1
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Alhazmi W, Qurban A, Alrashidi E. Case report of generalized lymphatic dysplasia with PIEZO1 mutation and review of the literature. Respir Med Case Rep 2023; 44:101872. [PMID: 37274623 PMCID: PMC10238584 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2023.101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The newborn malformation of primary lymphatic dysplasia (PLD), developed primarily due to PIEZO1 gene autosomal recessive mutation, is known to hinder with the lymphatic system action, causing chyle or lymph effusion into the peritoneal cavity or pleura. Case presentation A 4-years-old male subject presented with a recurrent chylothorax and bilateral lower limb edema that started at age of 6 months. Lymphoscintigraphy showed lymphangiectasia with chylothorax. The whole exome sequence consisted of Pathogenic variants in PIEZO1 gene associated with lymphatic malformation type 6 (LMPHM6). Conclusion This is the first reported pediatric case of PIEZO1 gene mutation in Saudi Arabia. This case highlighted the wide differential diagnosis of recurrent chylothorax and lower limb edema, as well as the relative literature on the molecular foundation, clinical scale, pathophysiology, and lymphatic malformation treatment. patients can be improved via application of standardized chylothorax and lymphedema therapies. Overall, awareness of the diseases related to the thoracic lymphatic circulation should be observed as its prognosis may highly promote better approaches for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedad Alhazmi
- Department of Pediatric, Maternity and Children Hospital in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan Qurban
- Department of Pediatric, Maternity and Children Hospital in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essa Alrashidi
- Department of Pediatric, King Saud Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Lajmi Y, Loeuillet L, Petrilli G, Egloff C, Nectoux J, Molac C, Roux N, Pannier E, Achaiaa A, Arkoub ZA, Chuon S, Coussement A, Dupont JM, Malan V, Spaggiari E, Razavi F, Amiel J, Bessières B, Grotto S, Attié-Bitach T. Two novel variations p.(Ser1275Thr) and p.(Ser1275Arg) in FLT4 causing prenatal hereditary lymphedema type 1. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:563-571. [PMID: 36538874 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary lymphedema 1 is a rare congenital condition, characterized by the development of chronic swelling in body parts. It is highly variable in expression and age of onset with different presentations: from feet edema to hydrops fetalis. This affection is genetically heterogeneous with autosomal dominant inheritance and incomplete penetrance due to a mutation in the FLT4 gene in most cases. CASES In our study, we report on two fetuses harboring congenital lymphedema with FLT4 variation and review the prenatal confirmed ones of the literatures. Our cases were selected within fetuses explored by exome sequencing in a diagnosis setting. Prenatal ultrasonography showed hydrops fetalis in one case and an increased nuchal translucency with hydrothorax in the other. Comparative genomic hybridization array on amniocentesis was normal in both cases. Exome sequencing identified a variation p.(Ser1275Thr) and p.(Ser1275Arg) in fetus 1 and fetus 2 in the FLT4 gene, respectively. A de novo mutation at the same codon was reported in prenatal literature suggesting possible genotype phenotype correlation. CONCLUSION Cystic hygroma/hydrops fetalis are possible manifestations of several disorders. This study illustrates how the integration of exome sequencing in prenatal clinical practice can facilitate the diagnosis and genetic counseling of heterogeneous developmental affections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Lajmi
- Department of Genomic Medicine of System and Organs Diseases, Cochin Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Loeuillet
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Petrilli
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Charles Egloff
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Nectoux
- Department of Genomic Medicine of System and Organs Diseases, Cochin Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Molac
- Clinical Genetics, Maternity Port-Royal, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Roux
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Pannier
- Gynecology-Obstetrics Department, Port-Royal Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Amale Achaiaa
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Zaina Ait Arkoub
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Chuon
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Coussement
- Department of Genomic Medicine of System and Organs Diseases, Cochin Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean Michel Dupont
- Department of Genomic Medicine of System and Organs Diseases, Cochin Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Malan
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Spaggiari
- Gynecology-Obstetrics Department, Necker Hospital for Children Diseases, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ferechte Razavi
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bettina Bessières
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Grotto
- Clinical Genetics, Maternity Port-Royal, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
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3
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Vignes S, Albuisson J, Champion L, Constans J, Tauveron V, Malloizel J, Quéré I, Simon L, Arrault M, Trévidic P, Azria P, Maruani A. Primary lymphedema French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (PNDS; Protocole National de Diagnostic et de Soins). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:18. [PMID: 33407666 PMCID: PMC7789008 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary lymphedema is a rare chronic pathology associated with constitutional abnormalities of the lymphatic system. The objective of this French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (Protocole National de Diagnostic et de Soins; PNDS), based on a critical literature review and multidisciplinary expert consensus, is to provide health professionals with an explanation of the optimal management and care of patients with primary lymphedema. This PNDS, written by consultants at the French National Referral Center for Primary Lymphedema, was published in 2019 (https://has-sante.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2019-02/pnds_lymphoedeme_primaire_final_has.pdf).
Primary lymphedema can be isolated or syndromic (whose manifestations are more complex with a group of symptoms) and mainly affects the lower limbs, or, much more rarely, upper limbs or external genitalia. Women are more frequently affected than men, preferentially young. The diagnosis is clinical, associating mild or non-pitting edema and skin thickening, as confirmed by the Stemmer’s sign (impossibility to pinch the skin on the dorsal side or the base of the second toe), which is pathognomonic of lymphedema. Limb lymphoscintigraphy is useful to confirm the diagnosis. Other causes of swelling or edema of the lower limbs must be ruled out, such as lipedema. The main acute lymphedema complication is cellulitis (erysipelas). Functional and psychological repercussions can be major,
deteriorating the patient’s quality of life. Treatment aims to prevent those complications, reduce the volume with low-stretch bandages, then stabilize it over the long term by exercises and wearing a compression garment. Patient education (or parents of a child) is essential to improve observance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Vignes
- Department of Lymphology and Reference Center for Rare Vascular Diseases, Cognacq-Jay Hospital, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015, Paris, France.
| | | | - Laurence Champion
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, René Huguenin-Curie Hospital, 35, rue Dailly, 92210, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Joël Constans
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Saint-André Hospital, CHU de Bordeaux, 1, rue Jean-Burguet, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Tauveron
- Department of Dermatology and Reference Center for Rare Diseases and Vascular Malformations (MAGEC), CHRU Tours, 37044, Tours Cedex 9, France
| | - Julie Malloizel
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, 1, avenue du Pr Jean-Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Quéré
- Department of Vascular Medicine and Reference Center for Rare Vascular Diseases, CHU Montpellier, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Simon
- Department of Lymphology and Reference Center for Rare Vascular Diseases, Cognacq-Jay Hospital, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Maria Arrault
- Department of Lymphology and Reference Center for Rare Vascular Diseases, Cognacq-Jay Hospital, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Azria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint-Joseph Hospital, 185, rue Raymond-Losserand, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Annabel Maruani
- Department of Dermatology and Reference Center for Rare Diseases and Vascular Malformations (MAGEC), CHRU Tours, 37044, Tours Cedex 9, France.,INSERM 1246 - SPHERE, Universities of Tours and Nantes, 37000, Tours, France
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4
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Noia G, Maltese PE, Zampino G, D'Errico M, Cammalleri V, Convertini P, Marceddu G, Mueller M, Guerri G, Bertelli M. Cystic Hygroma: A Preliminary Genetic Study and a Short Review from the Literature. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 17:30-39. [PMID: 30475086 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2017.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study is to examine the hypothesis that cystic hygroma (CH) with normal karyotype can manifest as a Mendelian inherited trait, and that a genetic similitude with hereditary lymphedema exists. To reach this goal, we investigated the prevalence of genetic variants in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis genes in a cohort of euploid fetuses with CH that almost resolved before delivery. A short review of cases from literature is also reported. METHODS AND RESULTS Five fetuses were screened using a next-generation sequencing approach by targeting 33 genes known to be associated with vascular and lymphatic malformations. The genetic evaluation revealed two novel variants in KDR and KRIT1 genes. CONCLUSION A review of the literature to date revealed that an association exists between CH and hereditary lymphedema and, similar to lymphedema, CH can be inherited in autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant manner, with the latter most likely associated with a better prognosis. About KDR and KRIT1 genes, no other similar associations are reported in the literature and caution is needed in their interpretation. In conclusion, we thought that a genetic test for the outcome of familial CH could be of enormous prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Noia
- 1 Hospice Perinatale Centro per le Cure Palliative prenatali Santa Madre Teresa di Calcutta, Policlinico A. Gemelli-Centro Studi per la Tutela della Madre e del Concepito-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Zampino
- 3 Centro Malattie Rare e Difetti Congeniti, Polo Scienza della Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco D'Errico
- 4 Divisione di Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Ospedale "Cristo Re," Roma, Italy
| | - Vittoria Cammalleri
- 1 Hospice Perinatale Centro per le Cure Palliative prenatali Santa Madre Teresa di Calcutta, Policlinico A. Gemelli-Centro Studi per la Tutela della Madre e del Concepito-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Matteo Bertelli
- 2 Magi's Lab, Rovereto, Italy.,5 Magi Euregio, Bolzano, Italy
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5
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Vignes S, Vidal F, Arrault M, Boccara O. [Primary lymphedema in childhood]. Arch Pediatr 2017; 24:766-776. [PMID: 28651791 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphedema results from impaired lymphatic transport with increased limb volume and is divided into primary and secondary forms. In children, primary lymphedema is the most frequent, with a sporadic, rarely familial form or associated with complex malformative or genetic disorders. Diagnosis of lymphedema is mainly clinical and lymphoscintigraphy is useful to assess the lymphatic function of both limbs precisely. The main differential diagnosis is overgrowth syndrome. Erysipelas (cellulitis) is the main complication, but psychological or functional discomfort may occur throughout the course of lymphedema. Lymphedema management is based on multilayer low-stretch bandage, skin care, and eventually manual lymph drainage. The objective of treatment is to reduce lymphedema volume and then stabilize it. Multilayer low-stretch bandage and elastic compression are the cornerstone of treatment. Parent's motivation, including self-management, is required to ensure the child's compliance and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vignes
- Unité de lymphologie, Centre national de référence des maladies vasculaires rares (lymphœdèmes primaires), hôpital Cognacq-Jay, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - F Vidal
- Unité de lymphologie, Centre national de référence des maladies vasculaires rares (lymphœdèmes primaires), hôpital Cognacq-Jay, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015 Paris, France
| | - M Arrault
- Unité de lymphologie, Centre national de référence des maladies vasculaires rares (lymphœdèmes primaires), hôpital Cognacq-Jay, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015 Paris, France
| | - O Boccara
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Necker, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75012 Paris, France
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6
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Boudon E, Levy Y, Abossolo T, Cartault F, Brouillard P, Vikkula M, Kieffer-Traversier M, Ramful D, Alessandri J. Antenatal presentation of hereditary lymphedema type I. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:329-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Gover A, Rotschild A, Bronshtein M. Transient fetal pedal edema as an early sign of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2015; 45:351-352. [PMID: 25091985 DOI: 10.1002/uog.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gover
- Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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8
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Dome M, Ansumana R, Covington AL, Rebollo MP, Sesay S, Jacobsen KH, de Souza DK, Koudou BG, Michael E, Bockarie MJ. Lymphedema in a 7-year-old boy infected with Wuchereria bancrofti in Sierra Leone: a case report. Acta Trop 2014; 134:13-6. [PMID: 24561072 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of congenital lymphedema in a 7-year-old boy in Sierra Leone with active filarial infection and penile edema. The genital edema with onset at 6 months of age may have been due to a congenital abnormality in lymphatic drainage. Other possible causes of childhood lymphedema, including Milroy's disease, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Dome
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Rashid Ansumana
- Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone; Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - Maria P Rebollo
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Santigie Sesay
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Kathryn H Jacobsen
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Dziedzom K de Souza
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edwin Michael
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Moses J Bockarie
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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9
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Hoskovec JM, Sinacori MK, Vidaeff AC. A foot path to diagnosis: prenatal sonographic identification of dorsal foot edema suggests Turner syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209:155.e1-2. [PMID: 23507544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Gezginç K, Yazıcı F, Gök D. Prenatal diagnosis of Milroy's primary congenital lymphedema. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 51:280-2. [PMID: 22795109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2011.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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11
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Primary Congenital Lymphedema Complicated by Hydrops Fetalis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013:186173. [PMID: 23533860 PMCID: PMC3600248 DOI: 10.1155/2013/186173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Primary congenital lymphedema is a rare disorder associated with insufficient development of lymphatic vessels. Usually most patients present with lower extremity edema seen sonographically. Rarely primary congenital lymphedema may be associated with severe lymphatic dysfunction resulting in hydrops fetalis. Case. A 27-year-old primigravida with a family history of leg swelling throughout multiple generations was diagnosed early in the third trimester with hydrops fetalis. Delivery was undertaken at 32 weeks for nonreassuring fetal status and the infant expired at approximately 45 minutes of life. Primary congenital lymphedema was confirmed via molecular testing of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 gene. Discussion. The diagnosis of PCL is suspected prenatally when ultrasound findings coincide with a positive family history of chronic lower limb lymphedema. Isolated PCL is rarely associated with significant complications. Rarely, however, widespread lymphatic dysplasia may occur, possibly resulting in nonimmune hydrops fetalis.
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12
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Benard J, Saada J, Amiel J, Vignes S, Benachi A, Picone O. Prenatal diagnosis of Milroy disease. Prenat Diagn 2011; 31:1207-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Benard
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, AP-HP; Université Paris Sud; Clamart France
| | - J. Saada
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, AP-HP; Université Paris Sud; Clamart France
| | - J. Amiel
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris; Université Paris Descartes; France
| | - S. Vignes
- Unité de Lymphologie, Centre national de référence des maladies vasculaires rares, Hôpital Cognacq-Jay; Paris France
| | - A. Benachi
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, AP-HP; Université Paris Sud; Clamart France
| | - O. Picone
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, AP-HP; Université Paris Sud; Clamart France
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13
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Mellor RH, Hubert CE, Stanton AWB, Tate N, Akhras V, Smith A, Burnand KG, Jeffery S, Mäkinen T, Levick JR, Mortimer PS. Lymphatic dysfunction, not aplasia, underlies Milroy disease. Microcirculation 2010; 17:281-96. [PMID: 20536741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2010.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Milroy disease is an inherited autosomal dominant lymphoedema caused by mutations in the gene for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3, also known as FLT4). The phenotype has to date been ascribed to lymphatic aplasia. We further investigated the structural and functional defects underlying the phenotype in humans. METHODS The skin of the swollen foot and the non-swollen forearm was examined by (i) fluorescence microlymphangiography, to quantify functional initial lymphatic density in vivo; and (ii) podoplanin and LYVE-1 immunohistochemistry of biopsies, to quantify structural lymphatic density. Leg vein function was assessed by colour Doppler duplex ultrasound. RESULTS Milroy patients exhibited profound (86-91%) functional failure of the initial lymphatics in the foot; the forearm was unimpaired. Dermal lymphatics were present in biopsies but density was reduced by 51-61% (foot) and 26-33% (forearm). Saphenous venous reflux was present in 9/10 individuals with VEGFR3 mutations, including two carriers. CONCLUSION We propose that VEGFR3 mutations in humans cause lymphoedema through a failure of tissue protein and fluid absorption. This is due to a profound functional failure of initial lymphatics and is not explained by microlymphatic hypoplasia alone. The superficial venous valve reflux indicates the dual role of VEGFR-3 in lymphatic and venous development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Mellor
- Cardiac & Vascular Sciences (Dermatology), St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
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Yüksel A, Yagmur H, Kural BS. Prenatal diagnosis of isolated macrodactyly. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2009; 33:360-362. [PMID: 19248001 DOI: 10.1002/uog.6326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Congenital enlargement of one or several digits of the hands or feet, known as macrodactyly, is a rare malformation. True macrodactyly, characterized by overgrowth of all mesenchymal elements, must be differentiated from that due to tumorous enlargement of a single element, as in hemangioma, lymphangioma or enchondroma. Furthermore, macrodactyly may be isolated, but it can also be associated with several syndromes. Here we present a case of prenatally diagnosed isolated true macrodactyly of the second toe of the left foot at 24 weeks of gestation, and discuss the key points in its differential diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yüksel
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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15
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Connell F, Brice G, Mortimer P. Phenotypic Characterization of Primary Lymphedema. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1131:140-6. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1413.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Wax JR, Geria M, Pinette MG, Blackstone J, Cartin A. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of milroy congenital lymphedema. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2006; 25:519-21. [PMID: 16567442 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2006.25.4.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Wax
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, USA.
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17
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Daniel-Spiegel E, Ghalamkarpour A, Spiegel R, Weiner E, Vikkula M, Shalev E, Shalev SA. Hydrops fetalis: an unusual prenatal presentation of hereditary congenital lymphedema. Prenat Diagn 2005; 25:1015-8. [PMID: 16231305 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report a rare case of primary congenital lymphedema (PCL) presenting as hydrops fetalis. METHODS The patient presented at 33(+4) weeks' gestation with polyhydramnios, massive bilateral hydrothorax, skin edema, scalp edema and minimal ascites. In utero thoracocentesis was performed and delivery was induced. Follow-up at 12 months of age revealed moderate bilateral foot edema with otherwise normal development. RESULTS The diagnosis of PCL was suspected on the basis of the family history. DNA analysis revealed a novel missense mutation, E1106K, in the tyrosine kinase domain of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 gene (VEGFR3/FLT4). CONCLUSION PCL should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hydrops fetalis. Knowledge of the favorable course, variable clinical presentation, therapy options and genetic basis should contribute to better pregnancy counseling and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Daniel-Spiegel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
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