti
- Paediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Lorenz Böhler 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefania Bezzio
- Paediatric Hematology Oncology, Regina Margherita Hospital, P.zza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Frenos
- Paediatric Hematology Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Meyer, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Raffaella De Santis
- Paediatric Hematology Oncology, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Viale Cappuccini 2, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Susanna Livadiotti
- Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale Bambin Gesù, Piazza di Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Roma, Italy
| | - Serena Marinello
- Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Giustiniani, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Giulio Zanazzo
- Paediatric Hematology Oncology, Burlo Garofalo Institute, Via dell'Istria 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Désirée Caselli
- Paediatric Hematology Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Meyer, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Firenze, Italy
- Medical Direction, A.O.U. Meyer, Children Hospital, Viale Pieraccini, 24, 50139 Firenze, Italy
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10
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Goossen GM, Kremer LCM, van de Wetering MD. Influenza vaccination in children being treated with chemotherapy for cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013:CD006484. [PMID: 23904194 PMCID: PMC6466690 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006484.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza infection is a potential cause of severe morbidity in children with cancer; therefore vaccination against influenza is recommended. However, data are conflicting regarding the immune response to influenza vaccination in children with cancer, and the value of vaccination remains unclear. OBJECTIVES 1. To assess the efficacy of influenza vaccination in stimulating an immunological response in children with cancer during chemotherapy, compared with control groups.2. To assess the efficacy of influenza vaccination in preventing confirmed influenza and influenza-like illness and/or in stimulating immunological response in children with cancer treated with chemotherapy, compared with placebo, no intervention or different dosage schedules.3. To identify the adverse effects associated with influenza vaccines in children with cancer treated with chemotherapy, compared with other control groups. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1966 to 2012) and EMBASE (1980 to 2012) up to August 2012. We also searched reference lists of relevant articles and conference proceedings of the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) and the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP). SELECTION CRITERIA We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) in which the serological response to influenza vaccination of children with cancer was compared with that of control groups. We also considered RCTs and CCTs that compared the effects of influenza vaccination on clinical response and/or immunological response in children with cancer being treated with chemotherapy, compared with placebo, no intervention or different dosage schedules. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two independent review authors assessed the methodological quality of included studies and extracted the data. MAIN RESULTS We included 1 RCT and 9 CCTs (total number of participants = 770). None of the included studies reported clinical outcomes. All included studies reported on influenza immunity and adverse reactions to vaccination. In five studies, immune responses to influenza vaccine were compared in 272 children receiving chemotherapy and 166 children not receiving chemotherapy. In four studies, responses to influenza vaccine were assessed in 236 children receiving chemotherapy compared with responses in 142 healthy children. Measures used to assess immune responses included a four-fold rise in antibody titre after vaccination, development of a haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre > 32 and pre- and post-vaccination geometric mean titres (GMTs). Immune responses in children receiving chemotherapy were consistently weaker (four-fold rise of 38% to 65%) than those in children who had completed chemotherapy (50% to 86%) and in healthy children (53% to 89%). In terms of adverse effects, 391 paediatric oncology patients received influenza vaccine, and the adverse effects described included mild local reactions and low-grade fever. No life-threatening or persistent adverse effects were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Paediatric oncology patients receiving chemotherapy are able to generate an immune response to the influenza vaccine, but it remains unclear whether this immune response protects them from influenza infection or its complications. We are awaiting results from well-designed RCTs addressing the clinical benefit of influenza vaccination in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginette M Goossen
- Erasmus MC ‐ Sophia Children's HospitalFaculty of Medical SciencesPO Box 2060RotterdamNetherlands3000 CB
| | - Leontien CM Kremer
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamDepartment of Paediatric OncologyPO Box 22660AmsterdamNetherlands1100 DD
| | - Marianne D van de Wetering
- Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical CenterDepartment of Paediatric OncologyPO Box 22660AmsterdamNetherlands1100 DD
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11
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Cherif H, Höglund M, Pauksens K. Adjuvanted influenza a (H1N1) 2009 vaccine in patients with hematological diseases: good safety and immunogenicity even in chemotherapy-treated patients. Eur J Haematol 2013; 90:413-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Honar Cherif
- Department of Medical Sciences; Section of Hematology; Uppsala University Hospital; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - Martin Höglund
- Department of Medical Sciences; Section of Hematology; Uppsala University Hospital; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - Karlis Pauksens
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Uppsala University Hospital; Uppsala; Sweden
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12
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Kersun LS, Reilly AF, Coffin SE, Sullivan KE. Protecting pediatric oncology patients from influenza. Oncologist 2013; 18:204-11. [PMID: 23370325 PMCID: PMC3579605 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a common respiratory pathogen. Its severity can be unpredictable, but people with chronic illness are at increased risk of severe infection, complications, and death from influenza. This review examines evidence to support various strategies to protect pediatric oncology patients from influenza-related morbidity. Influenza vaccination should be considered standard. Additional evidence-supported measures include antiviral treatment, antiviral prophylaxis, cohorting of patients, and hospital infection control measures. Data from other high-risk populations support the vaccination of family members, double-dose or high-dose vaccination, and the use of barrier methods. These measures have the potential to optimize patient outcomes because there will be fewer treatment interruptions for acute illness. These strategies can also protect patients from prolonged hospitalizations and morbidity related to influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathleen E. Sullivan
- Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The hemato-oncology community has been seriously concerned about the H1N1 pandemic of 2009. Here, we report on the evaluation of the immunogenicity and tolerability of H1N1v monovalent vaccines in young patients with cancer during this pandemic. PROCEDURE Between December 7, 2009 and February 26, 2010, 20 children receiving chemotherapy for solid tumors at the Institute of Hematology and Pediatric Oncology of Lyon, were immunized by 2 doses of either AS03-adjuvanted or nonadjuvanted vaccine. The level of specific antibodies was assessed at D21 and D42. RESULTS Seroconversion was observed in 13 of the 20 cases (65%), and 18 of 20 cases (90%) had protective titers after the 2 doses. Exploratory univariate analysis failed to show a significant influence of prevaccination lymphocyte counts on seroresponse rates. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that H1N1v monovalent vaccines were well tolerated by young cancer patients while on chemotherapy and achieved protective immune response in most cases.
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14
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Immunogenicity and safety of inactivated monovalent 2009 H1N1 influenza A vaccine in immunocompromised children and young adults. Vaccine 2012; 30:879-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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15
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Beck CR, McKenzie BC, Hashim AB, Harris RC, Zanuzdana A, Agboado G, Orton E, Béchard-Evans L, Morgan G, Stevenson C, Weston R, Mukaigawara M, Enstone J, Augustine G, Butt M, Kim S, Puleston R, Dabke G, Howard R, O'Boyle J, O'Brien M, Ahyow L, Denness H, Farmer S, Figureroa J, Fisher P, Greaves F, Haroon M, Haroon S, Hird C, Isba R, Ishola DA, Kerac M, Parish V, Roberts J, Rosser J, Theaker S, Wallace D, Wigglesworth N, Lingard L, Vinogradova Y, Horiuchi H, Peñalver J, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS. Influenza vaccination for immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis from a public health policy perspective. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29249. [PMID: 22216224 PMCID: PMC3245259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunocompromised patients are vulnerable to severe or complicated influenza infection. Vaccination is widely recommended for this group. This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses influenza vaccination for immunocompromised patients in terms of preventing influenza-like illness and laboratory confirmed influenza, serological response and adverse events. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Electronic databases and grey literature were searched and records were screened against eligibility criteria. Data extraction and risk of bias assessments were performed in duplicate. Results were synthesised narratively and meta-analyses were conducted where feasible. Heterogeneity was assessed using I(2) and publication bias was assessed using Begg's funnel plot and Egger's regression test. Many of the 209 eligible studies included an unclear or high risk of bias. Meta-analyses showed a significant effect of preventing influenza-like illness (odds ratio [OR]=0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.16-0.34; p<0.001) and laboratory confirmed influenza infection (OR=0.15; 95% CI=0.03-0.63; p=0.01) through vaccinating immunocompromised patie nts compared to placebo or unvaccinated controls. We found no difference in the odds of influenza-like illness compared to vaccinated immunocompetent controls. The pooled odds of seroconversion were lower in vaccinated patients compared to immunocompetent controls for seasonal influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and B. A similar trend was identified for seroprotection. Meta-analyses of seroconversion showed higher odds in vaccinated patients compared to placebo or unvaccinated controls, although this reached significance for influenza B only. Publication bias was not detected and narrative synthesis supported our findings. No consistent evidence of safety concerns was identified. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Infection prevention and control strategies should recommend vaccinating immunocompromised patients. Potential for bias and confounding and the presence of heterogeneity mean the evidence reviewed is generally weak, although the directions of effects are consistent. Areas for further research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Beck
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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16
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Yen TY, Jou ST, Yang YL, Chang HH, Lu MY, Lin DT, Lin KH, Huang LM, Chang LY. Immune response to 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus A monovalent vaccine in children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:1154-8. [PMID: 21425448 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the immune response to 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza monovalent vaccine in children with cancer receiving chemotherapy. METHODS We enrolled 25 pediatric patients. Ten patients younger than 10 years old received two vaccinations and the remaining 15 patients older than 10 years old received one. We checked hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) antibody titers in sera of patients before and 3-4 weeks after vaccination. Seroprotective titer was defined as HAI antibody titer ≥ 40 and seroresponse as ≥ 4-fold increase in HAI antibody titers after vaccination. RESULTS The pre- and post-vaccination seroprotective rates were 52% and 72% (P = 0.24). Sixteen (64%) patients were possibly exposed to 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza previously, and there was significant association between possible exposure and pre-vaccination seroprotective rate (P = 0.03). Post-vaccination seroresponse rate was 32%, and seroresponse was greater in patients without pre-vaccination seroprotective titer than those with pre-vaccination seroprotective titer (50% vs. 15%, P = 0.07). Children with lymphocyte counts above 1,500/µl during vaccination period had better seroresponse than those with lymphocyte counts below 1,500/µl (P = 0.008). Post-vaccination geometric mean titer (GMT) significantly increased in patients younger than 10 years receiving two vaccinations (pre- and post-vaccination GMT were 21.4 and 60.6, respectively; P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Monovalent vaccine for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A was found to be partially immunogenic in children with cancer, as evidenced by 32% of seroresponse rate. Immune response can be improved with vaccinations administered to patients whose absolute lymphocyte counts returned to a level of 1,500/µl or higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Yen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Abstract
There is little known about the impact of the timing of influenza vaccine administration on seroconversion in patients on chemotherapy. Recommendations for other vaccines state that the vaccines should be readministered several months after the completion of chemotherapy outside of the stem cell transplant setting. This is not often possible with the influenza vaccine because of its seasonal nature. To examine whether certain times during chemotherapy are more favorable for seroconversion, we examined vaccine responses in a cohort of children on chemotherapy. Pediatric patients on chemotherapy were recruited over the 2006 to 2008 influenza vaccine seasons. Sixty-eight acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 3 acute myeloid leukemia, and 18 sarcoma patients were evaluated. Clinical and laboratory features were recorded. The hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay was used to define serotype-specific responses. Seroconversion rates varied according to the type of chemotherapy during the vaccination period. In some cases, there was a late rise in titer, suggesting that a wild-type infection had occurred, leading to an estimate of vulnerability of this population. In patients with ALL, responses to the vaccine were greater when it was given early in the course of treatment. We conclude that seroconversion rates are well below the rates cited for the general population. The 3 acute myeloid leukemia patients had a particularly poor response to the vaccine. In the case of ALL patients, it may be possible to adjust the timing of the vaccine to optimize the response.
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18
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Pollyea DA, Brown JM, Horning SJ. Utility of Influenza Vaccination for Oncology Patients. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:2481-90. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.26.6908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Every fall and winter, patients with cancer and their families ask oncologists whether they should be vaccinated for influenza. This season, with escalating concerns regarding the novel H1N1 influenza virus and its recently approved vaccine, this question has become more frequent and increasingly urgent. The purpose of this article is to review evidence related to the ability of patients with cancer to mount protective immunological responses to influenza vaccination. The literature on immunogenicity in pediatric and adult patients, those with solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, untreated and actively treated patients, and patients receiving biologic agents is summarized and reviewed. In addition, we report on potential strategies to improve the efficacy of influenza vaccination in patients with cancer, such as the timing of vaccination, use of more than a one-shot series, increasing the antigen dose, and the use of adjuvant therapies. We conclude that there is evidence that patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy are able to respond to influenza vaccination, and because this intervention is safe, inexpensive, and widely available, vaccination for seasonal influenza and the novel H1N1 strain is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Pollyea
- From the Divisions of Oncology, Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; and Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Janice M.Y. Brown
- From the Divisions of Oncology, Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; and Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Sandra J. Horning
- From the Divisions of Oncology, Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; and Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA
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Shahgholi E, Ehsani MA, Salamati P, Maysamie A, Sotoudeh K, Mokhtariazad T. Immunogenicity of trivalent influenza vaccine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during maintenance therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:716-20. [PMID: 20205258 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the immune response of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to influenza vaccine and to compare it with healthy controls. PROCEDURE Thirty-two children aged 1-18 years with ALL on maintenance therapy and 30 healthy sibling controls were enrolled in the study. All children were vaccinated with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. Hemagglutinin-inhibition (HI) antibody titers were determined in sera of both patient and control groups just before and 4 weeks after vaccination. The ability of each group to mount a protective (> or =40) and/or fourfold titer was measured. RESULTS The protective response for virus subunits among patients and healthy controls were 43.4% versus 88% for H1N1 (P = 0.04), 63.3% versus 80% for H3N2 antigens (P = 0.06), and 26% versus 73% for B antigen (P = 0.001). Responses for H1N1 and B subunits were significantly lower in patients than controls. In the patient group, the significant response to each virus was demonstrated in the analysis of pre- and post-vaccination geometric mean titer (GMT) (P = 0.001). The percentage of patients and controls with fourfold increase in HI titers were 56.2% versus 80% for H1N1 (P = 0.04), 40.6% versus 53.3% for H3N2 (P = 0.31), and 59.4% versus 83.3% for B (P = 0.038). Immune responses for H1N1 and B subunits were significantly lower in patients than controls. CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccine is tolerated well in ALL patients with acceptable but limited immune response compared to healthy controls. These findings support the recommendation for annual influenza vaccination in children with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shahgholi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Esposito S, Cecinati V, Scicchitano B, Delvecchio GC, Santoro N, Amato D, Pelucchi C, Jankovic M, De Mattia D, Principi N. Impact of influenza-like illness and effectiveness of influenza vaccination in oncohematological children who have completed cancer therapy. Vaccine 2009; 28:1558-65. [PMID: 20003924 PMCID: PMC7172348 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the impact of influenza-like illness and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in children with oncohematological disease who have completed cancer therapy, 182 children with a diagnosis of oncohematological disease were divided into two subgroups on the basis of the length of time off therapy (<6 months or 6-24 months) and randomised 1:1 to receive influenza vaccination or not. The controls were 91 otherwise healthy children unvaccinated against influenza. The results show that the clinical and socioeconomic impact of influenza-like illnesses and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in oncohematological children who have completed cancer therapy are related to the length of the off therapy period, and seem to be significantly greater in those who have been off therapy for less than 6 months in comparison with healthy controls. This suggests that the administration of influenza vaccination should be strongly recommended only among oncohematological children who have been off therapy for less than 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Department of Maternal and Pediatric Sciences, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regine Elena, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
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