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Geraldo PA, Velasco AWDC, Berlande BM, Souza JCQD, Candido JMB, Adriano LHC, Brito MADAE, do Nascimento MP, Moreira OBDO, de Oliveira MAL. Fatty acids analysis by capillary electrophoresis: Fundamentals, advantages and applications. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:35-54. [PMID: 37946578 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the know-how of the Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria regarding the analysis of fatty acids by capillary electrophoresis acquired over its 20 years of existence. Therefore, the fundamentals, advantages, and applications of this technique for analyzing different fatty acids in samples such as food, oils, cosmetics, and biological matrices are presented and discussed. Capillary electrophoresis is, thus, shown as an interesting and valuable separation technique for the target analysis of these analytes as an alternative to the gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection, as it offers advantages over the latter such as low analysis times, low sample and reagent consumption, the use of a nondedicated column, and simpler sample preparation. In addition, the methods shown in this literature review can be useful for quality control, adulteration, and health-related research by regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Abranches Geraldo
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Arthur Woyames de Castro Velasco
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Marchiori Berlande
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Cordeiro Queiroz de Souza
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Marcos Beraldo Candido
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Cantarino Adriano
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Domingues Assad E Brito
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Patrícia do Nascimento
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olívia Brito de Oliveira Moreira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics-INCTBio, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sato RT, Alves JB, Amorim TL, de Oliveira MAL. A capillary electrophoresis method for free fatty acids screening and acidity determination in biodiesel. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1135-1142. [PMID: 33533070 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The advent of policies that incentivize or require alternative diesel fuels has increased the demand for the development of fast analytical methods aiming for the quality control of these fuels. This study approached an alternative method for the determination of biodiesel acidity employing capillary zone electrophoresis based on free fatty acids screening and quantification. Sample preparation comprised vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction of free fatty acids and was a crucial step for analysis. It was studied through a 32 full factorial design considering sample mass and the stirring time. Then, solvent suitability was evaluated univariately. The free fatty acid screening was carried out employing a capillary zone electrophoresis method able to separate C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 n-9, C18:2 n-6, and C18:3 n-3, major fatty acids in a variety of vegetable oils used for biodiesel synthesis. In addition to the straightforward sample preparation protocol, the running time of the developed method was only 12 min. Moreover, ultraviolet absorption indirect detection of analytes was approached to avoid analytes derivatization, considering the lack of chromophore groups in saturated fatty acids. Statistical tests did not evidence any significant differences in the biodiesel acidity determination expressed in percentage of free fatty acids when comparing the proposed capillary zone electrophoresis method and the traditional potentiometric titration approach within the 95% confidence interval, which demonstrates the suitability of this alternative method for the biodiesel quality control in routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Takabayashi Sato
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júlia Bruce Alves
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Lima Amorim
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Amorim TL, de Oliveira MAL. A capillary electrophoresis approach for major unsaturated fatty acids screening in milk. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Amorim TL, Duarte LM, da Silva EM, de Oliveira MAL. Capillary electromigration methods for fatty acids determination in vegetable and marine oils: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:289-304. [PMID: 33169855 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids determination is of paramount importance for quality control and suitable labeling of edible oils, required by regulatory agencies in several countries, and fast methods for this determination are worldly desired. This review article aimed to explore the available analytical methods for vegetable and marine oils analyses employing CE, which can be a straightforward and faster alternative than GC methods for fatty acid determination, considering some purposes. CE usually offers the possibility of a rapid analysis with a simple preparation of the sample, without requiring specific columns, which are inherent advantages of the technique. Instrumental conditions and the key points about fatty acids determination employing the technique are highlighted, and the main challenges and perspectives are also approached. Potential use of CE for edible oil analyses has been demonstrated for research and routine, which can be of interest for industries, regulatory agencies, and edible oil researchers. Therefore, we have explored the analytical approaches described in the last decades, intending to spread the interest of CE methods for fatty acid monitoring, label accuracy assessment, and food authenticity evaluation of edible oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Lima Amorim
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Mattos Duarte
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Erick Mendes da Silva
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Amorim TL, de Oliveira MAL. Advances in Lipid Capillary Electromigration Methods to Food Analysis Within the 2010s Decade. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01772-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Poinsot V, Ta HY, Meang VO, Perquis L, Gavard P, Pipy B, Couderc F. A digest of capillary electrophoretic methods applied to lipid analyzes. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:190-211. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Poinsot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Hai Yen Ta
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Varravaddheay Ong Meang
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Lucie Perquis
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Pierre Gavard
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Bernard Pipy
- Laboratoire Pharma DEV; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
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Lee JH, Kim SJ, Lee S, Rhee JK, Lee SY, Na YC. Saturated fatty acid determination method using paired ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 984:223-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Acunha T, Ibáñez C, García-Cañas V, Simó C, Cifuentes A. Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:111-41. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanize Acunha
- Laboratory of Foodomics; CIAL, CSIC; Madrid Spain
- CAPES Foundation; Ministry of Education of Brazil; Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Clara Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Foodomics; CIAL, CSIC; Madrid Spain
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Abdallah M, Vergara‐Barberán M, Lerma‐García MJ, Herrero‐Martínez JM, Simó‐Alfonso EF, Guerfel M. Classification of Tunisian extra virgin olive oils according to their genetic variety and maturity index using fatty acid profiles established by direct infusion mass spectrometry. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Abdallah
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie de l'OlivierCentre de Biotechnologie de Borj CedriaHammam‐LifTunisia
| | | | | | | | | | - Mokhtar Guerfel
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie de l'OlivierCentre de Biotechnologie de Borj CedriaHammam‐LifTunisia
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de Oliveira MAL, Porto BLS, Faria IDL, de Oliveira PL, de Castro Barra PM, de Jesus Coelho Castro R, Sato RT. 20 years of fatty acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Molecules 2014; 19:14094-113. [PMID: 25207715 PMCID: PMC6270880 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A review taking into account the literature reports covering 20 years of fatty acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis is presented. This paper describes the evolution of fatty acid analysis using different CE modes such as capillary zone electrophoresis, non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography employing different detection systems, such as ultraviolet-visible, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity, laser-induced fluorescence and mass spectrometry. In summary, the present review signals that CE seems to be an interesting analytical separation technique that is very useful for screening analysis or quantification of the usual fatty acids present in different matrices, offering short analysis times and a simple sample preparation step as inherent advantages in comparison with the classical methodology, making it a separation technique that is very attractive for quality control in industry and government agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Brenda Lee Simas Porto
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Isaura Daniele Leite Faria
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Lopes de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Mendonça de Castro Barra
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Renata de Jesus Coelho Castro
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Takabayashi Sato
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
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