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Collar EP, García-Martínez JM. A Dynamic Mechanical Analysis on the Compatibilization Effect of Two Different Polymer Waste-Based Compatibilizers in the Fifty/Fifty Polypropylene/Polyamide 6 Blend. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2523. [PMID: 39274155 PMCID: PMC11398174 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine the 50/50 polypropylene/polyamide 6 (iPP/PA6) system molded under confined flow conditions, both in its original state and after being modified by two different interfacial agents. This study provides two main insights. Firstly, it focuses on a polymer blend close to phase inversion. Secondly, it investigates the impact of using two different types of interfacial agents (derived from polymer waste) to enhance the compatibility between iPP and PA6. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) has been employed to achieve these objectives. It is important to note that the investigation of the 50/50 iPP/PA6 system is a crucial focus predicted in previous studies, where a series of mechanical properties were evaluated using Box-Wilson design of experiments (DOEs) over the whole compositional range on the iPP/PA6 binary system. Thus, two interfacial modifiers, namely succinic anhydride (SA)-grafted atactic polypropylene with terminal, side, and bridge SA grafts (aPP-SASA) and succinyl-fluoresceine (SF) with bridge succinic anhydride grafting atactic polypropylene (aPP-SFSA), were employed. The authors obtained and characterized these agents. The quantity of these agents used in the blend was identified as a critical coordinate in prior studies conducted by the authors. The processing method used, compression molding under confined conditions, was chosen to minimize any orientation effect on the emerging morphology. All characterization procedures were performed on samples processed by contour machining to retain the blend morphologies as they emerged from the processing stage. Results from WAXS and SAXS synchrotron tests concluded there were no changes in the crystal morphology of the iPP or the PA6 in the blends nor any co-crystallization process throughout the compositional range. These findings, and the long period fits on the PP crystalline phase for the fifty/fifty blends we are discussing, will support the present DMA study. Finally, the efficiency of these interfacial modifiers has been concluded, even in this unfavorable scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia P Collar
- Polymer Engineering Group (GIP), Polymer Science and Technology Institute (ICTP), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús-María García-Martínez
- Polymer Engineering Group (GIP), Polymer Science and Technology Institute (ICTP), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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García-Martínez JM, Collar EP. The Role of a Succinyl Fluorescein-Succinic Anhydride Grafted Atactic Polypropylene on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Polyamide-6 Blends at the Polypropylene Glass Transition. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1216. [PMID: 32471039 PMCID: PMC7361966 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present article adequately supports a twofold objective. On one hand, the study of the dynamic mechanical behavior of polypropylene/polyamide-6 blends modified by a novel compatibilizer was the objective. This was previously obtained by chemical modification of an atactic polypropylene polymerization waste. On the other hand, the accurate predictions of these properties in the experimental space scanned was the objective. As a novelty, this compatibilizer contains grafts rather than just maleated ones. Therefore, it consists precisely of an atactic polymer containing succinic anhydride (SA) bridges and both backbone and terminal grafted succinyl-fluorescein groups (SFSA) attached to the atactic backbone (aPP-SFSA). Therefore, it contains 6.2% of total grafting (2.5% as SA and 3.7% as SF), which is equivalent to 6.2·× 10-4 g·mol-1. This interfacial agent was uniquely designed and obtained by the authors themselves. Essentially, this article focuses on how the beneficial effect of both PA6 and aPP-SFSA varies the elastic (E') and the viscous (E'') behavior of the iPP/aPP-SFSA/PA6 blend at the iPP glass transition. Thus, we accurately measured the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) parameters (E', E'') at this specific point considering it represents an extremely unfavorable scenario for the interfacial modifier due to mobility restrictions. Hence, this evidences the real interfacial modifications caused by aPP-SFSA to the iPP/PA6 system. Even more, and since each of the necessary components in the blend typically interacts with one another, we employed a Box-Wilson experimental design by its marked resemblance to the "agent-based models". In this manner, we obtained complex algorithms accurately forecasting the dynamic mechanical behavior of the blends for all the composition range of the iPP/aPP-SFSA/PA6 system at the glass transition of iPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús-María García-Martínez
- Polymer Engineering Group (GIP), Polymer Science and Technology Institute (ICTP), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia P. Collar
- Polymer Engineering Group (GIP), Polymer Science and Technology Institute (ICTP), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Pongmuksuwan P, Harnnarongchai W. In Situ Assembly of LDPE/PA6 Multilayer Structure by Stirring. INT POLYM PROC 2020. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Pongmuksuwan
- Department of Materials and Production Technology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - W. Harnnarongchai
- Department of Materials and Production Technology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
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García-Masabet V, Santana Pérez O, Cailloux J, Abt T, Sánchez-Soto M, Carrasco F, Maspoch ML. PLA/PA Bio-Blends: Induced Morphology by Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E10. [PMID: 31861652 PMCID: PMC7022582 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of processing conditions on the final morphology of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) with bio-based Polyamide 10.10 (PA) 70/30 blends is analyzed in this paper. Two types of PLA were used: Commercial (neat PLA) and a rheologically modified PLA (PLAREx), with higher melt elasticity produced by reactive extrusion. To evaluate the ability of in situ micro-fibrillation (f) of PA phase during blend compounding by twin-screw extrusion, two processing parameters were varied: i) Screw speed rotation (rpm); and ii) take-up velocity, to induce a hot stretching with different Draw Ratios (DR). The potential ability of PA-f in both bio-blends was evaluated by the viscosity (p) and elasticity (k') ratios determined from the rheological tests of pristine polymers. When PLAREx was used, the requirements for PA-f was fulfilled in the shear rate range observed at the extrusion die. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that, unlike neat PLA, PLAREx promoted PA-f without hot stretching and the aspect ratio increased as DR increased. For neat PLA-based blends, PA-f was promoted during the hot stretching stage. DMTA analysis revealed that the use of PLAREx PLAREx resulted in a better mechanical performance in the rubbery region (T > Tg PLA-phase) due to the PA-f morphology obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta García-Masabet
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Orlando Santana Pérez
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Jonathan Cailloux
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Tobias Abt
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Soto
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Félix Carrasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat de Girona (UdG), Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071 Girona, Spain;
| | - María Lluïsa Maspoch
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
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Van Kets K, Delva L, Ragaert K. Structural stabilizing effect of SEBSgMAH on a PP-PET blend for multiple mechanical recycling. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Stability analysis of PA-6/ethylene elastomer blends for outdoor and nuclear applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Calderón BA, McCaughey MS, Thompson CW, Sobkowicz MJ. Blends of Renewable Poly(butylene succinate) and Poly(propylene carbonate) Compatibilized with Maleic Anhydride Using Quad Screw Reactive Extrusion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara A. Calderón
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Matthew S. McCaughey
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Conor W. Thompson
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Margaret J. Sobkowicz
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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Salaeh S, Banda T, Pongdong V, Wießner S, Das A, Thitithammawong A. Compatibilization of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/natural rubber blend by poly(methyl methacrylate) modified natural rubber. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gu L, Nessim EE, Macosko CW. Reactive compatibilization of poly(lactic acid)/polystyrene blends and its application to preparation of hierarchically porous poly(lactic acid). POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lu B, Lamnawar K, Maazouz A. Rheological and dynamic insights into an in situ reactive interphase with graft copolymers in multilayered polymer systems. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2523-2535. [PMID: 28317970 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02658c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We provide rheological and dynamic insights into the role of an in situ reactive interphase with graft copolymers in multilayered polymer systems, using a polyamide-6 (PA6)/maleic anhydride grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF-g-MAH) bilayer as a model. Firstly, the influence of the reactive interphase on macroscopic melt flow behavior was studied. The in situ generated interphase from coupling reactions in bilayers significantly contributed to overall viscoelastic responses in both linear and nonlinear regimes. Specifically, under fast extensional flows, the reactively healed bilayer showed enhanced strain hardening mainly due to the formed graft copolymers in the interphase. Secondly, the evolution of a reactive interphase and its effects on microscopic dynamics and structural properties were further probed using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Interestingly, the reactive interphase drastically altered the dielectric responses of the bilayer upon healing, manifesting in the distinct interfacial relaxation/polarization. The relaxation strength of the interfacial polarization increased linearly as a function of reaction time, and was further improved by increasing the number of layers. In agreement with the rheology, DRS also demonstrated the retarded microscopic dynamics of a reactive interphase in healed bilayers. Using the dielectric molecular relaxation spectrum as a probe for the structure, the effects of the reactive interphase on charge dynamics and the resulting structural properties of bilayers were further evaluated. These findings are aimed at providing a better understanding of the effects of the reactive interphase on rheology, dynamics and dielectric properties, towards controlling the interface/interphase in multi micro-/nano-layered polymer structures and for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Khalid Lamnawar
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Abderrahim Maazouz
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France. and Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology, Rabat, Morocco
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Jose S, Thomas S, Aravind I, Karger-Kocsis J. Rheology of multiphase polymer blends with and without reactive compatibiliser: evaluation of interfacial tension using theoretical predictions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12588-014-9075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Starý Z, Pemsel T, Baldrian J, Münstedt H. Influence of a compatibilizer on the morphology development in polymer blends under elongation. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhao H, Yao Y, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wang N, Zhang L, Qu X. Preparation of a structured acrylic impact modifier and its application in toughening polyamide 6. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fu LD, Chen S, Wang YJ, Wang XD, Wang X. Fracture toughness of polyamide 6/maleated ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer rubber/nano calcium carbonate ternary composites according to essential work of fracture analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li H, Sundararaj U. Morphology Development of Polymer Blends in Extruder: The Effects of Compatibilization and Rotation Rate. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Choudhury A, Balmurulikrishnan A, Sarkhel G. Polyamide 66/EPR-g-MA blends: mechanical modeling and kinetic analysis of thermal degradation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Shi D, Jiang F, Ke Z, Yin J, Li RKY. Melt rheological properties of polypropylene–polyamide6 blends compatibilized with maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene. POLYM INT 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Reactively compatibilised polyamide6/ethylene-co-vinyl acetate blends: mechanical properties and morphology. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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