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Pui CH, Yang JJ, Hunger SP, Pieters R, Schrappe M, Biondi A, Vora A, Baruchel A, Silverman LB, Schmiegelow K, Escherich G, Horibe K, Benoit YCM, Izraeli S, Yeoh AEJ, Liang DC, Downing JR, Evans WE, Relling MV, Mullighan CG. Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Progress Through Collaboration. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:2938-48. [PMID: 26304874 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the impact of collaborative studies on advances in the biology and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and adolescents. METHODS A review of English literature on childhood ALL focusing on collaborative studies was performed. The resulting article was reviewed and revised by the committee chairs of the major ALL study groups. RESULTS With long-term survival rates for ALL approaching 90% and the advent of high-resolution genome-wide analyses, several international study groups or consortia were established to conduct collaborative research to further improve outcome. As a result, treatment strategies have been improved for several subtypes of ALL, such as infant, MLL-rearranged, Philadelphia chromosome-positive, and Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL. Many recurrent genetic abnormalities that respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and multiple genetic determinants of drug resistance and toxicities have been identified to help develop targeted therapy. Several genetic polymorphisms have been recognized that show susceptibility to developing ALL and that help explain the racial/ethnic differences in the incidence of ALL. CONCLUSION The information gained from collaborative studies has helped decipher the heterogeneity of ALL to help improve personalized treatment, which will further advance the current high cure rate and the quality of life for children and adolescents with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hon Pui
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jun J Yang
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rob Pieters
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Martin Schrappe
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ajay Vora
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - André Baruchel
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gabriele Escherich
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keizo Horibe
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yves C M Benoit
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Allen Eng Juh Yeoh
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cherng Liang
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - James R Downing
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - William E Evans
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mary V Relling
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Ching-Hon Pui, Jun J. Yang, James R. Downing, Williams E. Evans, Mary V. Relling, and Charles G. Mullighan, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Stephen P. Hunger, University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Rob Pieters, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Martin Schrappe, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Gabriele Escherich, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Andrea Biondi, Clinica Pediatrica and Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Ajay Vora, Children's Cancer Group, School of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; André Baruchel, Hôpital Robert Debré and University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Kjeld Schmiegelow, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Juliane Marie Centre, the University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Keizo Horibe, Nagoya Medical Center, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Japan; Yves C.M. Benoit, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Shai Izraeli, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Allen Eng Juh Yeoh, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, and Viva-University Children's Cancer Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; and Der-Cherng Liang, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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