1
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Hvinden IC, Cadoux-Hudson T, Schofield CJ, McCullagh JS. Metabolic adaptations in cancers expressing isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100469. [PMID: 35028610 PMCID: PMC8714851 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The most frequently mutated metabolic genes in human cancer are those encoding the enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2; these mutations have so far been identified in more than 20 tumor types. Since IDH mutations were first reported in glioma over a decade ago, extensive research has revealed their association with altered cellular processes. Mutations in IDH lead to a change in enzyme function, enabling efficient conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2-HG). It is proposed that elevated cellular R-2-HG inhibits enzymes that regulate transcription and metabolism, subsequently affecting nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial biochemistry. The significance of these biochemical changes for tumorigenesis and potential for therapeutic exploitation remains unclear. Here we comprehensively review reported direct and indirect metabolic changes linked to IDH mutations and discuss their clinical significance. We also review the metabolic effects of first-generation mutant IDH inhibitors and highlight the potential for combination treatment strategies and new metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Comfort Hvinden
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tom Cadoux-Hudson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - James S.O. McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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2
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Cadoux-Hudson T, Schofield CJ, McCullagh JS. Isocitrate dehydrogenase gene variants in cancer and their clinical significance. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2561-2572. [PMID: 34854890 PMCID: PMC8786286 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes encode for the IDH1, 2 & 3 isoenzymes which catalyse the formation of 2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate and are essential for normal mammalian metabolism. Although mutations in these genes in cancer were long thought to lead to a 'loss of function', combined genomic and metabolomic studies led to the discovery that a common IDH 1 mutation, present in low-grade glioma and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), yields a variant (R132H) with a striking change of function leading to the production of (2R)-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) which consequently accumulates in large quantities both within and outside cells. Elevated 2HG is proposed to promote tumorigenesis, although the precise mechanism by which it does this remains uncertain. Inhibitors of R132H IDH1, and other subsequently identified cancer-linked 2HG producing IDH variants, are approved for clinical use in the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant AML, though resistance enabled by additional substitutions has emerged. In this review, we provide a current overview of cancer linked IDH mutations focussing on their distribution in different cancer types, the effects of substitution mutations on enzyme activity, the mode of action of recently developed inhibitors, and their relationship with emerging resistance-mediating double mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cadoux-Hudson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - James S.O. McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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3
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Modrzejewska M, Gawronski M, Gackowski D. Normalization of metabolic data to total thymine content and its application to determination of 2-hydroxyglutarate. Anal Biochem 2021; 618:114129. [PMID: 33556332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our first objective was to develop an approach useful for reliable normalization of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) intracellular levels. The second objective was to use our data normalization strategy to verify previously published report on the higher d-2-HG level in tumors of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients than in normal colon fragments. We examined various methods of 2-HG level normalization in cell/tissue extracts (number of cells, mass of tissue, total protein). In order to solve the problems with reliable normalization of the 2-HG levels in colon fragments, we proposed a strategy based on relating the concentrations of 2-HG isomers to total thymine concentrations measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with UV detection in acid hydrolysates of the cell/tissue extracts. We used a common method of derivatization with diacetyl-l-tartaric anhydride (DATAN) to separate l- and d-2-HG enantiomers. DATAN-derivatized 2-HG was quantitated by UPLC with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. We observed a linear dependence of the total amount of thymine released from lymphocytes, HCT 116, K562, and PC-3 by acid hydrolysis on their number of cells. Our results showed a significantly higher level of l- and d-2-HG in cancer-free colon than in tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Modrzejewska
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Maciej Gawronski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Daniel Gackowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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4
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Yuan BF. Quantitative Analysis of Oncometabolite 2-Hydroxyglutarate. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1280:161-172. [PMID: 33791981 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51652-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) were demonstrated to induce the production and accumulation of oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). 2HG is a potent competitor of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and can inhibit multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases that are critical for regulating the metabolic and epigenetic state of cells. The accumulation of 2HG contributes to elevated risk of malignant tumors. 2HG carries an asymmetric carbon atom in its carbon backbone and therefore occurs in two enantiomers, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) and L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2HG). Each enantiomer is produced and metabolized in independent biochemical pathway and catalyzed by different enzymes. The accurate diagnosis of 2HG-related diseases relies on determining the configuration of the two enantiomers. Quantitative methods for analysis of D-2HG and L-2HG have been well developed. These analytical strategies mainly include the use of chiral chromatography medium to facilitate chromatographic separation of enantiomers prior to spectroscopy or mass spectrometry analysis and the use of chiral derivatization reagents to convert the enantiomers to diastereomers with differential physical and chemical properties that can improve their chromatographic separation. Here, we summarize and discuss these established methods for analysis of total 2HG as well as the determination of the enantiomers of D-2HG and L-2HG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Feng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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5
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Ni M, Solmonson A, Pan C, Yang C, Li D, Notzon A, Cai L, Guevara G, Zacharias LG, Faubert B, Vu HS, Jiang L, Ko B, Morales NM, Pei J, Vale G, Rakheja D, Grishin NV, McDonald JG, Gotway GK, McNutt MC, Pascual JM, DeBerardinis RJ. Functional Assessment of Lipoyltransferase-1 Deficiency in Cells, Mice, and Humans. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1376-1386.e6. [PMID: 31042466 PMCID: PMC7351313 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) link metabolic defects to human phenotypes. Modern genomics has accelerated IEM discovery, but assessing the impact of genomic variants is still challenging. Here, we integrate genomics and metabolomics to identify a cause of lactic acidosis and epilepsy. The proband is a compound heterozygote for variants in LIPT1, which encodes the lipoyltransferase required for 2-ketoacid dehydrogenase (2KDH) function. Metabolomics reveals abnormalities in lipids, amino acids, and 2-hydroxyglutarate consistent with loss of multiple 2KDHs. Homozygous knockin of a LIPT1 mutation reduces 2KDH lipoylation in utero and results in embryonic demise. In patient fibroblasts, defective 2KDH lipoylation and function are corrected by wild-type, but not mutant, LIPT1 alleles. Isotope tracing reveals that LIPT1 supports lipogenesis and balances oxidative and reductive glutamine metabolism. Altogether, the data extend the role of LIPT1 in metabolic regulation and demonstrate how integrating genomics and metabolomics can uncover broader aspects of IEM pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ni
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Ashley Solmonson
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chunxiao Pan
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chendong Yang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ashley Notzon
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ling Cai
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gerardo Guevara
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lauren G Zacharias
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brandon Faubert
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hieu S Vu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Bookyung Ko
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Noriko Merida Morales
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jimin Pei
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gonçalo Vale
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Garrett K Gotway
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Markey C McNutt
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Juan M Pascual
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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6
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Shenoy N, Bhagat TD, Cheville J, Lohse C, Bhattacharyya S, Tischer A, Machha V, Gordon-Mitchell S, Choudhary G, Wong LF, Gross L, Ressigue E, Leibovich B, Boorjian SA, Steidl U, Wu X, Pradhan K, Gartrell B, Agarwal B, Pagliaro L, Suzuki M, Greally JM, Rakheja D, Thompson RH, Susztak K, Witzig T, Zou Y, Verma A. Ascorbic acid-induced TET activation mitigates adverse hydroxymethylcytosine loss in renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1612-1625. [PMID: 30702441 DOI: 10.1172/jci98747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has been shown to result in widespread aberrant cytosine methylation and loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), the prognostic impact and therapeutic targeting of this epigenetic aberrancy has not been fully explored. Analysis of 576 primary ccRCC samples demonstrated that loss of 5hmC was strongly associated with aggressive clinicopathologic features and was an independent adverse prognostic factor. Loss of 5hmC also predicted reduced progression-free survival after resection of nonmetastatic disease. The loss of 5hmC in ccRCC was not due to mutational or transcriptional inactivation of ten eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, but to their functional inactivation by l-2-hydroxyglutarate (L2HG), which was overexpressed due to the deletion and underexpression of L2HG dehydrogenase (L2HGDH). Ascorbic acid (AA) reduced methylation and restored genome-wide 5hmC levels via TET activation. Fluorescence quenching of the recombinant TET-2 protein was unaffected by L2HG in the presence of AA. Pharmacologic AA treatment led to reduced growth of ccRCC in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo, with increased intratumoral 5hmC. These data demonstrate that reduced 5hmC is associated with reduced survival in ccRCC and provide a preclinical rationale for exploring the therapeutic potential of high-dose AA in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Shenoy
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tushar D Bhagat
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gaurav Choudhary
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Li-Fan Wong
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Emily Ressigue
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Ulrich Steidl
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Kith Pradhan
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Gartrell
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Masako Suzuki
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - John M Greally
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Katalin Susztak
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Yiyu Zou
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amit Verma
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Lin P, Luo Y, Zhu S, Maggio D, Yang H, Hu C, Wang J, Zhang H, Ren Y, Zhou X, Mei C, Ma L, Xu W, Ye L, Zhuang Z, Jin J, Tong H. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 mutations correlate with leukemic transformation and are predicted by 2-hydroxyglutarate in myelodysplastic syndromes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1037-1047. [PMID: 29549529 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of hematologic disorders characterized by the presence of somatically mutated hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that increase the risk of progression to secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML). Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDHmut) are thought to correlate with the increased production of the oncogenic protein 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) in AML. The aim of this study was to examine whether serum 2-HG has utility as a prognostic biomarker, and whether elevated 2-HG levels are predictive of IDH mutations in patients with MDS. METHODS Genetic profiling was utilized to determine the genetic composition of a large cohort of MDS patients, including the presence or absence of IDH1 or IDH2 mutations (n = 281). Serum 2-HG levels were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In the current study of MDS patients, elevated serum 2-HG levels were predictive of inferior overall- and leukemia-free survival irrespective of IPSS risk grouping. Higher serum 2-HG levels predicted the presence of IDH mutations. IDH2mut patients had a higher risk of leukemic transformation. The co-occurrence of DNMT3A or SRSF2 mutations was found to be increased in IDH2mut patients. IDH2 mutations were associated with significantly worse OS and LFS amongst patients with low-risk MDS by IPSS grouping. CONCLUSIONS The noted predictive value of serum 2-HG levels and IDH2 mutations on OS and LFS support the use of biomarkers and/or underlying cytogenetics in novel prognostic scoring systems for MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Lin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingwan Luo
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuanghong Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dominic Maggio
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Haiyang Yang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Ren
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinping Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Mei
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liya Ma
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilai Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Tong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China. .,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Collins RRJ, Patel K, Putnam WC, Kapur P, Rakheja D. Oncometabolites: A New Paradigm for Oncology, Metabolism, and the Clinical Laboratory. Clin Chem 2017; 63:1812-1820. [PMID: 29038145 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.267666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric clinical laboratories commonly measure tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of specific inborn errors of metabolism, such as organic acidurias. In the past decade, the same tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites have been implicated and studied in cancer. The accumulation of these metabolites in certain cancers not only serves as a biomarker but also directly contributes to cellular transformation, therefore earning them the designation of oncometabolites. CONTENT D-2-hydroxyglutarate, L-2-hydroxyglutarate, succinate, and fumarate are the currently recognized oncometabolites. They are structurally similar and share metabolic proximity in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. As a result, they promote tumorigenesis in cancer cells through similar mechanisms. This review summarizes the currently understood common and distinct biological features of these compounds. In addition, we will review the current laboratory methodologies that can be used to quantify these metabolites and their downstream targets. SUMMARY Oncometabolites play an important role in cancer biology. The metabolic pathways that lead to the production of oncometabolites and the downstream signaling pathways that are activated by oncometabolites represent potential therapeutic targets. Clinical laboratories have a critical role to play in the management of oncometabolite-associated cancers through development and validation of sensitive and specific assays that measure oncometabolites and their downstream effectors. These assays can be used as screening tools and for follow-up to measure response to treatment, as well as to detect minimal residual disease and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R J Collins
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Dallas, TX
| | - Khushbu Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Dallas, TX
| | - William C Putnam
- Office of Clinical and Translational Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Payal Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Dallas, TX.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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9
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Amankulor NM, Kim Y, Arora S, Kargl J, Szulzewsky F, Hanke M, Margineantu DH, Rao A, Bolouri H, Delrow J, Hockenbery D, Houghton AM, Holland EC. Mutant IDH1 regulates the tumor-associated immune system in gliomas. Genes Dev 2017; 31:774-786. [PMID: 28465358 PMCID: PMC5435890 DOI: 10.1101/gad.294991.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amankulor et al. created a syngeneic pair mouse model for mutant IDH1 (muIDH1) and wild-type IDH1 (wtIDH1) gliomas and demonstrated that IDH1 mutations caused down-regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis, resulting in repression of the tumor-associated immune system. Gliomas harboring mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2) have the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) and significantly longer patient survival time than wild-type IDH1/2 (wtIDH1/2) tumors. Although there are many factors underlying the differences in survival between these two tumor types, immune-related differences in cell content are potentially important contributors. In order to investigate the role of IDH mutations in immune response, we created a syngeneic pair mouse model for mutant IDH1 (muIDH1) and wtIDH1 gliomas and demonstrated that muIDH1 mice showed many molecular and clinical similarities to muIDH1 human gliomas, including a 100-fold higher concentration of 2-hydroxygluratate (2-HG), longer survival time, and higher CpG methylation compared with wtIDH1. Also, we showed that IDH1 mutations caused down-regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis, resulting in repression of the tumor-associated immune system. Given that significant infiltration of immune cells such as macrophages, microglia, monocytes, and neutrophils is linked to poor prognosis in many cancer types, these reduced immune infiltrates in muIDH1 glioma tumors may contribute in part to the differences in aggressiveness of the two glioma types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nduka M Amankulor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sonali Arora
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Julia Kargl
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria 8010
| | - Frank Szulzewsky
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Mark Hanke
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Daciana H Margineantu
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Aparna Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Hamid Bolouri
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Solid Tumor Translational Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jeff Delrow
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - David Hockenbery
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - A McGarry Houghton
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Solid Tumor Translational Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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10
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Jones PM, Boriack R, Struys EA, Rakheja D. Measurement of Oncometabolites D-2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid and L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1633:219-234. [PMID: 28735490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7142-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for measurement of D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid. These metabolites are increased in specific inborn errors of metabolism and are now recognized as oncometabolites. The measurement of D-2-hydroxyglutarate in peripheral blood may be used as a biomarker for screening and follow-up of patients with IDH-mutated acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Richard Boriack
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eduard A Struys
- Metabolic Unit, Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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11
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Quantitative metabolic flux analysis reveals an unconventional pathway of fatty acid synthesis in cancer cells deficient for the mitochondrial citrate transport protein. Metab Eng 2016; 43:198-207. [PMID: 27856334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial citrate transport protein (CTP), encoded by SLC25A1, accommodates bidirectional trafficking of citrate between the mitochondria and cytosol, supporting lipid biosynthesis and redox homeostasis. Genetic CTP deficiency causes a fatal neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with the accumulation of L- and D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid, and elevated CTP expression is associated with poor prognosis in several types of cancer, emphasizing the importance of this transporter in multiple human pathologies. Here we describe the metabolic consequences of CTP deficiency in cancer cells. As expected from the phenotype of CTP-deficient humans, somatic CTP loss in cancer cells induces broad dysregulation of mitochondrial metabolism, resulting in accumulation of lactate and of the L- and D- enantiomers of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) and depletion of TCA cycle intermediates. It also eliminates mitochondrial import of citrate from the cytosol. To quantify the impact of CTP deficiency on metabolic flux, cells were cultured with a set of 13C-glucose and 13C-glutamine tracers with resulting data integrated by metabolic flux analysis (MFA). CTP-deficient cells displayed a major restructuring of central carbon metabolism, including suppression of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and induction of glucose-dependent anaplerosis through pyruvate carboxylase (PC). We also observed an unusual lipogenic pathway in which carbon from glucose supplies mitochondrial production of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), which is then trafficked to the cytosol and used to supply reductive carboxylation by isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1). The resulting citrate is cleaved to produce lipogenic acetyl-CoA, thereby completing a novel pathway of glucose-dependent reductive carboxylation. In CTP deficient cells, IDH1 inhibition suppresses lipogenesis from either glucose or glutamine, implicating IDH1 as a required component of fatty acid synthesis in states of CTP deficiency.
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12
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Subcortical DNET in a Patient With an Enzymatic Deficiency: A Rare Case and Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2016; 38:e291-e294. [PMID: 27271814 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This case report describes a toddler with a medical history of biotinidase deficiency who presented with atypical seizures due to a brain tumor. METHODS This is a case report. RESULTS Electroencephalogram revealed a frontal lobe mass, with magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of a mass extending from the frontal lobe into the genu and anterior corpus callosum. She underwent a near-total resection, and pathology identified a dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor. The patient is now seizure free and clinically doing well. CONCLUSIONS Children with biotinidase deficiency and atypical seizures should receive a full electroencephalogram evaluation, as brain tumors continue to be on the differential for seizures in this patient population.
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13
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McGehee E, Rakheja D, Oliver D, Chen W, Boriack R, Collins RH. The importance of plasma D-2HG measurement in screening forIDHmutations in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth McGehee
- UT Southwestern Medical School; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Children's Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - Dwight Oliver
- Department of Pathology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - Richard Boriack
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Children's Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - Robert H. Collins
- Hematology/Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
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14
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Lin AP, Abbas S, Kim SW, Ortega M, Bouamar H, Escobedo Y, Varadarajan P, Qin Y, Sudderth J, Schulz E, Deutsch A, Mohan S, Ulz P, Neumeister P, Rakheja D, Gao X, Hinck A, Weintraub ST, DeBerardinis RJ, Sill H, Dahia PLM, Aguiar RCT. D2HGDH regulates alpha-ketoglutarate levels and dioxygenase function by modulating IDH2. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7768. [PMID: 26178471 PMCID: PMC4515030 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG). In cancer, mutant IDH1/2 reduces α-KG to D2-hydroxyglutarate (D2-HG) disrupting α-KG-dependent dioxygenases. However, the physiological relevance of controlling the interconversion of D2-HG into α-KG, mediated by D2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D2HGDH), remains obscure. Here we show that wild-type D2HGDH elevates α-KG levels, influencing histone and DNA methylation, and HIF1α hydroxylation. Conversely, the D2HGDH mutants that we find in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are enzymatically inert. D2-HG is a low-abundance metabolite, but we show that it can meaningfully elevate α-KG levels by positively modulating mitochondrial IDH activity and inducing IDH2 expression. Accordingly, genetic depletion of IDH2 abrogates D2HGDH effects, whereas ectopic IDH2 rescues D2HGDH-deficient cells. Our data link D2HGDH to cancer and describe an additional role for the enzyme: the regulation of IDH2 activity and α-KG-mediated epigenetic remodelling. These data further expose the intricacies of mitochondrial metabolism and inform on the pathogenesis of D2HGDH-deficient diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ping Lin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Saman Abbas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Manoela Ortega
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Hakim Bouamar
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Yissela Escobedo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Prakash Varadarajan
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Yuejuan Qin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Jessica Sudderth
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Eduard Schulz
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Sumitra Mohan
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ulz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Neumeister
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Andrew Hinck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Heinz Sill
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Patricia L M Dahia
- 1] Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA [2] Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA [3] Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Ricardo C T Aguiar
- 1] Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA [2] Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA [3] Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA [4] South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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15
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Heuser M, Araujo Cruz MM, Goparaju R, Chaturvedi A. Enigmas of IDH mutations in hematology/oncology. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:685-97. [PMID: 26032956 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of oncogenic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes has highlighted the delicate interplay of metabolism, cellular signaling, and transcriptional regulation that was off-focus for some time in the genomic era. Although IDH inhibitors are being evaluated for clinical efficacy, an in-depth understanding of disease pathogenesis linked to IDH mutations is required to develop rational combination treatments and to be evaluated in the clinic. To gain such an understanding, several questions need to be addressed: Why do IDH mutations occur selectively in subsets of a disease entity although they are found to be present in a very heterogeneous set of unrelated tumors? Why are 2-hydroxyglutarate-producing tumors specifically selected for the R-enantiomer and not for the S-enantiomer? Are the changes in 2-hydroxyglutarate-induced DNA methylation primary or secondary alterations in tumorigenesis? What are the roles of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and its prolyl 4-hydroxylases in IDH-mutant tumors? Here, we address these questions and discuss the consequences for basic and clinical research related to IDH-mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heuser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Michelle Maria Araujo Cruz
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ramya Goparaju
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anuhar Chaturvedi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Rakheja D, Fuda F, Vandergriff T, Boriack R, Medeiros BC, Frankel AE, Chen W. Increased plasma d-2-hydroxyglutarate in isocitrate dehydrogenase 2–mutated blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:322-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Mullen AR, Hu Z, Shi X, Jiang L, Boroughs LK, Kovacs Z, Boriack R, Rakheja D, Sullivan LB, Linehan WM, Chandel NS, DeBerardinis RJ. Oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate is required for reductive carboxylation in cancer cells with mitochondrial defects. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1679-1690. [PMID: 24857658 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells generate citrate by decarboxylating pyruvate in the mitochondria to supply the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In contrast, hypoxia and other impairments of mitochondrial function induce an alternative pathway that produces citrate by reductively carboxylating α-ketoglutarate (AKG) via NADPH-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). It is unknown how cells generate reducing equivalents necessary to supply reductive carboxylation in the setting of mitochondrial impairment. Here, we identified shared metabolic features in cells using reductive carboxylation. Paradoxically, reductive carboxylation was accompanied by concomitant AKG oxidation in the TCA cycle. Inhibiting AKG oxidation decreased reducing equivalent availability and suppressed reductive carboxylation. Interrupting transfer of reducing equivalents from NADH to NADPH by nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase increased NADH abundance and decreased NADPH abundance while suppressing reductive carboxylation. The data demonstrate that reductive carboxylation requires bidirectional AKG metabolism along oxidative and reductive pathways, with the oxidative pathway producing reducing equivalents used to operate IDH in reverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Mullen
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8502, USA
| | - Zeping Hu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8502, USA
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8502, USA
| | - Lei Jiang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8502, USA
| | - Lindsey K Boroughs
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8502, USA
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8502, USA
| | - Richard Boriack
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8502, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8502, USA
| | - Lucas B Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urological Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8502, USA; McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8502, USA.
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18
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Rakheja D, Medeiros LJ, Bevan S, Chen W. The emerging role of d-2-hydroxyglutarate as an oncometabolite in hematolymphoid and central nervous system neoplasms. Front Oncol 2013; 3:169. [PMID: 23847760 PMCID: PMC3698461 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of unselected cases and 30% cytogenetically diploid cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 80% of grade II–III gliomas and secondary glioblastomas carry mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 genes. IDH1/2 mutations prevent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and modulate the function of IDH (neomorphic activity) thereby facilitating reduction of α-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), a putative oncometabolite. D-2HG is thought to act as a competitive inhibitor of α-KG-dependent dioxygenases that include prolyl hydroxylases and chromatin-modifying enzymes. The end result is a global increase of cellular DNA hypermethylation and alterations of the cellular epigenetic state, which has been proposed to play a role in the development of a variety of tumors. In this review, we provide an update on potential molecular mechanisms linking IDH1/2 mutations and the resulting oncometabolite, D-2HG, with malignant transformation. In addition, in patients with AML and glioma we focus on the associations between IDH1/2 mutations and clinical, morphologic, cytogenetic, and molecular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
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19
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Rakheja D, Konoplev S, Medeiros LJ, Chen W. IDH mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1541-51. [PMID: 22917530 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a heterogeneous group of diseases. Mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes represent a novel class of point mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. These mutations prevent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate and confer novel enzymatic activity, facilitating the reduction of α-ketoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate, a putative oncometabolite. IDH1/IDH2 mutations are heterozygous, and their combined frequency is approximately 17% in unselected acute myeloid leukemia cases, 27% in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia cases, and up to 67% in acute myeloid leukemia cases with cuplike nuclei. These mutations are largely mutually exclusive. Despite many similarities of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations, it is possible that they represent distinct molecular or clinical subgroups of acute myeloid leukemia. All known mutations involve arginine (R), in codon 132 of IDH1 or codon 140 or 172 of IDH2. IDH1(R132) and IDH2(R140) mutations are frequently accompanied by normal cytogenetics and NPM1 mutation, whereas IDH2(R172) is frequently the only mutation detected in acute myeloid leukemia. There is increasing evidence that the prognostic impact of IDH1/2 mutations varies according to the specific mutation and also depends on the context of concurrent mutations of other genes. IDH1(R132) mutation may predict poor outcome in a subset of patients with molecular low-risk acute myeloid leukemia, whereas IDH2(R172) mutations confer a poor prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Expression of IDH1/2 mutants induces an increase in global DNA hypermethylation and inhibits TET2-induced cytosine 5-hydroxymethylation, DNA demethylation. These data suggest that IDH1/2 mutations constitute a distinct mutational class in acute myeloid leukemia, which affects the epigenetic state, an important consideration for the development of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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20
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Rakheja D, Khokhar S, Mitui M, Cost NG. Immunohistochemical expression of GLUT1 and its correlation with unfavorable histology and TP53 codon 72 polymorphism in Wilms tumors. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2012; 15:286-92. [PMID: 22483234 DOI: 10.2350/12-01-1151-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of energy metabolism, such as increased glycolysis, is a hallmark of cancer cells. One mechanism by which cancer cells fuel glycolysis is through increased uptake of glucose across cell membranes via the glucose transporter GLUT1. One of the transcriptional repressors of GLUT1 is wild-type TP53, and cancer-associated loss of function mutations within the DNA-binding domain of TP53 impairs the repressive effect of TP53 on transcriptional activity of the GLUT1 gene promoter. Because TP53 mutations are associated with unfavorable histology (diffuse anaplasia) in Wilms tumors, we hypothesized increased expression of GLUT1 in these tumors. To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry for GLUT1 in a set of 50 Wilms tumors, including 5 with unfavorable histology. In a subset of 16 favorable histology Wilms tumors, we compared the GLUT1 immunoexpression with TP53 codon 72 polymorphism status. We found consistently stronger immunoexpression of GLUT1 in unfavorable histology Wilms tumors compared to favorable histology Wilms tumors (P = 0.04). We noted that the favorable histology Wilms tumors with a proline residue at position 72 of TP53 tended to have higher immunoexpression of GLUT1, although this immunoexpression did not reach statistical significance in this small set of cases. In summary, our finding of strong GLUT1 immunoexpression in unfavorable histology Wilms tumors indicates that these tumors are likely to be 2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-d-glucose avid and that GLUT1 should be evaluated as a therapeutic target for these tumors that otherwise show resistance to conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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21
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Kranendijk M, Struys EA, Salomons GS, Van der Knaap MS, Jakobs C. Progress in understanding 2-hydroxyglutaric acidurias. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:571-87. [PMID: 22391998 PMCID: PMC3388262 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The organic acidurias D: -2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D-2-HGA), L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA), and combined D,L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D,L-2-HGA) cause neurological impairment at young age. Accumulation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) and/or L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2-HG) in body fluids are the biochemical hallmarks of these disorders. The current review describes the knowledge gathered on 2-hydroxyglutaric acidurias (2-HGA), since the description of the first patients in 1980. We report on the clinical, genetic, enzymatic and metabolic characterization of D-2-HGA type I, D-2-HGA type II, L-2-HGA and D,L-2-HGA, whereas for D-2-HGA type I and type II novel clinical information is presented which was derived from questionnaires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Kranendijk
- Metabolic Unit - Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard A. Struys
- Metabolic Unit - Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gajja S. Salomons
- Metabolic Unit - Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis Jakobs
- Metabolic Unit - Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Choi C, Ganji SK, DeBerardinis RJ, Hatanpaa KJ, Rakheja D, Kovacs Z, Yang XL, Mashimo T, Raisanen JM, Marin-Valencia I, Pascual JM, Madden CJ, Mickey BE, Malloy CR, Bachoo RM, Maher EA. 2-hydroxyglutarate detection by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in IDH-mutated patients with gliomas. Nat Med 2012; 18:624-9. [PMID: 22281806 PMCID: PMC3615719 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1, 2) have been demonstrated in the majority of World Health Organization grade 2 and grade 3 gliomas in adults. These mutations are associated with the accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) within the tumor. Here we report the noninvasive detection of 2HG by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The pulse sequence was developed and optimized with numerical and phantom analyses for 2HG detection. The concentrations of 2HG were estimated using spectral fitting in the tumors of 30 patients. Detection of 2HG correlated with mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 and with increased levels of D-2HG by mass spectrometry of resected tumor. Noninvasive detection of 2HG may prove to be a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changho Choi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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23
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Tang JY, Chang CC, Lin PC, Chang JG. Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation hot spots in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and oral cancer. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2012; 28:138-44. [PMID: 22385606 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) encodes a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate+-dependent enzyme for oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate and has an essential role in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Mutations of IDH1 and IDH2 have been identified in patients with glioma, leukemia, and other cancers. However, the incidence of IDH mutations in acute myeloid leukemia in Taiwan is much lower than that reported in Western countries. The reason for the difference is unknown and its clinical implications remain unclear. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogenous hematopoietic malignancy. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) results from chronic carcinogen exposures and is highly prevalent in trucking workers, especially in southern Taiwan. Subtypes of both diseases require specific treatments, and molecular markers for developing tailored treatments are limited. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis is now a widely used methodology for rapid, accurate, and low-cost mutation scanning. In this study, 90 adults with OSC and 31 children with ALL were scanned by HRM analysis for IDH1 and IDH2 mutation hot spots. In ALL, the allele frequency was 3.23% in both IDH1 and IDH2. In OSCC, the allele frequency was 2.22% in IDH2. A synonymous mutation over pG313 (c.939A > G) of IDH2 was found in both pediatric ALL and adult OSCC. Therefore, we concluded that mutations of IDH are uncommon in ALL and OSCC and are apparently not a major consideration when selecting treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yang Tang
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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24
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Rakheja D, Konoplev S, Su M, Wheeler D, Muzny DM, Ruvolo VR, Collins R, Karandikar NJ, Andreeff M, Medeiros LJ, Chen W. High incidence of IDH mutations in acute myeloid leukaemia with cuplike nuclei. Br J Haematol 2011; 155:125-8. [PMID: 21480859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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25
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Identification of additional IDH mutations associated with oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate production. Oncogene 2011; 31:2491-8. [PMID: 21996744 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) or its mitochondrial homolog IDH2 can lead to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) production. To date, mutations in three active site arginine residues, IDH1 R132, IDH2 R172 and IDH2 R140, have been shown to result in the neomorphic production of 2HG. Here we report on three additional 2HG-producing IDH1 mutations: IDH1 R100, which is affected in adult glioma, IDH1 G97, which is mutated in colon cancer cell lines and pediatric glioblastoma, and IDH1 Y139. All these new mutants stereospecifically produced 2HG's (R) enantiomer. In contrast, we find that the IDH1 SNPs V71I and V178I, as well as a number of other single-sample reports of IDH non-synonymous mutation, did not elevate cellular 2HG levels in cells and retained the wild-type ability for isocitrate-dependent NADPH production. Finally, we report the existence of additional rare, but recurring mutations found in lymphoma and thyroid cancer, which while failing to elevate 2HG nonetheless displayed loss of function, indicating a possible tumorigenic mechanism for a non-2HG-producing subset of IDH mutations in some malignancies. These data broaden our understanding of how IDH mutations may contribute to cancer through either neomorphic R(-)-2HG production or reduced wild-type enzymatic activity, and highlight the potential value of metabolite screening in identifying IDH-mutated tumors associated with elevated oncometabolite levels.
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26
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Gupta R, Webb-Myers R, Flanagan S, Buckland ME. Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in diffuse gliomas: clinical and aetiological implications. J Clin Pathol 2011; 64:835-44. [PMID: 21752797 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2011-200227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations in gliomas is one example of the large impact that next-generation sequencing is having on the understanding of tumour biology and human disease in general. IDH mutations are early and common events in the development of astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas. IDH mutations are also found in some myeloid malignancies and soft tissue tumours, but are rare in other malignancies. IDH mutation detection can be incorporated into routine pathology practice via immunohistochemistry and/or standard sequencing techniques and has great diagnostic value. An emerging theme is that IDH mutation status in gliomas is of great prognostic relevance, and there are proposals to include IDH mutation status in the next iteration of the WHO classification of gliomas. The mechanisms of action(s) of mutant IDH are not fully understood, but the understanding is progressing rapidly, and may provide a mechanism to link diverse proneoplastic processes such as oxidative damage and epigenetic dysregulation. There are exciting prospects of novel therapies for glioma patients emerging from the elucidation of these mechanisms. Given the diagnostic and prognostic implications of IDH mutation, and the potential for new therapies, all gliomas should be assessed for IDH mutation status in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gupta
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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27
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Mellai M, Piazzi A, Caldera V, Monzeglio O, Cassoni P, Valente G, Schiffer D. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations, immunohistochemistry and associations in a series of brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2011; 105:345-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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