1
|
Inoue Y, Lee H, Fu T, Luna A. drGAT: Attention-Guided Gene Assessment of Drug Response Utilizing a Drug-Cell-Gene Heterogeneous Network. ARXIV 2024:arXiv:2405.08979v1. [PMID: 38800657 PMCID: PMC11118660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Drug development is a lengthy process with a high failure rate. Increasingly, machine learning is utilized to facilitate the drug development processes. These models aim to enhance our understanding of drug characteristics, including their activity in biological contexts. However, a major challenge in drug response (DR) prediction is model interpretability as it aids in the validation of findings. This is important in biomedicine, where models need to be understandable in comparison with established knowledge of drug interactions with proteins. drGAT, a graph deep learning model, leverages a heterogeneous graph composed of relationships between proteins, cell lines, and drugs. drGAT is designed with two objectives: DR prediction as a binary sensitivity prediction and elucidation of drug mechanism from attention coefficients. drGAT has demonstrated superior performance over existing models, achieving 78% accuracy (and precision), and 76% F1 score for 269 DNA-damaging compounds of the NCI60 drug response dataset. To assess the model's interpretability, we conducted a review of drug-gene co-occurrences in Pubmed abstracts in comparison to the top 5 genes with the highest attention coefficients for each drug. We also examined whether known relationships were retained in the model by inspecting the neighborhoods of topoisomerase-related drugs. For example, our model retained TOP1 as a highly weighted predictive feature for irinotecan and topotecan, in addition to other genes that could potentially be regulators of the drugs. Our method can be used to accurately predict sensitivity to drugs and may be useful in the identification of biomarkers relating to the treatment of cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Inoue
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota
- Computational Biology Branch, National Library of Medicine
| | - Hunmin Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota
| | - Tianfan Fu
- Computer Science Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
| | - Augustin Luna
- Computational Biology Branch, National Library of Medicine
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Palackdkharry CS, Wottrich S, Dienes E, Bydon M, Steinmetz MP, Traynelis VC. The leptomeninges as a critical organ for normal CNS development and function: First patient and public involved systematic review of arachnoiditis (chronic meningitis). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274634. [PMID: 36178925 PMCID: PMC9524710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & IMPORTANCE This patient and public-involved systematic review originally focused on arachnoiditis, a supposedly rare "iatrogenic chronic meningitis" causing permanent neurologic damage and intractable pain. We sought to prove disease existence, causation, symptoms, and inform future directions. After 63 terms for the same pathology were found, the study was renamed Diseases of the Leptomeninges (DLMs). We present results that nullify traditional clinical thinking about DLMs, answer study questions, and create a unified path forward. METHODS The prospective PRISMA protocol is published at Arcsology.org. We used four platforms, 10 sources, extraction software, and critical review with ≥2 researchers at each phase. All human sources to 12/6/2020 were eligible for qualitative synthesis utilizing R. Weekly updates since cutoff strengthen conclusions. RESULTS Included were 887/14286 sources containing 12721 DLMs patients. Pathology involves the subarachnoid space (SAS) and pia. DLMs occurred in all countries as a contributor to the top 10 causes of disability-adjusted life years lost, with communicable diseases (CDs) predominating. In the USA, the ratio of CDs to iatrogenic causes is 2.4:1, contradicting arachnoiditis literature. Spinal fusion surgery comprised 54.7% of the iatrogenic category, with rhBMP-2 resulting in 2.4x more DLMs than no use (p<0.0001). Spinal injections and neuraxial anesthesia procedures cause 1.1%, and 0.2% permanent DLMs, respectively. Syringomyelia, hydrocephalus, and arachnoid cysts are complications caused by blocked CSF flow. CNS neuron death occurs due to insufficient arterial supply from compromised vasculature and nerves traversing the SAS. Contrast MRI is currently the diagnostic test of choice. Lack of radiologist recognition is problematic. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION DLMs are common. The LM clinically functions as an organ with critical CNS-sustaining roles involving the SAS-pia structure, enclosed cells, lymphatics, and biologic pathways. Cases involve all specialties. Causes are numerous, symptoms predictable, and outcomes dependent on time to treatment and extent of residual SAS damage. An international disease classification and possible treatment trials are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Wottrich
- Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Erin Dienes
- Arcsology®, Mead, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mohamad Bydon
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery, and Health Services Research, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Steinmetz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Neurologic Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vincent C. Traynelis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shim J, Reisner A, Esiashvili N, Rapkin L, Olson T. Intraventricular topotecan in the successful treatment of recurrent CNS pleuropulmonary blastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29529. [PMID: 34913589 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare pediatric tumor of the pleura and pulmonary mesenchyme, associated with pathogenic germline DICER1 mutations. Although the most common site of metastasis is the central nervous system (CNS), patients with CNS metastasis have dismal outcome. We report a case of a patient presenting with type II PPB and intracranial and bone metastases. We describe a multimodal therapy approach and highlight the use of intraventricular topotecan for isolated CNS recurrence. In addition, a new pathogenic germline mutation heterozygous for the c.1234delT of DICER1 was identified. Patient remains in remission 3 years after recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at the Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew Reisner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Natia Esiashvili
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Louis Rapkin
- Department of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at the Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Horwitz J, Huang A, McAuley D, Jansen GH, Johnston D. Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes of the Parietooccipital Region: A Case Report. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:e255-e259. [PMID: 33448719 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes is a rare and highly malignant early childhood brain tumor. We report a case of embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes in the parietooccipital region of a 2-year-old girl. Histopathology of the tumor demonstrated amplification of the 19q13.42 locus and strong positivity for LIN28A. Treatment was multimodal and included 3 surgical resections, adjuvant chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue, and focal radiotherapy. The use of the agents vorinostat and isotretinoin, and the addition of focal radiation have not been extensively described in this patient population, but may attribute to our patient's sustained remission at 2.5-years follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie Huang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Gerard H Jansen
- Divisin of Anatomical Pathology, Eastern Ontario Regional Laboratory Association, Ottawa, ON
| | - Donna Johnston
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hill RM, Plasschaert SLA, Timmermann B, Dufour C, Aquilina K, Avula S, Donovan L, Lequin M, Pietsch T, Thomale U, Tippelt S, Wesseling P, Rutkowski S, Clifford SC, Pfister SM, Bailey S, Fleischhack G. Relapsed Medulloblastoma in Pre-Irradiated Patients: Current Practice for Diagnostics and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:126. [PMID: 35008290 PMCID: PMC8750207 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapsed medulloblastoma (rMB) accounts for a considerable, and disproportionate amount of childhood cancer deaths. Recent advances have gone someway to characterising disease biology at relapse including second malignancies that often cannot be distinguished from relapse on imaging alone. Furthermore, there are now multiple international early-phase trials exploring drug-target matches across a range of high-risk/relapsed paediatric tumours. Despite these advances, treatment at relapse in pre-irradiated patients is typically non-curative and focuses on providing life-prolonging and symptom-modifying care that is tailored to the needs and wishes of the individual and their family. Here, we describe the current understanding of prognostic factors at disease relapse such as principal molecular group, adverse molecular biology, and timing of relapse. We provide an overview of the clinical diagnostic process including signs and symptoms, staging investigations, and molecular pathology, followed by a summary of treatment modalities and considerations. Finally, we summarise future directions to progress understanding of treatment resistance and the biological mechanisms underpinning early therapy-refractory and relapsed disease. These initiatives include development of comprehensive and collaborative molecular profiling approaches at relapse, liquid biopsies such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a biomarker of minimal residual disease (MRD), modelling strategies, and the use of primary tumour material for real-time drug screening approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Hill
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (S.C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Sabine L. A. Plasschaert
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.L.A.P.); (M.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Beate Timmermann
- Department of Particle Therapy, West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Christelle Dufour
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Kristian Aquilina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK;
| | - Shivaram Avula
- Department of Radiology, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK;
| | - Laura Donovan
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
| | - Maarten Lequin
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.L.A.P.); (M.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, DGNN Brain Tumor Reference Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Thomale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Stephan Tippelt
- Department of Pediatrics III, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (CTNBS), University Hospital of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.L.A.P.); (M.L.); (P.W.)
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers/VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Rutkowski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Steven C. Clifford
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (S.C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefan M. Pfister
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Bailey
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (S.C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Gudrun Fleischhack
- Department of Pediatrics III, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (CTNBS), University Hospital of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Naseri Kouzehgarani G, Feldsien T, Engelhard HH, Mirakhur KK, Phipps C, Nimmrich V, Clausznitzer D, Lefebvre DR. Harnessing cerebrospinal fluid circulation for drug delivery to brain tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:20-59. [PMID: 33705875 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Initially thought to be useful only to reach tissues in the immediate vicinity of the CSF circulatory system, CSF circulation is now increasingly viewed as a viable pathway to deliver certain therapeutics deeper into brain tissues. There is emerging evidence that this goal is achievable in the case of large therapeutic proteins, provided conditions are met that are described herein. We show how fluid dynamic modeling helps predict infusion rate and duration to overcome high CSF turnover. We posit that despite model limitations and controversies, fluid dynamic models, pharmacokinetic models, preclinical testing, and a qualitative understanding of the glymphatic system circulation can be used to estimate drug penetration in brain tissues. Lastly, in addition to highlighting landmark scientific and medical literature, we provide practical advice on formulation development, device selection, and pharmacokinetic modeling. Our review of clinical studies suggests a growing interest for intra-CSF delivery, particularly for targeted proteins.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma Y, Lim DH, Cho H, Lee JW, Sung KW, Yoo KH, Koo HH, Shin HJ, Suh YL. Tandem High-dose Chemotherapy without Craniospinal Irradiation in Treatment of Non-metastatic Malignant Brain Tumors in Very Young Children. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e405. [PMID: 33316857 PMCID: PMC7735913 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants and very young children with malignant brain tumors have a poorer survival and a higher risk for neurologic deficits. The present study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of multimodal treatment including tandem high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDCT/auto-SCT) in minimizing use of radiotherapy (RT) in very young children with non-metastatic malignant brain tumors. METHODS Twenty consecutive patients younger than 3 years were enrolled between 2004 and 2017. Tandem HDCT/auto-SCT was performed after six cycles of induction chemotherapy. Local RT was administered only to patients with post-operative gross residual tumor at older than 3 years. Since September 2015, early post-operative local RT for patients with atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor or primitive neuroectodermal tumor was administered. RESULTS All 20 enrolled patients underwent the first HDCT/auto-SCT, and 18 proceeded to the second. Two patients died from toxicity during the second HDCT/auto-SCT, and four patients experienced relapse/progression (one localized and three metastatic), three of whom remained alive after salvage treatment including RT. A total of 17 patients remained alive at a median 7.8 (range, 2.5-5.7) years from diagnosis. Nine survivors received no RT, six survivors received local RT alone, and two survivors who experienced metastatic relapse after tandem HDCT/auto-SCT received both local and craniospinal RT. The 5-year overall, event-free, and craniospinal RT-free survival rates were 85.0% ± 8.0%, 70.0% ± 10.2%, and 75.0% ± 9.7%, respectively. Neuroendocrine and neurocognitive functions evaluated 5 years after tandem HDCT/auto-SCT were acceptable. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that non-metastatic malignant brain tumors in very young children could be treated with multimodal therapy including tandem HDCT/auto-SCT while minimizing RT, particularly craniospinal RT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngeun Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Do Hoon Lim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heewon Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Woong Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Keon Hee Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Hoe Koo
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Lim Suh
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cancela MB, Zugbi S, Winter U, Martinez AL, Sampor C, Sgroi M, Francis JH, Garippa R, Abramson DH, Chantada G, Schaiquevich P. A decision process for drug discovery in retinoblastoma. Invest New Drugs 2020; 39:426-441. [PMID: 33200242 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-01030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular retinoblastoma treatment has changed radically over the last decade, leading to a notable improvement in ocular survival. However, eyes that relapse remain difficult to treat, as few alternative active drugs are available. More challenging is the scenario of central nervous system (CNS) metastasis, in which almost no advancements have been made. Both clinical scenarios represent an urgent need for new drugs. Using an integrated multidisciplinary approach, we developed a decision process for prioritizing drug selection for local (intravitreal [IVi], intrathecal/intraventricular [IT/IVt]), systemic, or intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) treatment by means of high-throughput pharmacological screening of primary cells from two patients with intraocular tumor and CNS metastasis and a thorough database search to identify clinical and biopharmaceutical data. This process identified 169 compounds to be cytotoxic; only 8 are FDA-approved, lack serious toxicities and available for IVi administration. Four of these agents could also be delivered by IT/IVt. Twelve FDA-approved drugs were identified for systemic delivery as they are able to cross the blood-brain barrier and lack serious adverse events; four drugs are of oral usage and six compounds that lack vesicant or neurotoxicity could be delivered by IAC. We also identified promising compounds in preliminary phases of drug development including inhibitors of survivin, antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, methyltransferase, and kinesin proteins. This systematic approach may be applied more broadly to prioritize drugs to be repurposed or to identify novel hits for use in retinoblastoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Belen Cancela
- Precision Medicine, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, 1245, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Zugbi
- Precision Medicine, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, 1245, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ursula Winter
- Pathology Service, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, 1245, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Laura Martinez
- Precision Medicine, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, 1245, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Sampor
- Hematology-Oncology Service, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, 1245, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Sgroi
- Ophthalmology Service, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, 1245, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jasmine H Francis
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute and Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ralph Garippa
- Gene Editing And Screening Core facility, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute and Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David H Abramson
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute and Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Guillermo Chantada
- Precision Medicine, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, 1245, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Schaiquevich
- Precision Medicine, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, 1245, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Straehla JP, Warren KE. Pharmacokinetic Principles and Their Application to Central Nervous System Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100948. [PMID: 33036139 PMCID: PMC7601100 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing knowledge of the biologic drivers of central nervous system tumors, most targeted agents trialed to date have not shown activity against these tumors in clinical trials. To effectively treat central nervous system tumors, an active drug must achieve and maintain an effective exposure at the tumor site for a long enough period of time to exert its intended effect. However, this is difficult to assess and achieve due to the constraints of drug delivery to the central nervous system. To address this complex problem, an understanding of pharmacokinetic principles is necessary. Pharmacokinetics is classically described as the quantitative study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The innate chemical properties of a drug, its administration (dose, route and schedule), and host factors all influence these four key pharmacokinetic phases. The central nervous system adds a level of complexity to standard plasma pharmacokinetics as it is a coupled drug compartment. This review will discuss special considerations of pharmacokinetics in the context of therapeutic development for central nervous system tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joelle P. Straehla
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Katherine E. Warren
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-632-2680
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Walker DA, Meijer L, Coyle B, Halsey C. Leptomeningeal malignancy of childhood: sharing learning between childhood leukaemia and brain tumour trials. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 4:242-250. [PMID: 31958415 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Leptomeningeal malignancy complicates childhood cancers, including leukaemias, brain tumours, and solid tumours. In leukaemia, such malignancy is thought to invade leptomeninges via the vascular route. In brain tumours, dissemination from the primary tumour, before or after surgery, via CSF pathways is assumed; however, evidence exists to support the vascular route of dissemination. Success in treating leptomeningeal malignancy represents a rate-limiting step to cure, which has been successfully overcome in leukaemia with intensified systemic therapy combined with intra-CSF therapy, which replaced cranial radiotherapy for many patients. This de-escalated CNS-directed therapy is still associated with some neurotoxicity. The balanced benefit justifies exploration of ways to further de-escalate CNS-directed therapy. For primary brain tumours, standard therapy is craniospinal radiotherapy, but attendant risk of acute and delayed brain injury and endocrine deficiencies compounds post-radiation impairment of spinal growth. Alternative ways of treating leptomeninges by intensifying drug therapy delivered to CSF are being investigated-preliminary evidence suggests improved outcomes. This Review seeks to describe methods of intra-CSF drug delivery and drugs in use, and consider how the technique could be modified and additional drugs might be selected for this route of administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Walker
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Lisethe Meijer
- Department of Paediatric Neuro-Oncology, Prinses Maxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christina Halsey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Complications of Intrathecal Chemotherapy in Adults: Single-Institution Experience in 109 Consecutive Patients. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:4047617. [PMID: 31186634 PMCID: PMC6521528 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4047617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and other aggressive lymphoid malignancies like Burkitt leukemia/lymphoma have high incidence of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Various solid tumors, most notably breast cancer, can also metastasize into the CNS as a late stage complication causing devastating effects. Intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy consisting of methotrexate, cytarabine, or the two in combination is frequently used for the prophylaxis and treatment of CNS metastasis. Because of the high toxicity of these chemotherapeutic agents, however, their side effect profiles are potentially catastrophic. The incidence of neurotoxicity secondary to IT chemotherapy is well defined in the pediatric literature but is poorly reported in adults. Here, we investigated the incidence of neurologic and nonneurologic side effects secondary to IT chemotherapy in 109 consecutive adult patients over a two-year time period at hospitals associated with our institution. Of 355 IT chemotherapy treatments received by these patients, 11 (3.10%) resulted in paresthesias or paralysis, which we defined as significant neurologic events in our analysis. We also examined minor events that arose after IT chemotherapy, including back pain, headache, fever, vomiting, and asthenia. At least one of these occurred after 30.70% of IT chemotherapy doses. Clinicians involved in the care of patients receiving IT chemotherapy should be aware of these findings and consider treatment options lower rate of neurotoxicity such as high-dose systemic methotrexate.
Collapse
|
12
|
Shackleford GM, Mahdi MY, Moats RA, Hawes D, Tran HC, Finlay JL, Hoang TQ, Meng EF, Erdreich-Epstein A. Continuous and bolus intraventricular topotecan prolong survival in a mouse model of leptomeningeal medulloblastoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0206394. [PMID: 30608927 PMCID: PMC6319703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptomeningeal metastasis remains a difficult clinical challenge. Some success has been achieved by direct administration of therapeutics into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circumventing limitations imposed by the blood brain barrier. Here we investigated continuous infusion versus bolus injection of therapy into the CSF in a preclinical model of human Group 3 medulloblastoma, the molecular subgroup with the highest incidence of leptomeningeal disease. Initial tests of selected Group 3 human medulloblastoma cell lines in culture showed that D283 Med and D425 Med were resistant to cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate. D283 Med cells were also resistant to topotecan, whereas 1 μM topotecan killed over 99% of D425 Med cells. We therefore introduced D425 Med cells, modified to express firefly luciferase, into the CSF of immunodeficient mice. Mice were then treated with topotecan or saline in five groups: continuous intraventricular (IVT) topotecan via osmotic pump (5.28 μg/day), daily bolus IVT topotecan injections with a similar daily dose (6 μg/day), systemic intraperitoneal injections of a higher daily dose of topotecan (15 μg/day), daily IVT pumped saline and daily intraperitoneal injections of saline. Bioluminescence analyses revealed that both IVT topotecan treatments effectively slowed leptomeningeal tumor growth in the brains. Histological analysis showed that they were associated with localized brain necrosis, possibly due to backtracking of topotecan around the catheter. In the spines, bolus IVT topotecan showed a trend towards slower tumor growth compared to continuous (pump) IVT topotecan, as measured by bioluminescence. Both continuous and bolus topotecan IVT showed longer survival compared to other groups. Thus, both direct IVT topotecan CSF delivery methods produced better anti-medulloblastoma effect compared to systemic therapy at the dosages used here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Shackleford
- Department of Radiology, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
| | - Min Y. Mahdi
- Department of Radiology, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
| | - Rex A. Moats
- Department of Radiology, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
| | - Debra Hawes
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
| | - Hung C. Tran
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
| | - Jonathan L. Finlay
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
| | - Tuan Q. Hoang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
| | - Ellis F. Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cohen-Pfeffer JL, Gururangan S, Lester T, Lim DA, Shaywitz AJ, Westphal M, Slavc I. Intracerebroventricular Delivery as a Safe, Long-Term Route of Drug Administration. Pediatr Neurol 2017; 67:23-35. [PMID: 28089765 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intrathecal delivery methods have been used for many decades to treat a broad range of central nervous system disorders. A literature review demonstrated that intracerebroventricular route is an established and well-tolerated method for prolonged central nervous system drug delivery in pediatric and adult populations. Intracerebroventricular devices were present in patients from one to 7156 days. The number of punctures per device ranged from 2 to 280. Noninfectious complication rates per patient (range, 1.0% to 33.0%) were similar to infectious complication rates (0.0% to 27.0%). Clinician experience and training and the use of strict aseptic techniques have been shown to reduce the frequency of complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irene Slavc
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jacus MO, Daryani VM, Harstead KE, Patel YT, Throm SL, Stewart CF. Pharmacokinetic Properties of Anticancer Agents for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Tumors: Update of the Literature. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:297-311. [PMID: 26293618 PMCID: PMC4761278 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant improvement in outcomes for patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors over the past 10 years, patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors continue to have a poor prognosis. A primary reason for this is the inability of many chemotherapeutic drugs to penetrate into the brain and brain tumors at concentrations high enough to exert an antitumor effect because of unique barriers and efflux transporters. Several studies have been published recently examining the central nervous system pharmacokinetics of various anticancer drugs in patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors. To summarize recent advances in the field, this review critically presents studies published within the last 9 years examining brain and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of clinically available anticancer agents for patients with central nervous system tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan O Jacus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Vinay M Daryani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - K Elaine Harstead
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yogesh T Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Stacy L Throm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Clinton F Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|