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Zhang Y, Huang Y, Dou D. Anti-prostate cancer mechanism of black ginseng during the "nine steaming and nine sun-drying" process based on HPLC analysis combined with vector space network pharmacology. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:12. [PMID: 38236377 PMCID: PMC10796871 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
HPLC analysis determined six small-molecule organic acids, maltol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 17 ginsenosides, four oligosaccharides, and 20 amino acids in black ginseng samples with different processing times. Based on the content determination results, the differential ingredients in the processing of black ginseng were screened by multivariate statistical analysis. Network pharmacological methods obtained the core targets and pathways of the above ingredients against prostate cancer. Finally, the entropy weight method was used to assign values to the above ingredients, targets, and pathways, and the vector space network pharmacology method was established to study the anti-prostate cancer mechanism of black ginseng in the process of "nine steaming and nine sun-drying". Based on principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), fructose, glucose, dencichin, glutamate, ginsenoside 20 (S)-Rg3, 20 (R)-Rg3, 20 (S)-Rh2, Rg1, Re, and Rc were the main differential ingredients in various steaming and sun-drying cycle periods of black ginseng. The results of vector space network pharmacology showed that the main reason for the change in the anti-prostate cancer pathway of black ginseng with the number of steaming and sun-drying was the different regulatory ability of black ginseng on the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and chemical carcinogenesis-receptor activation pathway. It gave researchers a fresh perspective for exploring the anti-prostate cancer active components of black ginseng and the change in the mechanism of the effect of traditional Chinese medicine in processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youran Zhang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Ye Huang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Deqiang Dou
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, China.
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2
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Maeda S, Chikami S, Latag GV, Song S, Iwakiri N, Hayashi T. Analysis of Vicinal Water in Soft Contact Lenses Using a Combination of Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy and Multivariate Curve Resolution. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072130. [PMID: 35408526 PMCID: PMC9000845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new spectroscopic method to explore the behavior of molecules near polymeric molecular networks of water-containing soft materials such as hydrogels. We demonstrate the analysis of hydrogen bonding states of water in the vicinity of hydrogels (soft contact lenses). In this method, we apply force to hydrated contact lenses to deform them and to modulate the ratio between the signals from bulk and vicinal regions. We then collect spectra at different forces. Finally, we extracted the spectra of the vicinal region using the multivariate curve resolution-alternating least square (MCR-ALS) method. We report the hydration states depending on the chemical structures of hydrogels constituting the contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Maeda
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-Cho Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan; (S.M.); (S.C.); (G.V.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Shunta Chikami
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-Cho Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan; (S.M.); (S.C.); (G.V.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Glenn Villena Latag
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-Cho Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan; (S.M.); (S.C.); (G.V.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Subin Song
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-Cho Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan; (S.M.); (S.C.); (G.V.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Norio Iwakiri
- Life Science Products Division, NOF Corporation, Yebisu Garden Place Tower, 20-3 Ebisu 4-Chome, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo 150-6019, Japan;
| | - Tomohiro Hayashi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-Cho Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan; (S.M.); (S.C.); (G.V.L.); (S.S.)
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-924-5400
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3
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Gaião Calixto M, Alves Ramos H, Veríssimo LS, Dantas Alves V, D Medeiros AC, Alencar Fernandes FH, Veras G. Trends and Application of Chemometric Pattern Recognition Techniques in Medicinal Plants Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:326-338. [PMID: 34314279 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1953370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used and studied for ages, from very old registers to modern ethnopharmacology, which encompasses analytical chemistry, foods, and pharmacy. Based on international norms and governmental organizations of health, phytomedicine-for example, herbal drugs-needs to guarantee the quality control of products and identify contaminants, biomarkers, and chemical profiles, among other issues. In this sense, is necessary to develop advanced analytical methods that show interesting possibilities and obtain a great amount of data. In order to treat the data, a set of mathematical and statistical procedures named chemometrics is necessary. In terms of herbal drugs, chemometric tools may be used to identify the following in plants: parts, development stages, processing, geographic origin, authentication, and chemical markers. This review describes applications of chemometric pattern recognition tools to analyze herbal drugs in different conditions associated with analytical methods in the last six years (2015-2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gaião Calixto
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brasil
| | - Hilthon Alves Ramos
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brasil
| | - Lucas Silva Veríssimo
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brasil
| | - Vitor Dantas Alves
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brasil
| | - Ana Cláudia D Medeiros
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brasil
| | - Felipe Hugo Alencar Fernandes
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brasil.,Centro Universitário UNIFACISA, Campina Grande, Brasil
| | - Germano Veras
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brasil
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Ichim MC, Booker A. Chemical Authentication of Botanical Ingredients: A Review of Commercial Herbal Products. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666850. [PMID: 33935790 PMCID: PMC8082499 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical methods are the most important and widely used traditional plant identification techniques recommended by national and international pharmacopoeias. We have reviewed the successful use of different chemical methods for the botanical authentication of 2,386 commercial herbal products, sold in 37 countries spread over six continents. The majority of the analyzed products were reported to be authentic (73%) but more than a quarter proved to be adulterated (27%). At a national level, the number of products and the adulteration proportions varied very widely. Yet, the adulteration reported for the four countries, from which more than 100 commercial products were purchased and their botanical ingredients chemically authenticated, was 37% (United Kingdom), 31% (Italy), 27% (United States), and 21% (China). Simple or hyphenated chemical analytical techniques have identified the total absence of labeled botanical ingredients, substitution with closely related or unrelated species, the use of biological filler material, and the hidden presence of regulated, forbidden or allergenic species. Additionally, affecting the safety and efficacy of the commercial herbal products, other low quality aspects were reported: considerable variability of the labeled metabolic profile and/or phytochemical content, significant product-to-product variation of botanical ingredients or even between batches by the same manufacturer, and misleading quality and quantity label claims. Choosing an appropriate chemical technique can be the only possibility for assessing the botanical authenticity of samples which have lost their diagnostic microscopic characteristics or were processed so that DNA cannot be adequately recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Cristin Ichim
- “Stejarul” Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
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Hou Z, Liang Z, Li Y, Su F, Chen J, Zhang X, Yang D. Quantitative Determination and Validation of Four Phenolic Acids in Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge using 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916666191231104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Although chromatography and spectrometry-based methods have been used to
analyse phenolic acids in Chinese traditional medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SMB), quantitative
nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) has never previously been used to analyse fresh SMB root extracts.
Objective:
To establish a fast and simple method of quantitating danshensu, lithospermic acid, rosmarinic
acid, and salvianolic acid B content in fresh SMB root using 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
Method:
Fresh SMB root was extracted using a 70% methanol aqueous solution and quantitatively
analysed for danshensu, lithospermic acid, rosmarinic acid, and salvianolic acid B using 1H-NMR
spectroscopy. Different internal standards were compared and the results were validated using highperformance
liquid chromatography.
Results:
The established method was accurate and precise with good recovery. The LOD and LOQ
indicated the excellent sensitivity of the method. The robustness was testified by the modification of
four different parameters, and the differences among each parameter were all less than 2%.
Conclusion:
qNMR offers a fast, reliable, and accurate method of identifying and quantifying danshensu,
lithospermic acid, rosmarinic acid, and salvianolic acid B in fresh SMB root extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoni Hou
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou,China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou,China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou,China
| | - Feng Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou,China
| | - Jipeng Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou,China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou,China
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou,China
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Wang F, Chen L, Chen S, Chen H, Liu Y. Microbial biotransformation of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR) by Aspergillus niger and effects on antioxidant activity. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:855-865. [PMID: 33598169 PMCID: PMC7866601 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR), the mature fruit peel of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its different cultivars, is an important citrus by-product with beneficial health and nutritive properties. However, due to the lack of value-added methods for its development and utilization, a large amount of PCR is discarded or wasted. To explore a possibly more effective method to utilize PCR, we compared the chemical and biological differences before (CK) and after (CP) microbial transformation of PCR by Aspergillus niger. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, HPLC, and LC-MS methods were used to compare the chemical profiles of CK and CP. The results demonstrated that microbial biotransformation by A. niger could transform flavonoid compounds by utilizing the carbohydrate and amino acid nutrients in PCR. This could also promote the accumulation of polyhydroxyflavones compounds in CP. The antioxidant assay demonstrated that CP had significantly greater free radical-scavenging activity than CK. The higher antioxidant activity of CP may result from the high level of flavonoids with associated phenolic hydroxyl groups. Microbial biotransformation is an effective method for improving the antioxidant capacity of PCR and may be effective and useful in other natural product situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Wang
- Department of PharmacyStandardization Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu University of TCMChengduChina
- Food & Drugs Authority of NanchongNanchongChina
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of PharmacyStandardization Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu University of TCMChengduChina
| | - Shiwei Chen
- Food & Drugs Authority of NanchongNanchongChina
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of PharmacyStandardization Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu University of TCMChengduChina
| | - Youping Liu
- Department of PharmacyStandardization Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu University of TCMChengduChina
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7
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Quantitative Determination and Validation of Four Ketones in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Using Quantitative Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092043. [PMID: 32353926 PMCID: PMC7248917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia mltiorrhiza Bunge (SMB) is native to China, whose dried root has been used as medicine. A few chromatographic- or spectrometric-based methods have already been used to analyze the lipid-soluble components in SMB. However, the methodology of qNMR on the extracts of fresh SMB root has not been verified so far. The purpose of this study was to establish a fast and simple method to quantify the tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, dihydrotanshinone, and cryptotanshinone in fresh Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge root without any pre-purification steps using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The process is as follows: first, 70% methanol aqueous extracts of fresh Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge roots were quantitatively analyzed for tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, dihydrotanshinone, and cryptotanshinone using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Different internal standards were tested and the validated method was compared with HPLC. 3,4,5-trichloropyridine was chosen as the internal standard. Twelve samples of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge were quantitatively analyzed by qNMR and HPLC respectively. Then, the results were analyzed by chemometric approaches. This NMR method offers a fast, stable, and accurate analysis of four ketones: tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, dihydrotanshinone, and cryptotanshinone in fresh roots of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge.
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Tostes JBF, Siani AC, Monteiro SS, Melo VF, Costa JO, Valente LMM. Seasonal Flavonoid Profile and Kaempferitrin Content in the Leaf Extracts of <i>Bauhinia forficata</i> Subspecies <i>forficata</i> from Two Locations in Southeastern Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2019.101016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Zhang Y, Bo C, Fan Y, An R, Chen L, Zhang Y, Jia Y, Wang X. Qualitative and quantitative determination of Atractylodes rhizome using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry with data-dependent processing. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4443. [PMID: 30467875 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A quick and effective workflow based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electron spray ionization and LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) was established for compositional analysis and screening of the characteristic compounds of three species of Atractylodes rhizome for quality evaluation. This technique was employed to determine the seven main components in Atractylodes rhizome samples. Ultimately, 78 constituents were identified; of these, seven characteristic compounds were selected for species discrimination, comprising atractylodin (63), atractylenolide I (43), atractylenolide II (49), atractylenolide III (53), atractylon (69), methyl-atractylenolide II (54) and (4E,6E,12E)-tetradecadecatriene-8,10-diyne-1,3-diacetate (59). The seven main compounds, including six characteristic compounds, were simultaneously determined in 29 batches of Atractylodes rhizome samples. Thus, the method validation showed acceptable results. Quantitative analysis showed significantly different contents of the seven main components among the three species of Atractylodes rhizome, which indicates possible distinctions in the pharmacological effects. This established method can simultaneously provide qualitative and quantitative results for compositional characterization of Atractylodes rhizomes and for quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui Bo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhao Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui An
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Chen
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqun Jia
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Cechinel-Zanchett CC, de Andrade SF, Cechinel-Filho V. Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Aspects of Bauhinia forficata: A Mini-Review Covering the Last Five Years. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini review focuses on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemical, and biological/pharmacological activity and toxicology of the medicinal plant, Bauhinia forficata reported during 2012–2016. The results confirmed the continuous use of this plant, especially the leaves, for medicinal purposes, particularly as remedies for the treatment of diabetes and other ailments. Other new biological potential was evidenced, including anti-ulcerogenic, hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective and diuretic effects. Clinical and toxicological studies have advanced gradually, requiring more detailed experiments, to ensure the safe use of this plant for medication. Some new flavonoids were detected in this species, but significant differences were observed when comparing the chemical composition of its sub-species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camile Cecconi Cechinel-Zanchett
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas and Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88.901–202-Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Faloni de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas and Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88.901–202-Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Valdir Cechinel-Filho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas and Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88.901–202-Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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11
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Sun LL, Wang M, Zhang HJ, Liu YN, Ren XL, Deng YR, Qi AD. Comprehensive analysis of Polygoni Multiflori Radix of different geographical origins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints and multivariate chemometric methods. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:90-99. [PMID: 29389593 PMCID: PMC9332638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) is increasingly being used not just as a traditional herbal medicine but also as a popular functional food. In this study, multivariate chemometric methods and mass spectrometry were combined to analyze the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph (UPLC) fingerprints of PMR from six different geographical origins. A chemometric strategy based on multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares (MCR–ALS) and three classification methods is proposed to analyze the UPLC fingerprints obtained. Common chromatographic problems, including the background contribution, baseline contribution, and peak overlap, were handled by the established MCR–ALS model. A total of 22 components were resolved. Moreover, relative species concentrations were obtained from the MCR–ALS model, which was used for multivariate classification analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Ward's method have been applied to classify 72 PMR samples from six different geographical regions. The PCA score plot showed that the PMR samples fell into four clusters, which related to the geographical location and climate of the source areas. The results were then corroborated by Ward's method. In addition, according to the variance-weighted distance between cluster centers obtained from Ward's method, five components were identified as the most significant variables (chemical markers) for cluster discrimination. A counter-propagation artificial neural network has been applied to confirm and predict the effects of chemical markers on different samples. Finally, the five chemical markers were identified by UPLC–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Components 3, 12, 16, 18, and 19 were identified as 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside, emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, emodin-8-O-(6′-O-acetyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside, emodin, and physcion, respectively. In conclusion, the proposed method can be applied for the comprehensive analysis of natural samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin,
China
| | - Meng Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin,
China
| | - Hui-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin,
China
| | - Ya-Nan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin,
China
| | - Xiao-Liang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin,
China
- Corresponding author. School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China. E-mail address: (X.-L. Ren)
| | - Yan-Ru Deng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin,
China
| | - Ai-Di Qi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin,
China
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