1
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Morel VJ, Rössler J, Bernasconi M. Targeted immunotherapy and nanomedicine for rhabdomyosarcoma: The way of the future. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38885148 DOI: 10.1002/med.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. Histology separates two main subtypes: embryonal RMS (eRMS; 60%-70%) and alveolar RMS (aRMS; 20%-30%). The aggressive aRMS carry one of two characteristic chromosomal translocations that result in the expression of a PAX3::FOXO1 or PAX7::FOXO1 fusion transcription factor; therefore, aRMS are now classified as fusion-positive (FP) RMS. Embryonal RMS have a better prognosis and are clinically indistinguishable from fusion-negative (FN) RMS. Next to histology and molecular characteristics, RMS risk groupings are now available defining low risk tumors with excellent outcomes and advanced stage disease with poor prognosis, with an overall survival of about only 20% despite intensified multimodal treatment. Therefore, development of novel effective targeted strategies to increase survival and to decrease long-term side effects is urgently needed. Recently, immunotherapies and nanomedicine have been emerging for potent and effective tumor treatments with minimal side effects, raising hopes for effective and safe cures for RMS patients. This review aims to describe the most relevant preclinical and clinical studies in immunotherapy and targeted nanomedicine performed so far in RMS and to provide an insight in future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Judith Morel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Rössler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michele Bernasconi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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abiff M, Alshebremi M, Bonner M, Myers JT, Kim BG, Tomchuck SL, Santin A, Kingsley D, Choi SH, Huang AY. Piezo1 facilitates optimal T cell activation during tumor challenge. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2281179. [PMID: 38126029 PMCID: PMC10732680 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2281179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are critical for successful anti-tumor responses. T cell anti-tumor function is dependent on their ability to differentiate from a naïve state, infiltrate into the tumor site, and exert cytotoxic functions. The factors dictating whether a particular T cell can successfully undergo these processes during tumor challenge are not yet completely understood. Piezo1 is a mechanosensitive cation channel with high expression on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that Piezo1 optimizes T cell activation and restrains the CD4+ regulatory T cell (Treg) pool in vitro and under inflammatory conditions in vivo. However, little is known about the role Piezo1 plays on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in cancer. We hypothesized that disruption of Piezo1 on T cells impairs anti-tumor immunity in vivo by hindering inflammatory T cell responses. We challenged mice with T cell Piezo1 deletion (P1KO) with tumor models dependent on T cells for immune rejection. P1KO mice had the more aggressive tumors, higher tumor growth rates and were unresponsive to immune-mediated therapeutic interventions. We observed a decreased CD4:CD8 ratio in both the secondary lymphoid organs and TME of P1KO mice that correlated inversely with tumor size. Poor CD4+ helper T cell responses underpinned the immunodeficient phenotype of P1KO mice. Wild type CD8+ T cells are sub-optimally activated in vivo with P1KO CD4+ T cells, taking on a CD25loPD-1hi phenotype. Together, our results suggest that Piezo1 optimizes T cell activation in the context of a tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- muta abiff
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mohammad Alshebremi
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Melissa Bonner
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jay T. Myers
- Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Suzanne L. Tomchuck
- Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alicia Santin
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Kingsley
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alex Y. Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for Pediatric Immunotherapy, Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
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3
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Nammor T, Frizzell J, Lavoie RR, Lucien F. The anti-B7-H3 blocking antibody MJ18 does not recognize B7-H3 in murine tumor models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.15.567261. [PMID: 38014341 PMCID: PMC10680724 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.567261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The immune checkpoint molecule B7-H3 is regarded as one of the most promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of human cancers. B7-H3 is highly expressed in many cancers and its expression has been associated to impaired antitumor immunity and poor patient prognosis. In immunocompetent mouse tumor models, genetic deletion of B7-H3 in tumor cells enhances antitumor immune response leading to tumor shrinkage. The underlying mechanisms of B7-H3 inhibitory function remain largely uncharacterized and the identity of potential cognate(s) receptor(s) of B7-H3 is still to be defined. To better understand B7-H3 function in vivo, several studies have employed MJ18, a monoclonal antibody reported to bind murine B7-H3 and blocks its immune-inhibitory function. In this brief research report, we show that 1) MJ18 does not bind B7-H3, 2) MJ18 binds the Fc receptor FcγRIIB on surface of murine splenocytes, and 3) MJ18 does not induce tumor regression in a mouse model responsive to B7-H3 knockout. Given the high profile of B7-H3 as therapeutic target for human cancers, our work emphasizes that murine B7-H3 studies using the MJ18 antibody should be interpreted with caution. Finally, we hope that our study will motivate the scientific community to establish much-needed validated research tools to study B7-H3 biology in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talah Nammor
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Fabrice Lucien
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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4
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Alshebremi M, Tomchuck SL, Myers JT, Kingsley DT, Eid S, Abiff M, Bonner M, Saab ST, Choi SH, Huang AYC. Functional tumor cell-intrinsic STING, not host STING, drives local and systemic antitumor immunity and therapy efficacy following cryoablation. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006608. [PMID: 37553183 PMCID: PMC10414127 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its potential utility in delivering direct tumor killing and in situ whole-cell tumor vaccination, tumor cryoablation produces highly variable and unpredictable clinical response, limiting its clinical utility. The mechanism(s) driving cryoablation-induced local antitumor immunity and the associated abscopal effect is not well understood. METHODS The aim of this study was to identify and explore a mechanism of action by which cryoablation enhances the therapeutic efficacy in metastatic tumor models. We used the subcutaneous mouse model of the rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cell lines RMS 76-9STINGwt or RMS 76-9STING-/-, along with other murine tumor models, in C57BL/6 or STING-/- (TMEM173-/- ) mice to evaluate local tumor changes, lung metastasis, abscopal effect on distant tumors, and immune cell dynamics in the tumor microenvironment (TME). RESULTS The results show that cryoablation efficacy is dependent on both adaptive immunity and the STING signaling pathway. Contrary to current literature dictating an essential role of host-derived STING activation as a driver of antitumor immunity in vivo, we show that local tumor control, lung metastasis, and the abscopal effect on distant tumor are all critically dependent on a functioning tumor cell-intrinsic STING signaling pathway, which induces inflammatory chemokine and cytokine responses in the cryoablated TME. This reliance extends beyond cryoablation to include intratumoral STING agonist therapy. Additionally, surveys of gene expression databases and tissue microarrays of clinical tumor samples revealed a wide spectrum of expressions among STING-related signaling components. CONCLUSIONS Tumor cell-intrinsic STING pathway is a critical component underlying the effectiveness of cryoablation and suggests that expression of STING-related signaling components may serve as a potential therapy response biomarker. Our data also highlight an urgent need to further characterize tumor cell-intrinsic STING pathways and the associated downstream inflammatory response evoked by cryoablation and other STING-dependent therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alshebremi
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suzanne L Tomchuck
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jay T Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel T Kingsley
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Saada Eid
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Muta Abiff
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Melissa Bonner
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shahrazad T Saab
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alex Yee-Chen Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Pediatric Immunotherapy, Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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5
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Regenold M, Wang X, Kaneko K, Bannigan P, Allen C. Harnessing immunotherapy to enhance the systemic anti-tumor effects of thermosensitive liposomes. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1059-1073. [PMID: 36577832 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01272-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy plays an important role in debulking tumors in advance of surgery and/or radiotherapy, tackling residual disease, and treating metastatic disease. In recent years many promising advanced drug delivery strategies have emerged that offer more targeted delivery approaches to chemotherapy treatment. For example, thermosensitive liposome-mediated drug delivery in combination with localized mild hyperthermia can increase local drug concentrations resulting in a reduction in systemic toxicity and an improvement in local disease control. However, the majority of solid tumor-associated deaths are due to metastatic spread. A therapeutic approach focused on a localized target area harbors the risk of overlooking and undertreating potential metastatic spread. Previous studies reported systemic, albeit limited, anti-tumor effects following treatment with thermosensitive liposomal chemotherapy and localized mild hyperthermia. This work explores the systemic treatment capabilities of a thermosensitive liposome formulation of the vinca alkaloid vinorelbine in combination with mild hyperthermia in an immunocompetent murine model of rhabdomyosarcoma. This treatment approach was found to be highly effective at heated, primary tumor sites. However, it demonstrated limited anti-tumor effects in secondary, distant tumors. As a result, the addition of immune checkpoint inhibition therapy was pursued to further enhance the systemic anti-tumor effect of this treatment approach. Once combined with immune checkpoint inhibition therapy, a significant improvement in systemic treatment capability was achieved. We believe this is one of the first studies to demonstrate that a triple combination of thermosensitive liposomes, localized mild hyperthermia, and immune checkpoint inhibition therapy can enhance the systemic treatment capabilities of thermosensitive liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Regenold
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Xuehan Wang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Kan Kaneko
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Pauric Bannigan
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Christine Allen
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Collao N, Sanders O, Caminiti T, Messeiller L, De Lisio M. Resistance and endurance exercise training improves muscle mass and the inflammatory/fibrotic transcriptome in a rhabdomyosarcoma model. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:781-793. [PMID: 36797054 PMCID: PMC10067492 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma that most often develops in children. Chemoradiation therapy is a standard treatment modality; however, the detrimental long-term skeletal muscle consequences of this therapy in juvenile cancer survivors include muscle atrophy and fibrosis resulting in decreased physical performance. Using a novel model of murine resistance and endurance exercise training, we investigate its role in preventing the long-term effects of juvenile RMS plus therapy. METHODS Four-week-old male (n = 10) and female (n = 10) C57Bl/6J mice were injected with M3-9-M RMS cell into the left gastrocnemius with the right limb serving as an internal control (CON). Mice received a systemic vincristine injection and then five doses of 4.8 Gy of gamma radiation localized to the left hindlimb (RMS + Tx). Mice were then randomly divided into either sedentary (SED) or resistance and endurance exercise training (RET) groups. Changes in exercise performance, body composition, myocellular adaptations and the inflammatory/fibrotic transcriptome were assessed. RESULTS RET improved endurance performance (P < 0.0001) and body composition (P = 0.0004) compared to SED. RMS + Tx resulted in significantly lower muscle weight (P = 0.015) and significantly smaller myofibre cross-sectional area (CSA) (P = 0.014). Conversely, RET resulted in significantly higher muscle weight (P = 0.030) and significantly larger Type IIA (P = 0.014) and IIB (P = 0.015) fibre CSA. RMS + Tx resulted in significantly more muscle fibrosis (P = 0.028), which was not prevented by RET. RMS + Tx resulted in significantly fewer mononuclear cells (P < 0.05) and muscle satellite (stem) cells (MuSCs) (P < 0.05) and significantly more immune cells (P < 0.05) than CON. RET resulted in significantly more fibro-adipogenic progenitors (P < 0.05), a trend for more MuSCs (P = 0.076) than SED and significantly more endothelial cells specifically in the RMS + Tx limb. Transcriptomic changes revealed significantly higher expression of inflammatory and fibrotic genes in RMS + Tx, which was prevented by RET. In the RMS + Tx model, RET also significantly altered expression of genes involved in extracellular matrix turnover. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that RET preserves muscle mass and performance in a model of juvenile RMS survivorship while partially restoring cellular dynamics and the inflammatory and fibrotic transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Collao
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivia Sanders
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taylor Caminiti
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Messeiller
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael De Lisio
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Peng J, Huang H, Huan Q, Liao C, Guo Z, Hu D, Shen X, Xiao H. Adiponectin Deficiency Enhances Anti-Tumor Immunity of CD8+ T Cells in Rhabdomyosarcoma Through Inhibiting STAT3 Activation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:847088. [PMID: 35530361 PMCID: PMC9074303 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.847088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoring the tumor-killing function of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment is an important strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Our previous study indicated that adiponectin (APN) deficiency reprogramed tumor-associated macrophages into an M1-like phenotype to inhibit rhabdomyosarcoma growth. However, whether APN can directly regulate the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells remains unknown. In the present study, our results showed that exogenous APN inhibited in vitro CD8+ T cell migration as well as cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α production. APN deficiency in vivo strengthened CD8+ T cell activation and cytotoxicity to restrain rhabdomyosarcoma, evidenced by an increase in the expression of IFN-γ and perforin in CD8+ T cells and the frequency of CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as increasing cytokine production of IFN-γ, perforin, TNF-α, and decreasing cytokine production of IL-10 in the serum. Mechanistically, STAT3 was identified as a target of APN in negatively regulating the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells. In vivo, a STAT3 inhibitor remarkably increased CD8+ as well as CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. Taken together, we substantiated that APN deficiency directly maintains the activation of CD8+ T cells to inhibit rhabdomyosarcoma growth by suppressing STAT3 activation, indicating a promising APN-based therapy for the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haifeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuchan Huan
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chenghui Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zebin Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haitao Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Haitao Xiao,
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8
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Kallenbach JG, Bachman JF, Paris ND, Blanc RS, O'Connor T, Furati E, Williams JP, Chakkalakal JV. Muscle-specific functional deficits and lifelong fibrosis in response to paediatric radiotherapy and tumour elimination. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:296-310. [PMID: 34997696 PMCID: PMC8818600 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As paediatric cancer survivors are living into adulthood, they suffer from the age-related, accelerated decline of functional skeletal muscle tissue, termed sarcopenia. With ionizing radiation (radiotherapy) at the core of paediatric cancer therapies, its direct and indirect effects can have lifelong negative impacts on paediatric growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle. Utilizing our recently developed preclinical rhabdomyosarcoma mouse model, we investigated the late effects of paediatric radiation treatment on skeletal muscles from late adolescent (8 weeks old) and middle-aged (16 months old) mice. METHODS Paediatric C57BL/6J male mice (3 weeks old) were injected with rhabdomyosarcoma cells into their right hindlimbs, and then fractionated irradiation (3 × 8.2 Gy) was administered to those limbs at 4 weeks old to eliminate the tumours. Radiation-alone and tumour-irradiated mice were assessed at either 8 weeks (3 weeks post-irradiation) or 16 months (14 months post-irradiation) of age for muscle physiology, myofibre characteristics, cell loss, histopathology, fibrosis, inflammatory gene expression, and fibrotic gene expression. RESULTS Mice that received only paediatric radiation demonstrated reduced muscle mass (-17%, P < 0.001), muscle physiological function (-25%, P < 0.01), muscle contractile kinetics (-25%, P < 0.05), satellite cell number (-45%, P < 0.05), myofibre cross-sectional area (-30%, P < 0.0001), and myonuclear number (-17%, P < 0.001). Paediatric radiation increased inflammatory gene expression, increased fibrotic gene expression, and induced extracellular matrix protein deposition (fibrosis) with tumour elimination exacerbating some phenotypes. Paediatric tumour-eliminated mice demonstrated exacerbated deficits to function (-20%, P < 0.05) and myofibre size (-17%, P < 0.001) in some muscles as well as further increases to inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression. Examining the age-related effects of paediatric radiotherapy in middle-aged mice, we found persistent myofibre atrophy (-20%, P < 0.01), myonuclear loss (-18%, P < 0.001), up-regulated inflammatory and fibrotic signalling, and lifelong fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS The results from this paediatric radiotherapy model are consistent and recapitulate the clinical and molecular features of accelerated sarcopenia, musculoskeletal frailty, and radiation-induced fibrosis experienced by paediatric cancer survivors. We believe that this preclinical mouse model is well poised for future mechanistic insights and therapeutic interventions that improve the quality of life for paediatric cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Kallenbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John F Bachman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cell Biology of Disease Graduate Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nicole D Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Roméo S Blanc
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thomas O'Connor
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Esraa Furati
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Joe V Chakkalakal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Hildebrand KM, Singla AK, McNeil R, Marritt KL, Hildebrand KN, Zemp F, Rajwani J, Itani D, Bose P, Mahoney DJ, Jirik FR, Monument MJ. The KrasG12D;Trp53fl/fl murine model of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma is macrophage dense, lymphocyte poor, and resistant to immune checkpoint blockade. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253864. [PMID: 34242269 PMCID: PMC8270133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are rare, difficult to treat, mesenchymal lineage tumours that affect children and adults. Immunologically-based therapies have improved outcomes for numerous adult cancers, however, these therapeutic strategies have been minimally effective in sarcoma so far. Clinically relevant, immunologically-competent, and transplantable pre-clinical sarcoma models are essential to advance sarcoma immunology research. Herein we show that Cre-mediated activation of KrasG12D, and deletion of Trp53, in the hindlimb muscles of C57Bl/6 mice results in the highly penetrant, rapid onset undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS), one of the most common human sarcoma subtypes. Cell lines derived from spontaneous UPS tumours can be reproducibly transplanted into the hindlimbs or lungs of naïve, immune competent syngeneic mice. Immunological characterization of both spontaneous and transplanted UPS tumours demonstrates an immunologically-‘quiescent’ microenvironment, characterized by a paucity of lymphocytes, limited spontaneous adaptive immune pathways, and dense macrophage infiltrates. Macrophages are the dominant immune population in both spontaneous and transplanted UPS tumours, although compared to spontaneous tumours, transplanted tumours demonstrate increased spontaneous lymphocytic infiltrates. The growth of transplanted UPS tumours is unaffected by host lymphocyte deficiency, and despite strong expression of PD-1 on tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, tumours are resistant to immunological checkpoint blockade. This spontaneous and transplantable immune competent UPS model will be an important experimental tool in the pre-clinical development and evaluation of novel immunotherapeutic approaches for immunologically cold soft tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karys M. Hildebrand
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arvind K. Singla
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Reid McNeil
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kayla L. Marritt
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kurt N. Hildebrand
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Franz Zemp
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jahanara Rajwani
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Doha Itani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas J. Mahoney
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank R. Jirik
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael J. Monument
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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10
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Kaczanowska S, Beury DW, Gopalan V, Tycko AK, Qin H, Clements ME, Drake J, Nwanze C, Murgai M, Rae Z, Ju W, Alexander KA, Kline J, Contreras CF, Wessel KM, Patel S, Hannenhalli S, Kelly MC, Kaplan RN. Genetically engineered myeloid cells rebalance the core immune suppression program in metastasis. Cell 2021; 184:2033-2052.e21. [PMID: 33765443 PMCID: PMC8344805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and greater knowledge of the metastatic microenvironment is necessary to effectively target this process. Microenvironmental changes occur at distant sites prior to clinically detectable metastatic disease; however, the key niche regulatory signals during metastatic progression remain poorly characterized. Here, we identify a core immune suppression gene signature in pre-metastatic niche formation that is expressed predominantly by myeloid cells. We target this immune suppression program by utilizing genetically engineered myeloid cells (GEMys) to deliver IL-12 to modulate the metastatic microenvironment. Our data demonstrate that IL12-GEMy treatment reverses immune suppression in the pre-metastatic niche by activating antigen presentation and T cell activation, resulting in reduced metastatic and primary tumor burden and improved survival of tumor-bearing mice. We demonstrate that IL12-GEMys can functionally modulate the core program of immune suppression in the pre-metastatic niche to successfully rebalance the dysregulated metastatic microenvironment in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Kaczanowska
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel W Beury
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vishaka Gopalan
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arielle K Tycko
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haiying Qin
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miranda E Clements
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Justin Drake
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chiadika Nwanze
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Meera Murgai
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zachary Rae
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Ju
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine A Alexander
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica Kline
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cristina F Contreras
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristin M Wessel
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shil Patel
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sridhar Hannenhalli
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rosandra N Kaplan
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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11
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Chemoradiation impairs myofiber hypertrophic growth in a pediatric tumor model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19501. [PMID: 33177579 PMCID: PMC7659015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric cancer treatment often involves chemotherapy and radiation, where off-target effects can include skeletal muscle decline. The effect of such treatments on juvenile skeletal muscle growth has yet to be investigated. We employed a small animal irradiator to administer fractionated hindlimb irradiation to juvenile mice bearing implanted rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) tumors. Hindlimb-targeted irradiation (3 × 8.2 Gy) of 4-week-old mice successfully eliminated RMS tumors implanted one week prior. After establishment of this preclinical model, a cohort of tumor-bearing mice were injected with the chemotherapeutic drug, vincristine, alone or in combination with fractionated irradiation (5 × 4.8 Gy). Single myofiber analysis of fast-contracting extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-contracting soleus (SOL) muscles was conducted 3 weeks post-treatment. Although a reduction in myofiber size was apparent, EDL and SOL myonuclear number were differentially affected by juvenile irradiation and/or vincristine treatment. In contrast, a decrease in myonuclear domain (myofiber volume/myonucleus) was observed regardless of muscle or treatment. Thus, inhibition of myofiber hypertrophic growth is a consistent feature of pediatric cancer treatment.
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12
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Wang T, Gnanaprakasam JNR, Chen X, Kang S, Xu X, Sun H, Liu L, Rodgers H, Miller E, Cassel TA, Sun Q, Vicente-Muñoz S, Warmoes MO, Lin P, Piedra-Quintero ZL, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Cassady KA, Zheng SG, Yang J, Lane AN, Song X, Fan TWM, Wang R. Inosine is an alternative carbon source for CD8 +-T-cell function under glucose restriction. Nat Metab 2020; 2:635-647. [PMID: 32694789 PMCID: PMC7371628 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cells undergo metabolic rewiring to meet their bioenergetic, biosynthetic and redox demands following antigen stimulation. To fulfil these needs, effector T cells must adapt to fluctuations in environmental nutrient levels at sites of infection and inflammation. Here, we show that effector T cells can utilize inosine, as an alternative substrate, to support cell growth and function in the absence of glucose in vitro. T cells metabolize inosine into hypoxanthine and phosphorylated ribose by purine nucleoside phosphorylase. We demonstrate that the ribose subunit of inosine can enter into central metabolic pathways to provide ATP and biosynthetic precursors, and that cancer cells display diverse capacities to utilize inosine as a carbon source. Moreover, the supplementation with inosine enhances the anti-tumour efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell transfer in solid tumours that are defective in metabolizing inosine, reflecting the capability of inosine to relieve tumour-imposed metabolic restrictions on T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J N Rashida Gnanaprakasam
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xuyong Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Siwen Kang
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xuequn Xu
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hua Sun
- The Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lingling Liu
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hayley Rodgers
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ethan Miller
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Teresa A Cassel
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Qiushi Sun
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sara Vicente-Muñoz
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Marc O Warmoes
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Penghui Lin
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zayda Lizbeth Piedra-Quintero
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin A Cassady
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine at Ohio State University of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xiaotong Song
- The Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Icell Kealex Therapeutics, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Teresa W-M Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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13
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Marayati R, Quinn CH, Beierle EA. Immunotherapy in Pediatric Solid Tumors-A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2022. [PMID: 31847387 PMCID: PMC6966467 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of many pediatric solid tumors, children with aggressive and high-risk disease continue to have a dismal prognosis. For those presenting with metastatic or recurrent disease, multiple rounds of intensified chemotherapy and radiation are the typical course of action, but more often than not, this fails to control the progression of the disease. Thus, new therapeutics are desperately needed to improve the outcomes for these children. Recent advances in our understanding of both the immune system's biology and its interaction with tumors have led to the development of novel immunotherapeutics as alternative treatment options for these aggressive malignancies. Immunotherapeutic approaches have shown promising results for pediatric solid tumors in early clinical trials, but challenges remain concerning safety and anti-tumor efficacy. In this review, we aim to discuss and summarize the main classes of immunotherapeutics used to treat pediatric solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Beierle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.M.); (C.H.Q.)
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14
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Murgai M, Ju W, Eason M, Kline J, Beury DW, Kaczanowska S, Miettinen MM, Kruhlak M, Lei H, Shern JF, Cherepanova OA, Owens GK, Kaplan RN. KLF4-dependent perivascular cell plasticity mediates pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis. Nat Med 2017; 23:1176-1190. [PMID: 28920957 PMCID: PMC5724390 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the metastatic process is required for the development of new therapies that improve patient survival. Metastatic tumor cell growth and survival in distant organs is facilitated by the formation of a pre-metastatic niche composed of hematopoietic cells, stromal cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM). Perivascular cells, including vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) and pericytes, are involved in new vessel formation and in promoting stem cell maintenance and proliferation. Given the well-described plasticity of perivascular cells, we hypothesize that perivascular cells similarly regulate tumor cell fate at metastatic sites. Using perivascular cell-specific and pericyte-specific lineage-tracing models, we trace the fate of perivascular cells in the pre-metastatic and metastatic microenvironments. We show that perivascular cells lose the expression of traditional vSMC/pericyte markers in response to tumor-secreted factors and exhibit increased proliferation, migration, and ECM synthesis. Increased expression of the pluripotency gene Klf4 in these phenotypically-switched perivascular cells promotes a less differentiated state characterized by enhanced ECM production that establishes a pro-metastatic fibronectin-rich environment. Genetic inactivation of Klf4 in perivascular cells decreases pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis. Our data reveal a previously unidentified role for perivascular cells in pre-metastatic niche formation and uncover novel strategies for limiting metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Murgai
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Ju
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew Eason
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Kline
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel W Beury
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabina Kaczanowska
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Markku M Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Kruhlak
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Haiyan Lei
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack F Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Olga A Cherepanova
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Rosandra N Kaplan
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Hutzen B, Chen CY, Wang PY, Sprague L, Swain HM, Love J, Conner J, Boon L, Cripe TP. TGF-β Inhibition Improves Oncolytic Herpes Viroimmunotherapy in Murine Models of Rhabdomyosarcoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2017; 7:17-26. [PMID: 29034312 PMCID: PMC5633823 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are an emerging class of cancer therapeutics that couple cytotoxicity with the induction of an anti-tumor immune response. Host-virus interactions are complex and modulated by a tumor microenvironment whose immunosuppressive activities can limit the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies. In an effort to improve this aspect of oncolytic virotherapy, we combined the oncolytic herpes virus HSV1716 with the transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGF-βR1) inhibitor A8301 to treat syngeneic models of murine rhabdomyosarcoma. Mice that received HSV1716 or A8301 alone showed little to no benefit in efficacy and survival over controls. Conversely, mice given combination therapy exhibited tumor stabilization throughout the treatment regimen, which was reflected in significantly prolonged survival times including some complete responses. In vitro cell viability and virus replication assays showed that the rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines were generally insensitive to HSV1716 and A8301. Likewise, in vivo virus replication assays showed that HSV1716 titers moderately decreased in the presence of A8301. The enhanced efficacy instead appears to be dependent on the generation of an improved anti-tumor T cell response as determined by its loss in athymic nude mice and following in vivo depletion of either CD4+ or CD8+ cells. These data suggest TGF-β inhibition can augment the immunotherapeutic efficacy of oncolytic herpes virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hutzen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Les Sprague
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hayley M Swain
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julia Love
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy P Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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16
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Chen CY, Wang PY, Hutzen B, Sprague L, Swain HM, Love JK, Stanek JR, Boon L, Conner J, Cripe TP. Cooperation of Oncolytic Herpes Virotherapy and PD-1 Blockade in Murine Rhabdomyosarcoma Models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2396. [PMID: 28539588 PMCID: PMC5443787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is an effective immunotherapeutic approach for cancer treatment via a multistep process including direct tumor cell lysis, induction of cytotoxic or apoptosis-sensitizing cytokines and promotion of antitumor T cell responses. Solid tumors limit the effectiveness of immunotherapeutics in diverse ways such as secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines and expression of immune inhibitory ligands to inhibit antitumor T cell function. Blocking programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 signaling, which mediates T cell suppression via engagement of its inhibitory ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, is of particular interest due to recent successes in many types of cancer. In syngeneic murine rhabdomyosarcoma models, we found that M3-9-M (MHC I high) but not 76-9 (MHC I low) tumors respond to oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV-1) and PD-1 blockade combination therapy. In addition, the therapeutic outcomes in M3-9-M tumor models correlated with the increased incidence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but not with the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell populations in the tumor. Overall, our data suggest the combination of PD-1 blockade and oHSV-1 may be an effective treatment strategy for childhood soft tissue sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Hutzen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Les Sprague
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hayley M Swain
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Julia K Love
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph R Stanek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy P Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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17
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Aboura C, Touaoula TM, Aribi M. The pulse vaccination effects in mammary carcinoma. INT J BIOMATH 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s179352451750036x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Induction of antitumor immunity by vaccination is one of the major current immunotherapy strategies. We present a mathematical model of the competition between immune cells and mammary carcinogenesis under the effect of Triplex vaccine. The model describes both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against cancer cells. The control of the cancer cells growth occurs through the application of the pulse vaccination. Here we determine the relationship between the strength of the vaccine and the time required to eradicate cancer cells, and we present some simulations to illustrate our theoretical results, namely, the total cancer cells depletion, which is influenced by competition occurs among the immune and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahinez Aboura
- Laboratoire d’Analyse Non Linéaire et Mathématiques Appliquées, University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
- Department of Mathematics, University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Tarik Mohamed Touaoula
- Laboratoire d’Analyse Non Linéaire et Mathématiques Appliquées, University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
- Department of Mathematics, University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Mourad Aribi
- Department of Biology and Immunology, University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
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18
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Johler SM, Fuchs J, Seitz G, Armeanu-Ebinger S. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is induced by cytotoxic drugs and is involved in immune escape and migration in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:1465-1476. [PMID: 27629595 PMCID: PMC11029580 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is known to be involved in oncogenic transformation, tumour progression, and immunosuppression and is overexpressed in many solid tumours, including paediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). We investigated the function of MIF in RMS during treatment with cytotoxic drugs. RMS cell lines were analysed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, and ELISA. We demonstrated the overexpression of MIF in RMS cells and the enhanced expression and secretion after treatment with cytotoxic agents. Migration assays of RMS cells revealed that inhibitors of MIF (ISO-1, Ant.III 4-IPP, Ant.V, sulforaphane (SF)) and blocking antibodies caused reduced migration, indicating a role for MIF in metastatic invasion. Additionally, we investigated the function of MIF in immune escape. The development of a population containing immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells was promoted by incubation in conditioned medium of RMS cells comprising MIF and was reversed by MIF inhibitors but not by antibodies. Although most inhibitors may restore immune activity, Ant.III and 10 µM SF disturbed T cell proliferation in a CFSE assay, whereas T cell proliferation was not reduced by 3 µM SF, ISO-1 or antibodies. However, the inhibition of MIF by blocking antibodies did not increase the killing activity of allogenic PBMCs co-cultured with RMS cells. Our results reveal that MIF may be involved in an immune escape mechanism and demonstrate the involvement of MIF in immunogenic cell death during treatment with cytotoxic drugs. Targeting MIF may contribute to the restoration of immune sensitivity and the control of migration and metastatic invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Maria Johler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Fuchs
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guido Seitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sorin Armeanu-Ebinger
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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19
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Kashi VP, Hatley ME, Galindo RL. Probing for a deeper understanding of rhabdomyosarcoma: insights from complementary model systems. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:426-39. [PMID: 26105539 PMCID: PMC4599785 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a mesenchymal malignancy composed of neoplastic primitive precursor cells that exhibit histological features of myogenic differentiation. Despite intensive conventional multimodal therapy, patients with high-risk RMS typically suffer from aggressive disease. The lack of directed therapies against RMS emphasizes the need to further uncover the molecular underpinnings of the disease. In this Review, we discuss the notable advances in the model systems now available to probe for new RMS-targetable pathogenetic mechanisms, and the possibilities for enhanced RMS therapeutics and improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh P Kashi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9072, USA
| | - Mark E Hatley
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Rene L Galindo
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9072, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA. [3] Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063, USA
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20
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Leddon JL, Chen CY, Currier MA, Wang PY, Jung FA, Denton NL, Cripe KM, Haworth KB, Arnold MA, Gross AC, Eubank TD, Goins WF, Glorioso JC, Cohen JB, Grandi P, Hildeman DA, Cripe TP. Oncolytic HSV virotherapy in murine sarcomas differentially triggers an antitumor T-cell response in the absence of virus permissivity. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 1:14010. [PMID: 27119100 PMCID: PMC4782947 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies have indicated that in addition to direct oncolysis, virotherapy promotes an antitumor cytotoxic T cell response important for efficacy. To study this phenomenon further, we tested three syngeneic murine sarcoma models that displayed varied degrees of permissiveness to oncolytic herpes simplex virus replication and cytotoxicity in vitro, with the most permissive being comparable to some human sarcoma tumor lines. The in vivo antitumor effect ranged from no or modest response to complete tumor regression and protection from tumor rechallenge. The in vitro permissiveness to viral oncolysis was not predictive of the in vivo antitumor effect, as all three tumors showed intact interferon signaling and minimal permissiveness to virus in vivo. Tumor shrinkage was T-cell mediated with a tumor-specific antigen response required for maximal antitumor activity. Further analysis of the innate and adaptive immune microenvironment revealed potential correlates of susceptibility and resistance, including favorable and unfavorable cytokine profiles, differential composition of intratumoral myeloid cells, and baseline differences in tumor cell immunogenicity and tumor-infiltrating T-cell subsets. It is likely that a more complete understanding of the interplay between the immunologic immune microenvironment and virus infection will be necessary to fully leverage the antitumor effects of this therapeutic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Leddon
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Immunobiology Graduate Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark A Currier
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Francesca A Jung
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas L Denton
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin M Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kellie B Haworth
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael A Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy C Gross
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy D Eubank
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - William F Goins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph C Glorioso
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Justus B Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paola Grandi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A Hildeman
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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21
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Highfill SL, Cui Y, Giles AJ, Smith JP, Zhang H, Morse E, Kaplan RN, Mackall CL. Disruption of CXCR2-mediated MDSC tumor trafficking enhances anti-PD1 efficacy. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:237ra67. [PMID: 24848257 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of the host's immune system plays a major role in cancer progression. Tumor signaling of programmed death 1 (PD1) on T cells and expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are major mechanisms of tumor immune escape. We sought to target these pathways in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. Murine RMS showed high surface expression of PD-L1, and anti-PD1 prevented tumor growth if initiated early after tumor inoculation; however, delayed anti-PD1 had limited benefit. RMS induced robust expansion of CXCR2(+)CD11b(+)Ly6G(hi) MDSCs, and CXCR2 deficiency prevented CD11b(+)Ly6G(hi) MDSC trafficking to the tumor. When tumor trafficking of MDSCs was inhibited by CXCR2 deficiency, or after anti-CXCR2 monoclonal antibody therapy, delayed anti-PD1 treatment induced significant antitumor effects. Thus, CXCR2(+)CD11b(+)Ly6G(hi) MDSCs mediate local immunosuppression, which limits the efficacy of checkpoint blockade in murine RMS. Human pediatric sarcomas also produce CXCR2 ligands, including CXCL8. Patients with metastatic pediatric sarcomas display elevated serum CXCR2 ligands, and elevated CXCL8 is associated with diminished survival in this population. We conclude that accumulation of MDSCs in the tumor bed limits the efficacy of checkpoint blockade in cancer. We also identify CXCR2 as a novel target for modulating tumor immune escape and present evidence that CXCR2(+)CD11b(+)Ly6G(hi) MDSCs are an important suppressive myeloid subset in pediatric sarcomas. These findings present a translatable strategy to improve the efficacy of checkpoint blockade by preventing trafficking of MDSCs to the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Highfill
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongzhi Cui
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amber J Giles
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jillian P Smith
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Morse
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rosandra N Kaplan
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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22
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A pan inhibitor of DASH family enzymes induces immunogenic modulation and sensitizes murine and human carcinoma cells to antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing: implications for combination therapy with cancer vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32:3223-31. [PMID: 24731809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that pan inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity and/or structure homologs (DASH), including ARI-4175, can mediate tumor regression by immune-mediated mechanisms. This study assessed the potential of combining ARI-4175 with cancer vaccines. We evaluated ARI-4175's effect on immunogenic modulation, ability to sensitize tumor cells to antigen-specific CTL killing, effect on immune-cell subsets and function, and antitumor activity in 2 tumor models, both as a monotherapy and in combination with a recombinant viral or dendritic cell (DC)-based tumor-cell vaccine. ARI-4175's effects on the growth, surface phenotype, and antigen-specific CTL-mediated lysis of murine and human carcinoma cell lines were assessed in vitro. In vivo, C57BL-6 mice were treated orally with ARI-4175, after which splenocytes were assessed by flow cytometry and functional assays. Antitumor studies were performed in murine models of colon carcinoma (MC38-CEA(+) in CEA-transgenic C57BL-6 mice) and rhabdomyosarcoma (M3-9-M in C57BL-6 mice). Mice received oral ARI-4175 alone or in combination with a vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia/fowlpox CEA-TRICOM (colon model) or a DC-based tumor-cell vaccine (rhabdomyosarcoma model). Exposure to ARI-4175 had no effect on the proliferation or viability of carcinoma cells in vitro; however, it did alter tumor phenotype, making murine and human tumor cells more sensitive to antigen-specific CTL killing. Assessment of immune-cell subsets and function indicated that ARI-4175 increased levels of natural killer cells and DCs. Detrimental immune effects, including reduced T effector cells and increased immunosuppressive cells (Tregs, MDSCs), were normalized when treatment stopped, suggesting that scheduling is critical when combining this agent with vaccine. As a monotherapy, ARI-4175 had potent antitumor activity in both tumor models, and had even greater effects when combined with a vaccine (either DC-based or poxviral vector based). These findings provide the rationale for the combined use of cancer immunotherapy with DASH enzyme inhibitors such as ARI-4175.
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23
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A pan-inhibitor of DASH family enzymes induces immune-mediated regression of murine sarcoma and is a potent adjuvant to dendritic cell vaccination and adoptive T-cell therapy. J Immunother 2014; 36:400-11. [PMID: 23994886 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3182a80213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multimodality therapy consisting of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation will fail in approximately 40% of patients with pediatric sarcomas and result in substantial long-term morbidity in those who are cured. Immunotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of solid tumors typically generate antigen-specific responses too weak to overcome considerable tumor burden and tumor suppressive mechanisms and are in need of adjuvant assistance. Previous work suggests that inhibitors of DASH (dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and/or structural homologs) enzymes can mediate tumor regression by immune-mediated mechanisms. Herein, we demonstrate that the DASH inhibitor, ARI-4175, can induce regression and eradication of well-established solid tumors, both as a single agent and as an adjuvant to a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in mice implanted with the M3-9-M rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. Treatment with effective doses of ARI-4175 correlated with recruitment of myeloid (CD11b) cells, particularly myeloid DCs, to secondary lymphoid tissues and with reduced frequency of intratumoral monocytic (CD11bLy6-CLy6-G) myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In immunocompetent mice, combining ARI-4175 with a DC vaccine or ACT with tumor-primed T cells produced significant improvements in tumor responses against well-established M3-9-M tumors. In M3-9-M-bearing immunodeficient (Rag1) mice, ACT combined with ARI-4175 produced greater tumor responses and significantly improved survival compared with either treatment alone. These studies warrant the clinical investigation of ARI-4175 for treatment of sarcomas and other malignancies, particularly as an adjuvant to tumor vaccines and ACT.
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24
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Scrimieri F, Askew D, Corn DJ, Eid S, Bobanga ID, Bjelac JA, Tsao ML, Allen F, Othman YS, Wang SCG, Huang AY. Murine leukemia virus envelope gp70 is a shared biomarker for the high-sensitivity quantification of murine tumor burden. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26889. [PMID: 24482753 PMCID: PMC3894233 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The preclinical development of anticancer drugs including immunotherapeutics and targeted agents relies on the ability to detect minimal residual tumor burden as a measure of therapeutic efficacy. Real-time quantitative (qPCR) represents an exquisitely sensitive method to perform such an assessment. However, qPCR-based applications are limited by the availability of a genetic defect associated with each tumor model under investigation. Here, we describe an off-the-shelf qPCR-based approach to detect a broad array of commonly used preclinical murine tumor models. In particular, we report that the mRNA coding for the envelope glycoprotein 70 (gp70) encoded by the endogenous murine leukemia virus (MuLV) is universally expressed in 22 murine cancer cell lines of disparate histological origin but is silent in 20 out of 22 normal mouse tissues. Further, we detected the presence of as few as 100 tumor cells in whole lung extracts using qPCR specific for gp70, supporting the notion that this detection approach has a higher sensitivity as compared with traditional tissue histology methods. Although gp70 is expressed in a wide variety of tumor cell lines, it was absent in inflamed tissues, non-transformed cell lines, or pre-cancerous lesions. Having a high-sensitivity biomarker for the detection of a wide range of murine tumor cells that does not require additional genetic manipulations or the knowledge of specific genetic alterations present in a given neoplasm represents a unique experimental tool for investigating metastasis, assessing antitumor therapeutic interventions, and further determining tumor recurrence or minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scrimieri
- Department of Pediatrics; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - David Askew
- Department of Pediatrics; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - David J Corn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Saada Eid
- Department of Pediatrics; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Iuliana D Bobanga
- Department of Surgery; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Jaclyn A Bjelac
- Department of Pediatrics; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Matthew L Tsao
- Department of Pediatrics; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Frederick Allen
- Department of Pediatrics; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Youmna S Othman
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Stormont Vail Hospital; Cotton-O'Neil Cancer Center; Topeka, KS USA
| | - Shih-Chung G Wang
- Department of Pediatrics; Changhua Christian Hospital; Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Department of Pediatrics; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, OH USA
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25
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Walsh MP, Duncan B, Larabee S, Krauss A, Davis JPE, Cui Y, Kim SY, Guimond M, Bachovchin W, Fry TJ. Val-boroPro accelerates T cell priming via modulation of dendritic cell trafficking resulting in complete regression of established murine tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58860. [PMID: 23554941 PMCID: PMC3595211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tumors naturally prime adaptive immune responses, tolerance may limit the capacity to control progression and can compromise effectiveness of immune-based therapies for cancer. Post-proline cleaving enzymes (PPCE) modulate protein function through N-terminal dipeptide cleavage and inhibition of these enzymes has been shown to have anti-tumor activity. We investigated the mechanism by which Val-boroPro, a boronic dipeptide that inhibits post-proline cleaving enzymes, mediates tumor regression and tested whether this agent could serve as a novel immune adjuvant to dendritic cell vaccines in two different murine syngeneic murine tumors. In mice challenged with MB49, which expresses the HY antigen complex, T cell responses primed by the tumor with and without Val-boroPro were measured using interferon gamma ELISPOT. Antibody depletion and gene-deficient mice were used to establish the immune cell subsets required for tumor regression. We demonstrate that Val-boroPro mediates tumor eradication by accelerating the expansion of tumor-specific T cells. Interestingly, T cells primed by tumor during Val-boroPro treatment demonstrate increased capacity to reject tumors following adoptive transfer without further treatment of the recipient. Val-boroPro -mediated tumor regression requires dendritic cells and is associated with enhanced trafficking of dendritic cells to tumor draining lymph nodes. Finally, dendritic cell vaccination combined with Val-boroPro treatment results in complete regression of established tumors. Our findings demonstrate that Val-boroPro has antitumor activity and a novel mechanism of action that involves more robust DC trafficking with earlier priming of T cells. Finally, we show that Val-boroPro has potent adjuvant properties resulting in an effective therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghaan P Walsh
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Simon-Keller K, Barth S, Vincent A, Marx A. Targeting the fetal acetylcholine receptor in rhabdomyosarcoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 17:127-38. [PMID: 23231343 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.734500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood and adolescence. Recent efforts to enhance overall survival of patients with clinically advanced RMS have failed and there is a demand for conceptually novel treatments. Immune therapeutic options targeting the fetal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (fnAChR), which is broadly expressed on RMS, are novel approaches to overcome the therapeutic resistance of RMS. Expression of the fnAChR is restricted to developing fetal muscles, some apparently dispensable ocular muscle fibers and thymic myoid cells. Therefore, after-birth fnAChR is a tumor-associated and almost tumor-specific antigen on RMS cells. AREAS COVERED This review gives an overview on nAChR function and expression pattern in RMS tumor cells, and deals with the immunological significance of fnAChR-expressing cells, including the risk of anti-nAChR autoimmunity as a potential side effect of fnAChR-directed immunotherapies. The article also addresses the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination strategies, immunotoxins and chimeric T cells targeting the fnAChR. EXPERT OPINION Finally, we suggest technical and biological strategies to improve the available immunotherapeutic tools including increasing the in vivo expression of the target fnAChR on RMS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Simon-Keller
- University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Institute of Pathology, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany.
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Ray A, Huh WW. Current State-of-the-Art Systemic Therapy for Pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Curr Oncol Rep 2012; 14:311-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11912-012-0243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Londhe P, Zhu B, Abraham J, Keller C, Davie J. CIITA is silenced by epigenetic mechanisms that prevent the recruitment of transactivating factors in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E437-48. [PMID: 21989738 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are highly malignant pediatric sarcomas. We have discovered that the gene encoding the major histocompatibilty complex class II transactivator, CIITA, is silenced in cells representing both major subtypes of RMS. Silencing of CIITA prevents the IFN-γ inducible expression of MHC class II genes in these cells. Overexpression of CIITA in these cells can restore MHC expression. We have found that IFN-γ signaling is intact in these cells, but pSTAT1 and IRF1 do not bind to the CIITA PIV promoter. The CIITA promoter is not hypermethylated in RD (ERMS) cells but does show a modestly enhanced methylation status in SJRH30 (ARMS) cells. We have found that histone acetylation, which normally increases on the CIITA PIV promoter following IFN-γ treatment, is blocked in both types of RMS cells. In RD cells, treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor (TSA) reverses the silencing of CIITA. In SJRH30 cells, treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and TSA cooperatively restores CIITA expression. Surprisingly, we have also shown that the expression of two components of the immunoproteasome, which are embedded in the class II locus, is stimulated by IFN-γ in certain RMS cells in the absence of stimulation by CIITA. CIITA overexpression can also activate the expression of these genes, indicating that the immunoproteasome genes LMP2 and LMP7 can be activated by both CIITA dependent and CIITA independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Londhe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
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