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Mazzotta S, Rositano V, Senaldi L, Bernardi A, Allegrini P, Appendino G. Scalemic natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1647-1671. [PMID: 37439042 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2022The area of scalemic natural products is often enigmatic from a mechanistic standpoint, since low optical purity is observed in compounds having multiple contiguous stereogenic centers resulting from mechanistically distinct biogenetic steps. A scalemic state is rarely the result of a sloppy enzymatic activity, rather resulting from the expression of antipodal enzymes/directing proteins or from the erosion of optical purity by enzymatic or spontaneous reactions. Evidence for these processes is critically reviewed, identifying the mechanisms most often associated to the enzymatic generation of scalemic natural products and also discussing analytical exploitations of natural products' scalemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mazzotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rositano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Indena SpA, Via Don Minzoni 6, 20049 Settala, MI, Italy
| | - Luca Senaldi
- Indena SpA, Via Don Minzoni 6, 20049 Settala, MI, Italy
| | - Anna Bernardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Bitchagno GTM, Nchiozem-Ngnitedem VA, Melchert D, Fobofou SA. Demystifying racemic natural products in the homochiral world. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:806-822. [PMID: 36259059 PMCID: PMC9562063 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Natural products possess structural complexity, diversity and chirality with attractive functions and biological activities that have significantly impacted drug discovery initiatives. Chiral natural products are abundant in nature but rarely occur as racemates. The occurrence of natural products as racemates is very intriguing from a biosynthetic point of view; as enzymes are chiral molecules, enzymatic reactions generating natural products should be stereospecific and lead to single-enantiomer products. Despite several reports in the literature describing racemic mixtures of stereoisomers isolated from natural sources, there has not been a comprehensive review of these intriguing racemic natural products. The discovery of many more natural racemates and their potential enzymatic sources in recent years allows us to describe the distribution and chemical diversity of this 'class of natural products' to enrich discussions on biosynthesis. In this Review, we describe the chemical classes, occurrence and distribution of pairs of enantiomers in nature and provide insights about recent advances in analytical methods used for their characterization. Special emphasis is on the biosynthesis, including plausible enzymatic and non-enzymatic formation of natural racemates, and their pharmacological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabin Thierry M. Bitchagno
- Agrobiosciences, Mohamed IV Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir, Morocco
- Plant Sciences and Bioeconomy, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Vaderament-A. Nchiozem-Ngnitedem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Dennis Melchert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Serge Alain Fobofou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
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UPLC-HRESI-MS and GC-MS analysis of the leaves of Nicotiana glauca. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2022; 72:97-108. [PMID: 36651530 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The alkaloid-rich fraction obtained by fractionation of the crude methanolic extract of the leaves of wild tobacco tree Nicotiana glauca Graham (Solanaceae) was analyzed using UPLC-MS and GC-MS. Anabasine, a piperidine alkaloid, was identified as the major constituent with approximately 60 % (m/m) of the alkaloid-rich fraction. In addition to anabasine, six secondary metabolites were identified using high-resolution UPLC-MS. Anabasine was quantified in the leaves to be 1 mg g-1 dry plant material. The GC-MS analysis revealed five compounds with anabasine as the major component, while nicotine was not detected. Moreover, GC-MS was used for the analysis of the volatile oil that was obtained by hydro-distillation from the leaves of N. glauca. The volatile plant oil was found to be rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (e.g., β-bisabolol) and carboxylic acids and esters (e.g., ethyl linoleate and hexadecanoic acid), whereas anabasine was not detected.
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Nguyen NVT, Nguyen KNH, Nguyen KT, Kim KH, Aboul-Enein HY. The impact of chirality on the analysis of alkaloids in plant. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e71101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the alkaloids are chiral compounds and are clinically administered as the racemic mixture, even though its enantiomers have been known to exert different pharmacological activity. The determination of the enantiomeric composition of alkaloid-containing plants is subject to severe attention from pharmacological and toxicological points of view. This review gives an overview of the chiral analysis of alkaloids that were used in theoretical studies and applications for plants in recent years.
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Guo W, Wang S, Li N, Li F, Zhu T, Gu Q, Guo P, Li D. Saroclides A and B, Cyclic Depsipeptides from the Mangrove-Derived Fungus Sarocladium kiliense HDN11-112. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1050-1054. [PMID: 29498850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two new depsipeptides (1 and 2), together with three known related compounds, pestalotin (3), pestalotiopyrone L (4), and PC-2 (5), were discovered in the extract of a mangrove derived fungus Sarocladium kiliense HDN11-112. The structures of saroclides A and B were established by interpretation of extensive NMR spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compound 1 was also produced by Simplicillium lamellicola HDN13-430. Compounds 1 and 2 were inactive against five cancer cell lines and four pathogenic microorganisms, while compound 1 showed a lipid-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao , 266237 , People's Republic of China
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N L Batista A, M Dos Santos F, Batista JM, Cass QB. Enantiomeric Mixtures in Natural Product Chemistry: Separation and Absolute Configuration Assignment. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020492. [PMID: 29473869 PMCID: PMC6017502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral natural product molecules are generally assumed to be biosynthesized in an enantiomerically pure or enriched fashion. Nevertheless, a significant amount of racemates or enantiomerically enriched mixtures has been reported from natural sources. This number is estimated to be even larger since the enantiomeric purity of secondary metabolites is rarely checked in the natural product isolation pipeline. This latter fact may have drastic effects on the evaluation of the biological activity of chiral natural products. A second bottleneck is the determination of their absolute configurations. Despite the widespread use of optical rotation and electronic circular dichroism, most of the stereochemical assignments are based on empirical correlations with similar compounds reported in the literature. As an alternative, the combination of vibrational circular dichroism and quantum chemical calculations has emerged as a powerful and reliable tool for both conformational and configurational analysis of natural products, even for those lacking UV-Vis chromophores. In this review, we aim to provide the reader with a critical overview of the occurrence of enantiomeric mixtures of secondary metabolites in nature as well the best practices for their detection, enantioselective separation using liquid chromatography, and determination of absolute configuration by means of vibrational circular dichroism and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N L Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luis s/n, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Fernando M Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luis s/n, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - João M Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luis s/n, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP, R. Talim 330, São José dos Campos, SP 12231-280, Brazil.
| | - Quezia B Cass
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luis s/n, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
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Deng H, Wang Y, Bian Z, Liu S, Fan Z, Li Z, Yang F, Tang G. Enantioseparation of nornicotine in tobacco by ultraperformance convergence chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4645-4652. [PMID: 28960905 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nornicotine, an alkaloid constituent of tobacco, is a precursor to the carcinogen N-nitrosonornicotine that is produced during the curing and processing of tobacco. Accumulating evidence reveals that nornicotine enantiomers have different neurochemical and behavioral effects. In the present study, an accurate and rapid method was developed for the enantioseparation of (R)-(+)-nornicotine and (S)-(-)-nornicotine enantiomers in tobacco by ultra-performance convergence chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic conditions were investigated to achieve the optimal resolution of two enantiomers. Results indicated that (R)-(+)-nornicotine and (S)-(-)-nornicotine could be separated within 5 min when ammonium hydroxide was added into the cosolvent, and the best resolution (Rs = 4.76) was achieved on a immobilized cellulose tris-(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase. The proposed method was validated and was finally applied to analyze the compositions of (R)-(+)-nornicotine and (S)-(-)-nornicotine in three typical types of tobaccos (flue-cured, burley, and oriental). It was found that, enantiomer fraction of nornicotine (the proportion of (S)-(-)-nornicotine in the nornicotine pool) in burley tobacco samples was relatively high and constant compared with flue-cured and oriental tobaccos. The effective and rapid enantioseparation of nornicotine may help the understanding of alkaloid metabolites in different tobacco varieties and may also benefit pharmacological studies of alkaloid enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Deng
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Bian
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Fan
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhonghao Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Yang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gangling Tang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou, China
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Chigayo K, Mojapelo PEL, Bessong P, Gumbo JR. The preliminary assessment of anti-microbial activity of HPLC separated components of Kirkia wilmsii. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2014; 11:275-81. [PMID: 25371593 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most communities in developing countries rely on traditional medicines for the treatment of diseases. In South Africa, the Limpopo province, within the Lebowakgomo district, uses tuberous roots of Kirkia wilmsii, after infusion in water for the treatment of a wide range of diseases by Sotho communities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main objective of the study was to assess the anti-microbial activity of separated aqueous components of the Kirkia wilmsii tuberous roots. The clear aqueous extracts that were obtained after a 0.45 µm membrane filtration (Millipore Millex-HV Hydrophillic PVDF filter), were then injected into a preparative high performance liquid chromatography instrument in which pure components, as shown by peaks, were collected and evaluated for anti-microbial activity against a range of microorganisms. RESULTS The eight separated components were obtained, out of which four components showed anti-microbial activity (AMA). The freeze dried components were re-dissolved in deionised water and then evaluated for AMA against Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Salmonella typhi Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Enterobacter aerogenes. Component one exhibited antimicrobial activity against Shigella dysenteriae, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), of 3.445 mg/ml. Component five was only active against Proteus mirabilis with a MIC of 0.08 mg/ml. Component 7, was active against Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with a MIC of 0.365 mg/ml against both Shigella dysenteriae and Staphylococcus aureus and 0.091 mg/ml against Escherichia coli. Component 8, was active against Shigella, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Salmonella, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli with a MIC of 155 mg/ml. CONCLUSION Only four out of eight aqueous extracts showed AMA against both gram negative and positive bacteria and showed no AMA against Candida albicans, Enterobacter aerogenes and Vibrio cholerae. Therefore the Kirkia wilmsii plant root may be used as a broad spectrum antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chigayo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Venda, P/Bag x5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - P E L Mojapelo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Venda, P/Bag x5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - P Bessong
- Department of Microbiology; University of Venda, P/Bag x5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - J R Gumbo
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources; University of Venda, P/Bag x5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
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Green BT, Lee ST, Panter KE, Brown DR. Piperidine alkaloids: human and food animal teratogens. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2049-55. [PMID: 22449544 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Piperidine alkaloids are acutely toxic to adult livestock species and produce musculoskeletal deformities in neonatal animals. These teratogenic effects include multiple congenital contracture (MCC) deformities and cleft palate in cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. Poisonous plants containing teratogenic piperidine alkaloids include poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), lupine (Lupinus spp.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) [including wild tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca)]. There is abundant epidemiological evidence in humans that link maternal tobacco use with a high incidence of oral clefting in newborns; this association may be partly attributable to the presence of piperidine alkaloids in tobacco products. In this review, we summarize the evidence for piperidine alkaloids that act as teratogens in livestock, piperidine alkaloid structure-activity relationships and their potential implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
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Finefield JM, Sherman DH, Kreitman M, Williams RM. Enantiomeric natural products: occurrence and biogenesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4802-36. [PMID: 22555867 PMCID: PMC3498912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In nature, chiral natural products are usually produced in optically pure form-however, occasionally both enantiomers are formed. These enantiomeric natural products can arise from a single species or from different genera and/or species. Extensive research has been carried out over the years in an attempt to understand the biogenesis of naturally occurring enantiomers; however, many fascinating puzzles and stereochemical anomalies still remain.
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Finefield JM, Sherman DH, Kreitman M, Williams RM. Enantiomere Naturstoffe: Vorkommen und Biogenese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dahab AA, Smith NW. Determination of trace amount of enantiomeric impurity in therapeutic nicotine derivative using capillary electrophoresis with new imaging technology detection. J Sep Sci 2011; 35:66-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Green BT, Lee ST, Panter KE, Welch KD, Cook D, Pfister JA, Kem WR. Actions of piperidine alkaloid teratogens at fetal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32:383-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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