1
|
Boysen GA. Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Review of Research From 2011 to 2021. J Nerv Ment Dis 2024; 212:174-186. [PMID: 38412243 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dissociative identity disorder (DID) has historically been one of the most controversial topics in the study of psychopathology. Building on a previous review of empirical research on DID from 2000 to 2010, the present review examined DID research from 2011 to 2021. The research output included 56 case studies and 104 empirical studies. Within the empirical studies, approximately 1354 new cases of DID emerged, which resulted in an average samples of approximately 20. Reanalysis of previous samples was standard in the literature with only 40% of reported cases being new. Studies emerged from dozens of countries across the world, but the majority of cases were from Western counties, especially the United States. Diagnosis primarily relied upon validated measures, but 74% of all new cases came from six research groups. Overall, research on DID is steady but methodologically limited in ways that make generalization, especially about etiology, difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Boysen
- Department of Psychology, McKendree University, Lebanon, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lanfranco RC, Rivera-Rei Á, Huepe D, Ibáñez A, Canales-Johnson A. Beyond imagination: Hypnotic visual hallucination induces greater lateralised brain activity than visual mental imagery. Neuroimage 2021; 239:118282. [PMID: 34146711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypnotic suggestions can produce a broad range of perceptual experiences, including hallucinations. Visual hypnotic hallucinations differ in many ways from regular mental images. For example, they are usually experienced as automatic, vivid, and real images, typically compromising the sense of reality. While both hypnotic hallucination and mental imagery are believed to mainly rely on the activation of the visual cortex via top-down mechanisms, it is unknown how they differ in the neural processes they engage. Here we used an adaptation paradigm to test and compare top-down processing between hypnotic hallucination, mental imagery, and visual perception in very highly hypnotisable individuals whose ability to hallucinate was assessed. By measuring the N170/VPP event-related complex and using multivariate decoding analysis, we found that hypnotic hallucination of faces involves greater top-down activation of sensory processing through lateralised neural mechanisms in the right hemisphere compared to mental imagery. Our findings suggest that the neural signatures that distinguish hypnotically hallucinated faces from imagined faces lie in the right brain hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renzo C Lanfranco
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Álvaro Rivera-Rei
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat) & Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Huepe
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat) & Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat) & Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America, and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrés Canales-Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smith GP, Hartelius G. Resolution of Dissociated Ego States Relieves Flashback-Related Symptoms in Combat-Related PTSD: A Brief Mindfulness Based Intervention. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 32:135-148. [PMID: 38536266 PMCID: PMC10013259 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2019.1654292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel understanding and therapeutic approach to the treatment of PTSD-related flashback triggers are described. Triggered responses are conceptualized as the result of latent dissociative structures of neural organization and psychodynamic functioning activated by current events. The dissociative structure - here described as a dissociated ego state (DES) - reflects a fracturing of executive functioning resulting in a delimited aspect of self that is not under cognitive control or subject to cognitive inhibition by the self of daily experience, and is the psychological construct behind intrusive PTSD symptoms. Use of a mindful attentional state permits regulated access to the DES (therapeutic engagement without risk of emotional dysregulation) so that dissociated cognitive resources can be recovered and the dissociated structure deactivated. This may relieve maladaptive responses and behaviors associated with the DES in a profound and durable way, without the need for exposure to or recovery of traumatic memories. Based on this understanding, a 9-step intervention is introduced with a case example of a Vietnam veteran suffering PTSD symptoms for 49 years with significant gains maintained at 21 months follow up. These findings demonstrate rapid and durable resolution of chronic PTSD symptoms through a mindfulness-based approach that focused on deactivation of dissociated ego states, in contrast to targeting trauma memories. If proven efficacious, this novel approach may result in reduced treatment costs and improved outcomes for veterans suffering with PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genine P. Smith
- Department of Integral and Transpersonal Psychology, California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Glenn Hartelius
- Department of Integral and Transpersonal Psychology, California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kastrup B. There Is an 'Unconscious,' but It May Well Be Conscious. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 13:559-572. [PMID: 28904602 PMCID: PMC5590537 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v13i3.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Depth psychology finds empirical validation today in a variety of observations that suggest the presence of causally effective mental processes outside conscious experience. I submit that this is due to misinterpretation of the observations: the subset of consciousness called “meta-consciousness” in the literature is often mistaken for consciousness proper, thereby artificially creating space for an “unconscious.” The implied hypothesis is that all mental processes may in fact be conscious, the appearance of unconsciousness arising from our dependence on self-reflective introspection for gauging awareness. After re-interpreting the empirical data according to a philosophically rigorous definition of consciousness, I show that two well-known phenomena corroborate this hypothesis: (a) experiences that, despite being conscious, aren’t re-represented during introspection; and (b) dissociated experiences inaccessible to the executive ego. If consciousness is inherent to all mentation, it may be fundamental in nature, as opposed to a product of particular types of brain function.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bao Y, Pöppel E, Zaytseva Y. Single case studies as a prime example for exploratory research. Psych J 2017; 6:107-109. [PMID: 28660743 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Human Science Centre, and Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Human Science Centre, and Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuliya Zaytseva
- Human Science Centre, and Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bao Y, Yang T, Zhang J, Zhang J, Lin X, Paolini M, Pöppel E, Silveira S. The “third abstraction” of the Chinese artist LaoZhu: Neural and behavioral indicators of aesthetic appreciation. Psych J 2017; 6:110-119. [PMID: 28660742 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behaviour and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Taoxi Yang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behaviour and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Jinfan Zhang
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Jiyuan Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behaviour and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Xiaoxiong Lin
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behaviour and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Marco Paolini
- Institute for Clinical Radiology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behaviour and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Sarita Silveira
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Sander TH, Zhou B. Linking neuroimaging signals to behavioral responses in single cases: Challenges and opportunities. Psych J 2016; 5:161-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Functional neurologic disorders are largely genuine and represent conversion disorders, where the dysfunction is unconscious, but there are some that are factitious, where the abnormality is feigned and conscious. Malingering, which can have the same manifestations, is similarly feigned, but not considered a genuine disease. There are no good methods for differentiating these three entities at the present time. Physiologic studies of functional weakness and sensory loss reveal normal functioning of primary motor and sensory cortex, but abnormalities of premotor cortex and association cortices. This suggests a top-down influence creating the dysfunction. Studies of functional tremor and myoclonus show that these disorders utilize normal voluntary motor structures to produce the involuntary movements, again suggesting a higher-level abnormality. Agency is abnormal and studies shows that dysfunction of the temporoparietal junction may be a correlate. The limbic system is overactive and might initiate involuntary movements, but the mechanism for this is not known. The limbic system would then be the source of top-down dysfunction. It can be speculated that the involuntary movements are involuntary due to lack of proper feedforward signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|