1
|
Tiwari SN, Agnihotri PK. Effect of crumb rubber addition on the deformation and fracture behavior of ductile epoxy matrix. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhendu N. Tiwari
- Mechanics of Advanced Materials Laboratory (MAdMatLab), Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Ropar Ropar India
| | - Prabhat K. Agnihotri
- Mechanics of Advanced Materials Laboratory (MAdMatLab), Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Ropar Ropar India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hejna A, Korol J, Przybysz-Romatowska M, Zedler Ł, Chmielnicki B, Formela K. Waste tire rubber as low-cost and environmentally-friendly modifier in thermoset polymers - A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 108:106-118. [PMID: 32344299 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, waste tire rubber (WTR) management is a growing and serious problem. Therefore, research works focused on the development of cost-effective and environmentally-friendly methods of WTR recycling are fully justified. Incorporation of WTR into polymer matrices and composite materials attracts much attention, because this approach allows sustainable development of industrially applicable waste tires recycling technologies. Generally, utilization of WTR as a filler for polymer composites noticeably reduces materials costs, while suitable modification/functionalization of WTR may significantly enhance the performance of plastics and rubbers. This work aims to summarize the literature reports related to the thermoset/WTR composites based on various matrices such as: polyurethanes, epoxy and other resins. It particularly focuses on compatibilization strategies in thermosets/WTR systems and their impact on the chemistry and physical interfacial interactions between thermoset matrix and WTR filler phase, what significantly affecting performance properties of prepared materials. Moreover, future trends and limitation related to thermoset/WTR composites development are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; Central Mining Institute, Department of Material Engineering, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Korol
- Central Mining Institute, Department of Material Engineering, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Marta Przybysz-Romatowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zedler
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Błażej Chmielnicki
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, Paint & Plastics Department in Gliwice, 50 A Chorzowska Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tamas-Benyei P, Bitay E, Kishi H, Matsuda S, Czigany T. Toughening of Epoxy Resin: The Effect of Water Jet Milling on Worn Tire Rubber Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030529. [PMID: 30960513 PMCID: PMC6473887 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work a cycloaliphatic amine-cured epoxy (EP) resin was modified by micron-scale rubber particles (RP). Nominal RP, in sizes of 200 and 600 µm respectively, were produced using worn truck tires and ultra-high-pressure water jet cutting. The RP were dispersed into the EP resin using different mixing techniques (mechanical, magnetic, and ultrasonic stirring) prior to the introduction of the amine hardener. The dispersion of the RP was studied using optical light microscopy. A longer mixing time reduced the mean size of the particles in the EP compounds. Static (tensile and flexural), dynamic (unnotched Charpy impact), and fracture mechanical (fracture toughness and strain-energy release rate) properties were determined. The incorporation of the RP decreased the stiffness and strength values of the modified EPs. In contrast, the irregular and rough surface of the RP resulted in improved toughness. The fracture toughness and strain-energy release rate were enhanced up to 18% owing to the incorporation of 1% by weight (wt%) RP. This was traced to the effects of crack pinning and crack deflection. Considerably higher improvement (i.e., up to 130%) was found for the unnotched Charpy impact energy. This was attributed to multiple cracking associated with RP-bridging prior to final fracture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tamas-Benyei
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Muegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Research Group for Composite Science and Technology, Muegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Eniko Bitay
- Faculty of Technical and Human Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, 540485 Târgu-Mureş, Op. 9., Cp. 4., Romania.
| | - Hajime Kishi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 8 Chome-2-1 Gakuen Nishimachi, Nishi Ward, Kobe 651-2103, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Matsuda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 8 Chome-2-1 Gakuen Nishimachi, Nishi Ward, Kobe 651-2103, Japan.
| | - Tibor Czigany
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Muegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Research Group for Composite Science and Technology, Muegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hernández EH, Gámez JFH, Cepeda LF, Muñoz EJC, Corral FS, Rosales SGS, Velázquez GN, Morones PG, Martínez DIS. Sulfuric acid treatment of ground tire rubber and its effect on the mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Hernández Hernández
- CONACYT, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA); Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo #140, San José de los Cerritos C.P. 25294 Saltillo Coahuila México
| | - José Francisco Hernández Gámez
- CONACYT, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA); Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo #140, San José de los Cerritos C.P. 25294 Saltillo Coahuila México
| | - Lorena Farías Cepeda
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Blvd. Venustiano Carranza y José Cárdenas Valdés, Colonia República; C.P. 25280 Saltillo Coahuila México
| | - Esthela Judith Chávez Muñoz
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Blvd. Venustiano Carranza y José Cárdenas Valdés, Colonia República; C.P. 25280 Saltillo Coahuila México
| | - Florentino Soriano Corral
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA); Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo #140, San José de los Cerritos C.P. 25294 Saltillo Coahuila México
| | - Silvia Guadalupe Solís Rosales
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA); Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo #140, San José de los Cerritos C.P. 25294 Saltillo Coahuila México
| | - Guadalupe Neira Velázquez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA); Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo #140, San José de los Cerritos C.P. 25294 Saltillo Coahuila México
| | - Pablo González Morones
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA); Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo #140, San José de los Cerritos C.P. 25294 Saltillo Coahuila México
| | - Deidré I. Sánchez Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Sistemas; Carretera a México Km 13 C.P. 25350 Arteaga Coahuila México
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Non-isothermal curing kinetics of epoxy/mechanochemical devulcanized ground rubber tire (GRT) composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-013-0926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Banda M, Naskar AK, Perera KPU, Moreland C, Hodge T, Wallace K, Beckham HW, Smith DW. FUNCTIONALIZATION OF USED TIRE RUBBER BY HYDROSILYLATION. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5254/1.3672430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new method for the surface modification of used tire rubber (UTR) is being developed. The method involves hydrosilylation of ground UTR particles with trichlorosilane (TCS) under various reaction conditions. The reaction has been carried out with and without solvents and catalysts (Karsted's/Pt catalyst). TCS treated UTR particles are then hydrolyzed to obtain silanol functionalized hydrosilylated rubber powder. Attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared, solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis are provided as evidence of hydrosilylation onto rubber particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madan Banda
- 1DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, CLEMSON, SOUTH CAROLINA 29634, USA
| | - Amit K. Naskar
- 1DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, CLEMSON, SOUTH CAROLINA 29634, USA
| | | | - Cal Moreland
- 2MICHELIN AMERICAS R&D CORPORATION, GREENVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA 29602, USA
| | - Tom Hodge
- 2MICHELIN AMERICAS R&D CORPORATION, GREENVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA 29602, USA
| | - Kevin Wallace
- 2MICHELIN AMERICAS R&D CORPORATION, GREENVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA 29602, USA
| | - Haskell W. Beckham
- 3SCHOOL OF POLYMER, TEXTILE AND FIBER ENGINEERING, GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30332, USA
| | - Dennis W. Smith
- 1DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, CLEMSON, SOUTH CAROLINA 29634, USA
- 4DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, AND THE ALAN G. MACDIARMID NANOTECH INSTITUTE, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS, RICHARDSON, TEXAS 75080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fan P, Lu C. Surface graft copolymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) onto waste tire rubber powder through ozonization. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
8
|
Fan P, Lu C. Grafting of hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) onto waste tire rubber powder and its potential application as the curing agent for epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
9
|
Li S, Lamminmäki J, Hanhi K. Effect of ground rubber powder and devulcanizates on the properties of natural rubber compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
10
|
Li S, Lamminmäki J, Hanhi K. Improvement of mechanical properties of rubber compounds using waste rubber/virgin rubber. POLYM ENG SCI 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
11
|
Kaynak C, Celikbilek C, Akovali G. Use of silane coupling agents to improve epoxy–rubber interface. Eur Polym J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(02)00381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|