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Pasdaran A, Zare M, Hamedi A, Hamedi A. A Review of the Chemistry and Biological Activities of Natural Colorants, Dyes, and Pigments: Challenges, and Opportunities for Food, Cosmetics, and Pharmaceutical Application. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300561. [PMID: 37471105 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural pigments are important sources for the screening of bioactive lead compounds. This article reviewed the chemistry and therapeutic potentials of over 570 colored molecules from plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, algae, and marine sources. Moreover, related biological activities, advanced extraction, and identification approaches were reviewed. A variety of biological activities, including cytotoxicity against cancer cells, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-microbial, antiviral, and anti-protozoal activities, have been reported for different pigments. Considering their structural backbone, they were classified as naphthoquinones, carotenoids, flavonoids, xanthones, anthocyanins, benzotropolones, alkaloids, terpenoids, isoprenoids, and non-isoprenoids. Alkaloid pigments were mostly isolated from bacteria and marine sources, while flavonoids were mostly found in plants and mushrooms. Colored quinones and xanthones were mostly extracted from plants and fungi, while colored polyketides and terpenoids are often found in marine sources and fungi. Carotenoids are mostly distributed among bacteria, followed by fungi and plants. The pigments isolated from insects have different structures, but among them, carotenoids and quinone/xanthone are the most important. Considering good manufacturing practices, the current permitted natural colorants are: Carotenoids (canthaxanthin, β-carotene, β-apo-8'-carotenal, annatto, astaxanthin) and their sources, lycopene, anthocyanins, betanin, chlorophyllins, spirulina extract, carmine and cochineal extract, henna, riboflavin, pyrogallol, logwood extract, guaiazulene, turmeric, and soy leghemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Pasdaran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zare
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student research committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azar Hamedi
- School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Pasdaran A, Hassani B, Tavakoli A, Kozuharova E, Hamedi A. A Review of the Potential Benefits of Herbal Medicines, Small Molecules of Natural Sources, and Supplements for Health Promotion in Lupus Conditions. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1589. [PMID: 37511964 PMCID: PMC10416186 DOI: 10.3390/life13071589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Latin word lupus, meaning wolf, was in the medical literature prior to the 1200s to describe skin lesions that devour flesh, and the resources available to physicians to help people were limited. The present text reviews the ethnobotanical and pharmacological aspects of medicinal plants and purified molecules from natural sources with efficacy against lupus conditions. Among these molecules are artemisinin and its derivatives, antroquinonol, baicalin, curcumin, emodin, mangiferin, salvianolic acid A, triptolide, the total glycosides of paeony (TGP), and other supplements such as fatty acids and vitamins. In addition, medicinal plants, herbal remedies, mushrooms, and fungi that have been investigated for their effects on different lupus conditions through clinical trials, in vivo, in vitro, or in silico studies are reviewed. A special emphasis was placed on clinical trials, active phytochemicals, and their mechanisms of action. This review can be helpful for researchers in designing new goal-oriented studies. It can also help practitioners gain insight into recent updates on supplements that might help patients suffering from lupus conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Pasdaran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran;
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Bahareh Hassani
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran;
| | - Ali Tavakoli
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran;
| | - Ekaterina Kozuharova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran;
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
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Sing L, Schwack W, Göttsche R, Morlock GE. 2LabsToGo─Recipe for Building Your Own Chromatography Equipment Including Biological Assay and Effect Detection. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14554-14564. [PMID: 36225170 PMCID: PMC9610689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A complete recipe for building your own chromatography equipment from readily available materials is introduced. It combines sample separation (chemistry laboratory) with biological effect detection (biology laboratory). This hyphenation of two disciplines is necessary for prioritizing important compounds in complex samples. Among the thousands of compounds therein, it is often not clear which compounds are the important ones. On the same separation surface, additional detection of biological effects enables and guides substance prioritization. The newly developed open-source 2LabsToGo system for chemical and biological analysis is completely solvent-resistant and, due to miniaturization, environmentally friendly regarding the consumption of materials. It produces comparable results but is 10 times more compact (26 cm × 31 cm × 34 cm), 10 times lighter (6.8 kg), and 55 times less expensive (€ 1717) than current sophisticated commercial devices. As a proof of concept of the first 2LabsToGo system, the quality of different water samples was analyzed since clean water is becoming increasingly rare. In water, most of the thousands of substance signals or features can neither be identified nor classified toxicologically. However, methods that exploit this hyphenated strategy provide answers to such essential safety issues. Drinking or tap water did not show bioactive or toxic compounds, which was expected, whereas biogas or landfill water samples did. The hyphenated 2LabsToGo strategy is affordable and extremely useful for all laboratories with limited equipment but pressing challenges. It is ready to be used in various analytical tasks and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sing
- Institute of Nutritional
Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center
(iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schwack
- Institute of Nutritional
Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center
(iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rieke Göttsche
- Institute of Nutritional
Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center
(iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud Elisabeth Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional
Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center
(iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Application of HPTLC Multiwavelength Imaging and Color Scale Fingerprinting Approach Combined with Multivariate Chemometric Methods for Medicinal Plant Clustering According to Their Species. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237225. [PMID: 34885806 PMCID: PMC8659119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, multiwavelength detection combined with color scales HPTLC fingerprinting procedure and chemometric approach were applied for direct clustering of a set of medicinal plants with different geographical growing areas. The fingerprints profiles of the hydroalcoholic extracts obtained after single and double development and detection under 254 nm and 365 nm, before and after selective spraying with specific derivatization reagents were evaluated by chemometric approaches. Principal component analysis (PCA) with factor analysis (FA) methods were used to reveal the contribution of red (R), green (G), blue (B) and, respectively, gray (K) color scale fingerprints to HPTLC classification of the analyzed samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to classify the medicinal plants based on measure of similarity of color scale fingerprint patterns. The 1-Pearson distance measurement with Ward’s amalgamation procedure proved to be the most convenient approach for the correct clustering of samples. Data from color scale fingerprints obtained for double development procedure and multiple visualization modes combined with appropriate chemometric methods proved to detect the similar medicinal plant extracts even though they are from different geographical regions, have different storage conditions and no specific markers are individually extracted. This approach could be proposed as a promising tool for authentication and identification studies of plant materials based on HPTLC fingerprinting analysis.
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Guggenberger M, Oberlerchner JT, Grausgruber H, Rosenau T, Böhmdorfer S. Self-organising maps for the exploration and classification of thin-layer chromatograms. Talanta 2021; 233:122460. [PMID: 34215100 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) allows the swift analysis of larger sample sets in almost any laboratory. The obtained chromatograms are patterns of coloured zones that are conveniently evaluated and classified by visual inspection. This manual approach reaches its limit when several dozens or a few hundred samples need to be evaluated. Methods to classify TLCs automatically and objectively have been explored but without a definitive conclusion; established methods, such as principal component analysis, suffer from the variability of the data, while contemporary omics methods were constructed for the analysis of large numbers of highly resolved analyses. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) are an algorithm for unsupervised learning that reduces higher dimensional datasets to a two-dimensional map, locating similar samples close to each other. It tolerates small variations between samples of the same type. We investigated the capability of SOMs for the evaluation of TLCs with two sample sets. With the first one (495 analyses of essential oils), it was confirmed that SOMs arrange the same type of sample in a common region. The obtained multi-class maps were used to classify a test set and to explore the causes for the few misclassifications (<3%). With the second test set (50 extracts of experimental wheats), the effects of a greater variability within substance classes was explored. With SOMs, it was possible to single out the exceptional samples that warranted a more detailed investigation. In addition, the SOM quality control index method was tested. It proved to be considerably stricter than the classification with a SOM of all samples. When this method was unable to classify a sample correctly, it would flag the sample for inspection, as it gave either multiple assignments or none at all. The combination of SOMs and TLC - two accessible analytical tools - can be most useful for the unsupervised classification of samples by TLC, and to identify samples that stand out from a set and are therefore worth the investment into additional analyses with more complex or expensive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Guggenberger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Josua T Oberlerchner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Heinrich Grausgruber
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Breeding, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria; Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, Åbo, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | - Stefan Böhmdorfer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Ramenskaya G, Kustrin E, Morton DW. Characterisation of α-amylase inhibitors in marigold plants via bioassay-guided high-performance thin-layer chromatography and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122676. [PMID: 33848802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance thin-layer chromatography with microchemical derivatization and bioassay guided detection was used for bioanalytical profiling of selected marigold plant extracts. Anisaldehyde/sulfuric acid reagent and thymol/sulfuric acid reagent were used to visualize separated components on the chromatograms. Antioxidant activity and α-amylase inhibition were assessed with 2 bioassays, DPPH assay to detect free radical scavengers and starch-iodineassay method to detect compounds that inhibit α-amylase. The highest antioxidant activity of 10.12 μg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 20 µL of extract was measured in extract from Tagetes flowers and the lowest in the extract from Calendula leaves with 5.10 μg of GAE. Multiple zones of α-amylase inhibition were detected. A detailed analysis of the ATR-FTIR spectra from the bands at RF = 0.24 suggest that faradiol esters and saturated fatty acids esters, palmitic acid, myristic acid, and lauric acid are responsible for α-amylase inhibition, unsaturated fatty acids for the band at RF = 0.51 and phytoecdysteroids for the band at RF = 0.53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin
- A.P. Arzamastsev Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russian Federation; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, Australia.
| | - Galina Ramenskaya
- A.P. Arzamastsev Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russian Federation; Scientific Center for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8/2 Petrovskii Blvd., Moscow 127051, Russian Federation
| | - Ella Kustrin
- Department of Creative Arts and English, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, Australia
| | - David W Morton
- A.P. Arzamastsev Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russian Federation; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, Australia
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Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Doyle E, Gegechkori V, Morton DW. High-performance thin-layer chromatography linked with (bio)assays and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy as a method for discovery and quantification of bioactive components in native Australian plants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 184:113208. [PMID: 32114161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many native Australian plants have a long history of use as medicinal and culinary herbs and some are considered to be equivalents to the Mediterranean herbs. However, while therapeutic properties of Mediterranean herbs are well documented, there is limited information on the medicinal use of the Australian native herbs. Extracts of five native Australian plants were characterised with FTIR-ATR spectroscopy in the fingerprint region and screened for enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities via effect-directed analysis (EDA) based on bioautography. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with microchemical and biochemical derivatization assays was used for EDA screening. Detected compounds with biological activities were identified via FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. All herbs showed antioxidant activity with lemon myrtle being the most active. The α-amylase inhibition, observed in native thyme, sea parsley and native bush was associated with the presence of phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. The investigation of botanicals by a fast, hyphenated HPTLC method, has allowed an effect-directed high-throughput screening, fast characterization of complex mixtures and detection of biologically active phytochemicals (bioprofiling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named After Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, Australia.
| | - Ethan Doyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named After Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named After Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - David W Morton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named After Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, Australia
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Hyphenated TLC as a Tool in the Effect-Directed Discovery of Bioactive Natural Products. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10031123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Complex samples such as botanical extracts contain hundreds of compounds. Since we can only identify compounds that are stable, extractable, separable and detectable from complex botanical extracts, minimal sample treatment and different detection methods are essential. A combination of high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with non-targeted screening via bioassays (enzymes), microchemical and biological (microorganisms) detection allows for the fast and quantitative bioprofiling of complex samples. Further hyphenation of HPTLC with spectroscopic methods of identification enables targeted identification of bioactive natural products via Effect Directed Analysis (EDA).
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Sherma J, Rabel F. Thin layer chromatography in the analysis of cannabis and its components and synthetic cannabinoids. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1663529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA
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